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Line 9: | Line 9: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sõwdla || | | sõwdla || kùevòelùun | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sɔudɮa || | | sɔudɮa || kɨʱɥɘʱluːʱɴ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| soldier.ABS || die | | soldier.ABS || die | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 21: | Line 21: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | kùevòelùun || sõwdla | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | kɨʱɥɘʱluːʱɴ || sɔudɮa | ||
|- | |- | ||
| die | | die || soldier.ABS | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 35: | Line 35: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sõwdlan || | | sõwdlan || ameraykùe || wùerù | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sɔudɮaɴ || ʔ | | sɔudɮaɴ || ʔameʁaikɨʱ || wɨʱʁuʱ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| soldier-ERG || hunt | | soldier-ERG || hunt || frog.ABS | ||
|} | |} | ||
A soldier is hunting frogs. | A soldier is hunting frogs. | ||
Line 49: | Line 49: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| wùerù || sõwdlan || | | wùerù || sõwdlan || ameraykùe | ||
|- | |- | ||
| wɨ&# | | wɨʱʁuʱ || sɔudɮaɴ || ʔameʁaikɨʱ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| frog.ABS || soldier-ERG || hunt | | frog.ABS || soldier-ERG || hunt | ||
|} | |} | ||
The frogs are being hunted by a soldier. | The frogs are being hunted by a soldier. | ||
Line 63: | Line 63: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sõwdla || | | sõwdla || ameraykùe || wùerù | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sɔudɮaɴ || ʔ | | sɔudɮaɴ || ʔameʁaikɨʱ || wɨʱʁuʱ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| soldier.ABS || hunt | | soldier.ABS || hunt || frog.ABS | ||
|} | |} | ||
The soldier is hunting frogs. | The soldier is hunting frogs. | ||
Note that sentence can only have one topic, so if the object of a transitive sentence is topicalised, then the subject cannot be (and must therefore stay in the ergative case). Hence utterances like "wùeru sowdla | Note that sentence can only have one topic, so if the object of a transitive sentence is topicalised, then the subject cannot be (and must therefore stay in the ergative case). Hence utterances like "wùeru sowdla ameraykùe" are ungrammatical. | ||
====Indirect Verbs==== | |||
When the topic is neither the subject nor object of a verb, it must be placed in the indirect form e.g. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| today || sõwdlan || ameraeychu || wùerù | |||
|- | |||
| todai || sɔudɮaɴ || ʔameʁɛicu || wɨʱʁuʱ | |||
|- | |||
| today.ABS || soldier-ERG || hunt.INDIR || frog.ABS | |||
|} | |||
Today a soldier is hunting frogs. | |||
Since the topic "today", is neither the subject nor object of the verb meaning "to hunt", the verb must be placed in the indirect form. Sentences such as "today sõwdlan ameraeykùe wùerù" are ungrammatical. | |||
Also, since sentences can only contain one topic, neither the word for "soldier" nor "frog" can be topicalised (the slot is already occupied by the word for "today"). Hence both "today sõwdla ameraeychu wùerù" and "today wùerù sõwdlan ameraeychu" are ungrammatical. | |||
Line 83: | Line 105: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sõwdla || | | sõwdla || ameraykùe || wawùerù | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sɔudɮaɴ || ʔ | | sɔudɮaɴ || ʔameʁaikɨʱ || wawɨʱʁuʱ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| soldier.ABS || hunt | | soldier.ABS || hunt || TPCPOSS-frog.ABS | ||
|} | |} | ||
The soldier is hunting his frogs (i.e. the ones that the soldier owns). | The soldier is hunting his frogs (i.e. the ones that the soldier owns). | ||
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{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sõwdla || | | sõwdla || ameraykùe || siwùerù | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sɔudɮaɴ || ʔ | | sɔudɮaɴ || ʔameʁaikɨʱ || siwɨʱʁuʱ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| soldier.ABS || hunt | | soldier.ABS || hunt || 3POSS-frog.ABS | ||
