Carnian: Difference between revisions

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Carnian (view source)

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|region            =
|region            =
|speakers          = 2.5 million
|speakers          = 2.5 million
|date              = 2021
|date              = 2024
|created          = 2025
|created          = 2025
|familycolor      = Indo-European
|familycolor      = Indo-European
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[[Carnian]] ([[w:Help:IPA|/ˈkɑːni.ən/]], Carn. ''carnisc'' [[w:Help:IPA|[kɐɾnɪ̌s(k)]]], ''carniscky jenzik'') is a Slavic language spoken in the Central European state of [[Carnia]], which encompasses the historical regions of Carinthia, Upper and Inner Carniola, the Slovene Littoral, the Province of Gorizia, Trieste, Istria, Rijeka, and the islands of Cres and Krk. The language represents a unique evolutionary branch within the Slavic family, having developed from Northwestern Alpine Slavic (NWAS) under distinct historical and sociolinguistic conditions that differentiate it significantly from its South Slavic neighbors.
[[Carnian]] ([[w:Help:IPA|/ˈkɑːni.ən/]], Carn. ''carnisc'' [[w:Help:IPA|[kɐɾnɪ̌s(k)]]], ''carniscky jenzik'') is a Slavic language spoken in the Central European state of [[Carnia]], which encompasses the historical regions of Carinthia, Upper and Inner Carniola, the Slovene Littoral, the Province of Gorizia, Trieste, Istria, Rijeka, and the islands of Cres and Krk. The language represents a unique evolutionary branch within the Slavic family, having developed from Northwestern Alpine Slavic (NWAS) under distinct historical and sociolinguistic conditions that differentiate it significantly from its South Slavic neighbors.


== Historical context ==
== Historical background ==
[[File:Carnia Alps 2.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Alpine landscape played a. significant role in preserving certain features that were lost in South Slavic languages]]
The linguistic development of Carnian is inseparably linked to the political history of the region. The territory derives its name from the medieval Duchy of Carantania, where local Slavic elites maintained autonomous governance within the Frankish Empire beyond the 9th century, subsequently establishing a hereditary dynasty that persisted throughout the following centuries during the Holy Roman Empire period. This political continuity proved crucial for the language's development, preventing its merger with Southeastern Alpine Slavic varieties that later evolved into Slovene.
The linguistic development of Carnian is inseparably linked to the political history of the region. The territory derives its name from the medieval Duchy of Carantania, where local Slavic elites maintained autonomous governance within the Frankish Empire beyond the 9th century, subsequently establishing a hereditary dynasty that persisted throughout the following centuries during the Holy Roman Empire period. This political continuity proved crucial for the language's development, preventing its merger with Southeastern Alpine Slavic varieties that later evolved into Slovene.


