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Mergian: Difference between revisions
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==== Verbal prefixes ==== | ==== Verbal prefixes ==== | ||
Mergian has a rich system of verbal prefixes which was inherited from Gothic and reinforced by Slavic influence. They can indicate directionality, manner or perfectivity. Most the prefixes are prepositions but some of them are uniquely verbal prefixes. | |||
While verbs with prefixes might resemble the separable verbs of other Germanic languages, Mergian verbs are always inseparable. | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ List of prefixes | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="4" | Directional prefixes | |||
|- | |||
! Prefix !! Meaning !! Example with ... !! Example meaning | |||
|- | |||
| an- | |||
| on | |||
| ''lazen'' "lay" | |||
| ''anlazen'' "lay onto" | |||
|- | |||
| at- | |||
| towards, proximity | |||
| ''voubjen'' "call" | |||
| ''atvoubjen'' "summon" | |||
|- | |||
| af- | |||
| away, indicates reversal | |||
| ''nimen'' "take" | |||
| ''afnimen'' "remove" | |||
|- | |||
| dis- | |||
| apart | |||
| ''deljen'' "share" | |||
| ''disdeljen'' "divide" | |||
|- | |||
| du- | |||
| towards (slight positive connotation) | |||
| ''gien'' "give" | |||
| ''dugien'' "donate" | |||
|- | |||
| in- | |||
| into, patient of a causative verb | |||
| ''ludzjen'' "shine" | |||
| ''inludzjen'' "illuminate" | |||
|- | |||
| miþ- <!--Always governs the dative--> | |||
| with, co- | |||
| ''veirjen'' "please" | |||
| ''miþveirjen'' "agree with" | |||
|- | |||
| us-, <br/> ur- (before an r) | |||
| out-, up- | |||
| ''gien'' "give" | |||
| ''usgien'' "give up; surrender [something]" | |||
|- | |||
| uf- | |||
| under | |||
| ''meiljen'' "write" | |||
| ''ufmeiljen'' "sign, subscribe" | |||
|- | |||
| uvar- | |||
| over | |||
| ''fulnen'' "be full" | |||
| ''uvarfulnen'' "overflow" | |||
|- | |||
| for- | |||
| before, forth | |||
| ''lazen'' "lay" | |||
| ''forlazen'' "present" | |||
|- | |||
| fra- | |||
| separation | |||
| ''buzen'' "buy (archaic)" | |||
| ''frabuzen'' "sell" | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="4" | Aspectual prefixes | |||
|- | |||
! Prefix !! Meaning !! Example with ... !! Example meaning | |||
|- | |||
| id- | |||
| indicates repetition | |||
| ''munen'' "be aware of" | |||
| ''idmunen'' "remember" | |||
|- | |||
| mis- <br/> mir- (before an r) | |||
| indicates a mistake | |||
| ''teien'' "do" | |||
| ''misteien'' "make a mistake" | |||
|- | |||
| for- | |||
| indicates lack | |||
| ''visen'' "be" | |||
| ''forvisen'' "be absent" | |||
|- | |||
| fra- | |||
| negative implication | |||
| ''kuðen'' "say" | |||
| ''frakuðen'' "curse" | |||
|} | |||
There are also a number of perfective prefixes. They are not interchangeable, despite all meaning the same thing. The most common and productive one is ''ga-''. A number of the directional suffixes are also used: | |||
* an | |||
* at | |||
* us | |||
* uf | |||
If a geminate consonant cluster forms due to a prefix, then it should be turned degeminated. | |||
Prefixes are able to stack, and this is most common seen in perfective verbs which already have a directional or aspectual prefix. If two vowels meet between prefixes, then the second one should be deleted. An example is ''atzjigen'' ("to contact") becoming its perfective form, ''gatzjigen''. | |||
==== Tense, aspect and mood ==== | ==== Tense, aspect and mood ==== | ||
Mergian inherited their tense, aspect and mood from Gothic and innovated an additional tense due to Slavic influence. | |||
The two base tenses are the past (pst.) and the present (prs.) The past is used to talk about verbs which have happened and the present is used to talk about verbs which have not yet happened or verbs which are happening. | |||
The two aspects are the perfective (pfv.) and imperfective (npfv.) The perfective is used to talk about verbs which are done to completion and the imperfective is used to talk about verbs are not done to completion. | |||
The three moods are the indicative (ind.), subjunctive (sjv.) and the imperative (imp.) The indicative is used to talk about factual statements. The subjunctive came from the Gothic optative. It is used in subclauses to talk about imaginaries or hypotheticals. While the present subjunctive cannot exist in an independent clause, the past subjunctive is used as a conditional mood. The imperative is used to give commands. It is not found in any tenses but the non-past. | |||
The Slavic influence caused for aspect and tense to combine and give new tenses. Essentially, the contrast created allowed for a clear future tense for perfective verbs. To mirror perfectives, imperfective verbs also gained a compound future tense. | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Effective tenses of verbs | |||
|- | |||
! !! Past !! Present | |||
|- | |||
! Perfective | |||
| Perfect past | |||
| Perfect future | |||
|- | |||
! Imperfective | |||
| Imperfect past | |||
| Present | |||
|} | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Example with ''brigen'' "break" | |||
|- | |||
! !! Past !! Present | |||
|- | |||
! Perfective | |||
| ''frebrag'' <br/> "I have broken" | |||
| ''frabriga'' <br/> "I will have broken" | |||
|- | |||
! Imperfective | |||
| ''brag'' <br/> "I was breaking" | |||
| ''briga'' <br/> "I break" | |||
|} | |||
==== Passive ==== | ==== Passive ==== | ||