|} | |} | ||
The soldier is hunting his / her frogs (that someone else other than the soldier owns). | The soldier is hunting his / her frogs (that someone else other than the soldier owns). | ||
Line 111: | Line 133: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sõwdlan || | | sõwdlan || ameraykùe || wawùerù | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sɔudɮaɴ || ʔ | | sɔudɮaɴ || ʔameʁaikɨʱ || wawɨʱʁuʱ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| soldier-ERG || hunt | | soldier-ERG || hunt || TPCPOSS-frog.ABS | ||
|} | |} | ||
A soldier is hunting his / her frogs (not belonging to the soldier, but to whoever / whatever has been taken up as a topic previously). | A soldier is hunting his / her frogs (not belonging to the soldier, but to whoever / whatever has been taken up as a topic previously). | ||
Line 122: | Line 144: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sõwdlan || | | sõwdlan || ameraykùe || siwùerù | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sɔudɮaɴ || ʔ | | sɔudɮaɴ || ʔameʁaikɨʱ || siwɨʱʁuʱ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| soldier-ERG || hunt | | soldier-ERG || hunt || 3POSS-frog.ABS | ||
|} | |} | ||
A soldier is hunting his / her frogs (This sentence is ambiguous, but most likely the frogs belong to the soldier, and definitely not to whoever / whatever has been taken up as a topic previously). | A soldier is hunting his / her frogs (This sentence is ambiguous, but most likely the frogs belong to the soldier, and definitely not to whoever / whatever has been taken up as a topic previously). | ||
Line 136: | Line 158: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | sáeynátqlóey || waesõwdlan || ameraykùe | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sɛ | | sɛiˤnaˤtʼɬɘiˤ || wɛsɔudɮaɴ || ʔameʁaikɨʱ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| general.ABS || TPCPOSS-soldier-ERG || hunt | | general.ABS || TPCPOSS-soldier-ERG || hunt | ||
|} | |} | ||
The general is being hunted by his (own) soldiers. | The general is being hunted by his (own) soldiers. | ||
Line 147: | Line 169: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | sáeynátqlóey || suesõwdlan || ameraykùe | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sɛ | | sɛiˤnaˤtʼɬɘiˤ || sɨsɔudɮaɴ || ʔameʁaikɨʱ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| general.ABS || 3POSS-soldier-ERG || hunt | | general.ABS || 3POSS-soldier-ERG || hunt | ||
|} | |} | ||
The general is being hunted by his / her soldiers (not his own). | The general is being hunted by his / her soldiers (not his own). | ||
Line 163: | Line 185: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| byaenka || | | byaenka || damasùe || sõwdla || 'wáetow || kan-guchu || wabiraza | ||
|- | |- | ||
| bʲɛɴka || | | bʲɛɴka || damasɨʱ || sɔudɮa || ˤwɛˤtou || kaɴgucu || wabiʁaza | ||
|- | |- | ||
| banker.ABS || swindle | | banker.ABS || swindle || soldier.ABS || occur during || be a prisoner.INDIR || TPCPOSS-brother.ABS | ||
|} | |} | ||
The banker swindled the soldier while his brother was in prison (the soldier's brother). | The banker swindled the soldier while his brother was in prison (the soldier's brother). | ||
Line 177: | Line 199: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| byaenka || | | byaenka || damasùe || sõwdla || 'wáetow || kan-guchu || sibiraza | ||
|- | |- | ||
| bʲɛɴka || | | bʲɛɴka || damasɨʱ || sɔudɮa || ˤwɛˤtou || kaɴgucu || sibiʁaza | ||
|- | |- | ||
| banker.ABS || swindle | | banker.ABS || swindle || soldier.ABS || occur during || be a prisoner.INDIR || 3POSS-brother.ABS | ||
|} | |} | ||
The banker swindled the soldier while his brother was in prison. | The banker swindled the soldier while his brother was in prison. | ||
Line 188: | Line 210: | ||
In this case, it is not the soldier's brother that is in prison (most likely the banker's brother). | In this case, it is not the soldier's brother that is in prison (most likely the banker's brother). | ||