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'''[[Phonological history of Carnian#Modern Carnian Developments|Modern Carnian]]''' experienced a secondary accent shift toward penultimate stress, accompanied by additional vowel lengthening and the levelling of the old ''l''–''ł'' contrast. Postalveolar consonants underwent further analogical simplification, completing the modern system.
'''[[Phonological history of Carnian#Modern Carnian Developments|Modern Carnian]]''' experienced a secondary accent shift toward penultimate stress, accompanied by additional vowel lengthening and the levelling of the old ''l''–''ł'' contrast. Postalveolar consonants underwent further analogical simplification, completing the modern system.
== Classification ==
The status of Carnian has been subject to academic debate, with various disagreements about whether it should be classified as a West or South Slavic language. While it shares multiple innovations with South Slavic, it initially evolved with western features and lacks several defining characteristics of the southern group. A common solution to this problem was to call Carnian a transitional language; however, considering geographical factors and considerable agreement in grammar and vocabulary, the modern consensus is to classify Carnian as a South Slavic language with its own Alpine branch (distinct from the Western South Slavic branch).
'''Features shared with West Slavic''':
* Preserved Proto-Slavic ''kv''-, ''gv''- before old Slavic ''ě'' (''cueat'' 'flower' vs. Slovene ''cvet'')
* No epenthetic ''l'' (''zemia'' 'earth' vs. Slovene ''zemlja'')
* Preservation of ''tl'' and ''dl'' (leveled to a great extent in the modern language)
* North Slavic reflexes of oRT metathesis (''locket'' 'elbow' vs. Serbo-Croatian ''lakat'')
* -''me'' ending in the first person plural indicative, a feature shared with Czech and Slovak (''ċitame'' vs. Sl./SCr. ''čitamo'')
* Preservation of nasal vowels (shared with Lechitic)
* General preservation of i-y distinction
* Animacy-induced behavior of velar-stem masculine nouns in nominative plural
* e-like reflex of yer vocalization
* Vocalization of syllabic liquids (not shared with Czech-Slovak, shared with Slovene)
* Extension of the accusative form *''tъnъ'' to nominative in place of *''tъ'' (modern ''ten'' vs. Sl./SCr. ''ta'')
* Tendency towards fixed stress
* Diminutive and feminine counterparts of masculine nouns formed with the reflexes of *-''ьca'' / *-''ъka'' instead of *-''ica''. Such diminutive formation is also found in Slovene and Kajkavian
* Short infinitive in -''t''
* ''vi''- prefix instead of ''iz''- (also found in Kajkavian)
* Spirantization ''g'' > ''ɣ'' (dialectal feature, shared with Czech-Slovak and Sorbian)
'''Features shared with South Slavic''':
* Partial i-y merger
* Merger of Proto-Slavic *ś (resulting from the second and third palatalization) with *s
* -''ega'' suffix in genitive singular of the adjectival declension
* Pitch accent (shared with Slovene and Serbo-Croatian)
* ''u''- > ''vu''- (modern ''vue''- and ''vo''-), shared with Kajkavian
* Rhotacization *ž > ''r'', shared with Slovene, Kajkavian, and Chakavian
* *ď > ''j'' in some cases (shared with Slovene, Kajkavian, and Chakavian)
* No general palatalization before front vowels (shared with Slovene and Serbo-Croatian)
* Preservation of the Late Common Slavic long falling syllables (shared with Slovene and Serbo-Croatian)
* Generalization of the -''m'' suffix in the first person singular conjugation
* Mergers between soft and hard declensions
* ''kei'' 'what' pronoun, shared with Slovene and Kajkavian, locally also ''cie'' / ''cia'' (shared with Chakavian)
* Residual preservation of the indefinite adjectival declension (modern predicative adjectives)
* Approximant character of v with the tendency for vocalization
* Usual vocalization of yers in word-initial syllables
* Loss of vocative (shared with Slovene and Kajkavian); Carnian additionally lost instrumental and locative
* Presence of a mid-central vowel phoneme
* Ł-L merger (also shared with Czech-Slovak)
* Transformation *iь > ''i''
* Common vocabulary


== Phonology ==
== Phonology ==
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=== Verbal System ===
=== Verbal System ===


Carnian verbs distinguish:
[[Carnian grammar#Verbs|Carnian verbs]] distinguish:


