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Carnian: Difference between revisions
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==== Yat Evolution ==== | ==== Yat Evolution ==== | ||
The yat vowel ''ě'' maintained its open character [æ] well beyond Common Slavic disintegration. During Old Carnian, it developed to the centering diphthong [ɛɐ̯] preserved in modern Carnian, as indicated by digraph spelling | The yat vowel ''ě'' maintained its open character [æ] well beyond Common Slavic disintegration. During Old Carnian, it developed to the centering diphthong [ɛɐ̯] preserved in modern Carnian, as indicated by digraph spelling ⟨ea⟩ already in Late Medieval writings. This evolution parallels Slovak ''ä'' development (< *ę). | ||
Although modern ''ea'' distribution is limited to stem-initial syllables, Carnian remains among the few Slavic languages preserving *ě as a distinct phoneme. The consistent Old Carnian orthography and modern regional variation between [æ] and [ɛ] in closed syllables suggests original development to [ɛɐ̯] in all environments with subsequent monophthongization in closed syllables. | Although modern ''ea'' distribution is limited to stem-initial syllables, Carnian remains among the few Slavic languages preserving *ě as a distinct phoneme. The consistent Old Carnian orthography and modern regional variation between [æ] and [ɛ] in closed syllables suggests original development to [ɛɐ̯] in all environments with subsequent monophthongization in closed syllables. | ||
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The unstressable ''ə̆'' blocked penultimate shift when occurring in that position. Several later developments created ultimate accent exceptions: | The unstressable ''ə̆'' blocked penultimate shift when occurring in that position. Several later developments created ultimate accent exceptions: | ||
* Final vowel loss (visible in infinitives: *-ti > -''t'') | * Final vowel loss (visible in infinitives: *-''ti'' > -''t'') | ||
* Analogical extension in predicative adjectives and participles | * Analogical extension in predicative adjectives and participles | ||
* Word-final nasal vowel denasalization with lengthening and stress attraction | * Word-final nasal vowel denasalization with lengthening and stress attraction | ||
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* /i/ is a near-close front vowel [i̞]. In all unstressed syllables and closed stressed syllables it is near-front [ɪ]. When preceded by /r/, it is retracted to [ɨ̞] | * /i/ is a near-close front vowel [i̞]. In all unstressed syllables and closed stressed syllables it is near-front [ɪ]. When preceded by /r/, it is retracted to [ɨ̞] | ||
* /ʊ/ is described as a near-close central-near back vowel with pronunciation ranging from [ɵ̝] to [ʊ] | * /ʊ/ is described as a near-close central-near back vowel with pronunciation ranging from [ɵ̝] to [ʊ] with [ʊ̟] being the most common pronunciation | ||
==== Mid vowels ==== | ==== Mid vowels ==== | ||
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|- | |- | ||
!colspan=2| ċ, ci | !colspan=2| ċ, ci | ||
| [ | | [t͡ʃ] | ||
| '''''ċ'''itat'' 'to read'<br />'''''ci'''arn'' 'black' | | '''''ċ'''itat'' 'to read'<br />'''''ci'''arn'' 'black' | ||
|- | |- | ||
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!rowspan=2| tz | !rowspan=2| tz | ||
! {{small|usually}} | ! {{small|usually}} | ||
| [ | | [t͡s] | ||
| '''''tz'''em'' 'I want' | | '''''tz'''em'' 'I want' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! {{small|between vowels}} | ! {{small|between vowels}} | ||
| [ | | [t͡sː] | ||
| '' | | ''no'''tz'''oi'' 'tonight' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!rowspan=2| u | !rowspan=2| u | ||