=====Indirect Verbs===== | |||
However, when an indirect verb is used (because the topic is neither its subject nor object), this implicit topicalisation does not happen. So the following sentence could have multiple meanings: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| today || byaenkan || damaehlu || sõwdla || 'wáetow || kan-guchu || sibiraza | |||
|- | |||
| todai || bʲɛɴkaɴ || damɛɬu || sɔudɮa || ˤwɛˤtou || kaɴgucu || sibiʁaza | |||
|- | |||
| today.ABS || banker-ERG || swindle.INDIR || soldier.ABS || occur during || be a prisoner.INDIR || 3POSS-brother.ABS | |||
|} | |||
Today, a banker swindled the soldier while his brother was in prison (his brother could be anyone's brother). | |||
Using the topic possessive prefix wa- to say "today byaenkan damaehlu sõwdla wáetow kan-gukùe wabiraza" would not make sense, since "today" cannot have a brother. | |||
===Serial Verbs=== | ===Serial Verbs=== | ||
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{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sõwdla || | | sõwdla || byowkùe || kùevòelùun | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sɔudɮa || bʲ | | sɔudɮa || bʲoukɨʱ || kɨʱɥɘʱluːʱɴ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| soldier.ABS || sick | | soldier.ABS || sick || die | ||
|} | |} | ||
The soldier got sick and died. | The soldier got sick and died. | ||
Line 213: | Line 254: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | byowkùe || sõwdla || kùevòelùun | ||
|- | |- | ||
| bʲ | | bʲoukɨʱ || sɔudɮa || kɨʱɥɘʱluːʱɴ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sick | | sick || soldier.ABS || die | ||
|} | |} | ||
The soldier got sick and died. | The soldier got sick and died. | ||
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{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sõwdla || | | sõwdla || byowkùe|| sàonkùesòe || kùevòelùun | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sɔudɮa || bʲ | | sɔudɮa || bʲoukɨʱ || sɜʱɴkɨʱsɘʱ || kɨʱɥɘʱluːʱɴ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| soldier.ABS || sick | | soldier.ABS || sick|| bleed || die | ||
|} | |} | ||
The soldier got sick, bled, and died. | The soldier got sick, bled, and died. | ||
====Transitive Verbs==== | ====Transitive Verbs==== | ||
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{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sõwdlan || kiràomùesòe || wùerù || | | sõwdlan || kiràomùesòe || wùerù || kùevòelùun | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sɔudɮaɴ || kiʁɜ&# | | sɔudɮaɴ || kiʁɜʱmɨʱsɘʱ || wɨʱʁuʱ || kɨʱɥɘʱluːʱɴ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| soldier-ERG || bite | | soldier-ERG || bite || frog.ABS || die | ||
|} | |} | ||
A soldier bit a frog and it died. | A soldier bit a frog and it died. | ||
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{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sõwdla || kiràomùesòe || wùerù || | | sõwdla || kiràomùesòe || wùerù || kùevòelùun | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sɔudɮa || kiʁɜ&# | | sɔudɮa || kiʁɜʱmɨʱsɘʱ || wɨʱʁuʱ || kɨʱɥɘʱluːʱɴ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| soldier.ABS || bite | | soldier.ABS || bite || frog.ABS || die | ||
|} | |} | ||
The soldier bit a frog and it died. | The soldier bit a frog and it died. | ||
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{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| wùerù || sõwdlan || kiràomùesòe || | | wùerù || sõwdlan || kiràomùesòe || kùevòelùun | ||
|- | |- | ||
| wɨ&# | | wɨʱʁuʱ || sɔudɮaɴ || kiʁɜʱmɨʱsɘʱ || kɨʱɥɘʱluːʱɴ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| frog.ABS || soldier-ERG || bite | | frog.ABS || soldier-ERG || bite || die | ||
|} | |} | ||
The frog was bitten by a soldier and (it) died. | The frog was bitten by a soldier and (it) died. | ||