* Two numbers (singular, plural)
* Two numbers (singular, plural)
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* '''Numerals''' decline by case, with 1-4 additionally declining by gender
* '''Numerals''' decline by case, with 1-4 additionally declining by gender
* '''Adverbs''' are typically formed from adjectives with the suffix -''o''
* '''Adverbs''' are typically formed from adjectives with the suffix -''o''
== Classification ==
The status of Carnian has been subject to academic debate, with various disagreements about whether it should be classified as a West or South Slavic language. While it shares multiple innovations with South Slavic, it initially evolved with western features and lacks several defining characteristics of the southern group. A common solution to this problem was to call Carnian a transitional language; however, considering geographical factors and considerable agreement in grammar and vocabulary, the modern consensus is to classify Carnian as a South Slavic language with its own Alpine branch (distinct from the Western South Slavic branch).
'''Features shared with West Slavic''':
* Preserved Proto-Slavic ''kv''-, ''gv''- before old Slavic ''ě'' (''cueat'' 'flower' vs. Slovene ''cvet'')
* No epenthetic ''l'' (''zemia'' 'earth' vs. Slovene ''zemlja'')
* Preservation of ''tl'' and ''dl'' (leveled to a great extent in the modern language)
* North Slavic reflexes of oRT metathesis (''locket'' 'elbow' vs. Serbo-Croatian ''lakat'')
* -''me'' ending in the first person plural indicative, a feature shared with Czech and Slovak (''ċitame'' vs. Sl./SCr. ''čitamo'')
* Preservation of nasal vowels (shared with Lechitic)
* General preservation of i-y distinction
* Animacy-induced behavior of velar-stem masculine nouns in nominative plural
* e-like reflex of yer vocalization
* Vocalization of syllabic liquids (not shared with Czech-Slovak, shared with Slovene)
* Extension of the accusative form *''tъnъ'' to nominative in place of *''tъ'' (modern ''ten'' vs. Sl./SCr. ''ta'')
* Tendency towards fixed stress
* Diminutive and feminine counterparts of masculine nouns formed with the reflexes of *-''ьca'' / *-''ъka'' instead of *-''ica''. Such diminutive formation is also found in Slovene and Kajkavian
* Short infinitive in -''t''
* ''vi''- prefix instead of ''iz''- (also found in Kajkavian)
* Spirantization ''g'' > ''ɣ'' (dialectal feature, shared with Czech-Slovak and Sorbian)
'''Features shared with South Slavic''':
* Partial i-y merger
* Merger of Proto-Slavic *ś (resulting from the second and third palatalization) with *s
* -''ega'' suffix in genitive singular of the adjectival declension
* Pitch accent (shared with Slovene and Serbo-Croatian)
* ''u''- > ''vu''- (modern ''vue''- and ''vo''-), shared with Kajkavian
* Rhotacization *ž > ''r'', shared with Slovene, Kajkavian, and Chakavian
* *ď > ''j'' in some cases (shared with Slovene, Kajkavian, and Chakavian)
* No general palatalization before front vowels (shared with Slovene and Serbo-Croatian)
* Preservation of the Late Common Slavic long falling syllables (shared with Slovene and Serbo-Croatian)
* Generalization of the -''m'' suffix in the first person singular conjugation
* Mergers between soft and hard declensions
* ''kei'' 'what' pronoun, shared with Slovene and Kajkavian, locally also ''cie'' / ''cia'' (shared with Chakavian)
* Residual preservation of the indefinite adjectival declension (modern predicative adjectives)
* Approximant character of v with the tendency for vocalization
* Usual vocalization of yers in word-initial syllables
* Loss of vocative (shared with Slovene and Kajkavian); Carnian additionally lost instrumental and locative
* Presence of a mid-central vowel phoneme
* Ł-L merger (also shared with Czech-Slovak)
* Transformation *iь > ''i''
* Common vocabulary


== Dialects ==
== Dialects ==
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!colspan=2| ċ, ci
!colspan=2| ċ, ci
| [t͡ʃ]
| [t͡ʃ]
| '''''ċ'''itat'' 'to read'<br />'''''ci'''arn'' 'black'
| ''[[Contionary:ċitat#Carnian|'''ċ'''itat]]'' 'to read'<br />'''''ci'''arn'' 'black'
|-
|-
!colspan=2| d
!colspan=2| d
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! {{small|usually}}
! {{small|usually}}
| [t͡s]
| [t͡s]
| '''''tz'''em'' 'I want'
| ''[[Contionary:teat#Carnian|'''tz'''em]]'' 'I want'
|-
|-
! {{small|between vowels}}
! {{small|between vowels}}
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