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{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sõwdla || | | sõwdla || kutiràomùesòe || kùevòelùun | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sɔudɮa || | | sɔudɮa || kutiʁɜʱmɨʱsɘʱ || kɨʱɥɘʱluːʱɴ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| soldier.ABS || <PFV.AP>bite | | soldier.ABS || <PFV.AP>bite || die | ||
|} | |} | ||
The soldier bit it and died. | The soldier bit it and died. | ||
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{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | kutiràomùesòe || sõwdla || wùerùgin || `nyùe || kùevòelùun | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | kutiʁɜʱmɨʱsɘʱ || sɔudɮa || wɨʱʁuʱgiɴ || ʱʱɲɨʱ || kɨʱɥɘʱluːʱɴ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| <PFV.AP>bite | | <PFV.AP>bite || soldier.ABS || frog-ERG || OBL || die | ||
|} | |} | ||
A soldier bit a frog and died. | A soldier bit a frog and died. | ||
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{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sõwdla || | | sõwdla || kutiràomùesòe || wùerùgin || `nyùe || kùevòelùun | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sɔudɮa || | | sɔudɮa || kutiʁɜʱmɨʱsɘʱ || wɨʱʁuʱgiɴ || ʱɲɨʱ || kɨʱɥɘʱluːʱɴ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| soldier.ABS || <PFV.AP>bite | | soldier.ABS || <PFV.AP>bite || frog-ERG || OBL || die | ||
|} | |} | ||
The soldier bit a frog and died. | The soldier bit a frog and died. | ||
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{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| wùerùgin || `nyùe || sõwdla || | | wùerùgin || `nyùe || sõwdla || kutiràomùesòe || kùevòelùun | ||
|- | |- | ||
| wɨ&# | | wɨʱʁuʱgiɴ || ʱɲɨʱ || sɔudɮa || kutiʁɜʱmɨʱsɘʱ || kɨʱɥɘʱluːʱɴ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| frog-ERG || OBL || soldier.ABS || <PFV.AP>bite | | frog-ERG || OBL || soldier.ABS || <PFV.AP>bite || die | ||
|} | |} | ||
The soldier bit a frog and died. (ungrammatical) | The soldier bit a frog and died. (ungrammatical) | ||
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{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | wuebyowkùe || wikùevòelùun | ||
|- | |- | ||
| wɨbʲ | | wɨbʲoukɨʱi || wikɨʱɥɘʱluːʱɴ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 1PS.INC.SUBJ.FUT-sick | | 1PS.INC.SUBJ.FUT-sick || 1PS.INC.SUBJ.FUT-die | ||
|} | |} | ||
We (including you) will get sick and die. | We (including you) will get sick and die. | ||
Line 358: | Line 398: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| wuekiràomùe || wùerù || | | wuekiràomùe || wùerù || wikùevòelùun | ||
|- | |- | ||
| wɨkiʁɜ&# | | wɨkiʁɜʱmɨʱ || wɨʱʁuʱ || wɨkɨʱɥɘʱluːʱɴ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 1PS.INC.SUBJ.FUT- bite | | 1PS.INC.SUBJ.FUT- bite || frog.ABS || 1PS.INC.SUBJ.FUT-die | ||
|} | |} | ||
We (including you) will bite a frog and die. | We (including you) will bite a frog and die. | ||
Line 372: | Line 412: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| wuekiràomùe || wùerù || | | wuekiràomùe || wùerù || kùevòelùun | ||
|- | |- | ||
| wɨkiʁɜ&# | | wɨkiʁɜʱmɨʱ || wɨʱʁuʱ || kɨʱɥɘʱluːʱɴ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 1PS.INC.SUBJ.FUT- bite | | 1PS.INC.SUBJ.FUT- bite || frog.ABS || die | ||
|} | |} | ||
We (including you) will bite a frog and it will die. | We (including you) will bite a frog and it will die. | ||
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Note that, if a transitive verb takes a subject pronominal affix, then it can never take antipassive voice. | Note that, if a transitive verb takes a subject pronominal affix, then it can never take antipassive voice. | ||
===Relative Clauses=== | ===Relative Clauses=== | ||
These follow the noun they modify. There are no relative pronouns or relativising particles. However, the | These follow the noun they modify. There are no relative pronouns or relativising particles. However, if the verb in the relative clause is transitive, the head noun can only ever be the object of it, never the subject. So the following two sentences are grammatical. | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| wùerù || | | wùerù || kùevòelùun | ||
|- | |- | ||
| wɨ&# | | wɨʱʁuʱ || kɨʱɥɘʱluːʱɴ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| frog.ABS || die | | frog.ABS || die | ||
|} | |} | ||
The frog, which died. | The frog, which died. | ||
Line 402: | Line 441: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| wùerù || sõwdlan || | | wùerù || sõwdlan || ameraykùe | ||
|- | |- | ||
| wɨ&# | | wɨʱʁuʱ || sɔudɮaɴ || ʔameʁaikɨʱ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| frog.ABS || soldier-ERG || hunt | | frog.ABS || soldier-ERG || hunt | ||
|} | |} | ||
The frogs the soldier hunted. | The frogs the soldier hunted. | ||
Line 416: | Line 455: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sõwdla || | | sõwdla || utameraykùe || wùerù || `nyùe | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sɔudɮaɴ || ʔ | | sɔudɮaɴ || ʔutameʁaikɨʱ || wɨʱʁuʱ || ʱɲɨʱ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| soldier.ABS || <PFV.AP>hunt | | soldier.ABS || <PFV.AP>hunt || frog.ABS || OBL | ||
|} | |} | ||
The soldier that hunted frogs. | The soldier that hunted frogs. | ||
Line 430: | Line 469: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sõwdla || | | sõwdla || utameraykùe | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sɔudɮaɴ || ʔ | | sɔudɮaɴ || ʔutameʁaikɨʱ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| soldier.ABS || <PFV.AP>hunt | | soldier.ABS || <PFV.AP>hunt | ||
|} | |} | ||
The soldier that hunted. | The soldier that hunted. | ||
=== | ====Indirect Verbs==== | ||
If the head noun of the relative clause is neither the subject nor the object of the verb in the relative clause, then that verb takes the indirect form e.g. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sõwdlan || | | manyana || sõwdlan || ameraeychu || wùerù | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sɔudɮaɴ || &# | | maɲana || sɔudɮaɴ || utameʁɛicu || wɨʱʁuʱ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| soldier-ERG || hunt. | | morning.ABS || soldier-ERG|| hunt.INDIR || frog.ABS | ||
|} | |} | ||
The morning the soldier hunted frogs. | |||
===Negation=== | |||
Negation in Antarctican is achieved by using one of two particles, nõ /nɔ/ (known as general negation) and nay /nai/ (known as specific negation). | |||
====The Particle nõ /nɔ/ (General Negation)==== | |||
The normal way to negate a sentence is to put this immediately before the verb e.g. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sõwdlan || | | sõwdlan || ameraykùe || wùerù | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sɔudɮaɴ || | | sɔudɮaɴ || ʔameʁaikɨʱ || wɨʱʁuʱ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| soldier-ERG | | soldier-ERG || hunt || frog.ABS | ||
|} | |} | ||
Soldiers | Soldiers are hunting frogs. | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sõwdlan || nõ || | | sõwdlan || nõ || ameraykùe || wùerù | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sɔudɮaɴ || nɔ || ʔ | | sɔudɮaɴ || nɔ || ʔameʁaikɨʱ || wɨʱʁuʱ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| soldier-ERG || NEG.GEN || hunt | | soldier-ERG || NEG.GEN || hunt || frog.ABS | ||
|} | |} | ||
Soldiers aren't hunting frogs. | Soldiers aren't hunting frogs. | ||
Line 489: | Line 531: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| nõ || sõwdlan || | | nõ || sõwdlan || ameraykùe || wùerù | ||
|- | |- | ||
| nɔ || sɔudɮaɴ || ʔ | | nɔ || sɔudɮaɴ || ʔameʁaikɨʱ || wɨʱʁuʱ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| NEG.GEN || soldier-ERG || hunt | | NEG.GEN || soldier-ERG || hunt || frog.ABS | ||
|} | |} | ||
''Soldiers'' aren't hunting frogs (but someone else is). | ''Soldiers'' aren't hunting frogs (but someone else is). | ||
Line 500: | Line 542: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sõwdlan || | | sõwdlan || ameraykùe || nõ || wùerù | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sɔudɮaɴ || ʔ | | sɔudɮaɴ || ʔameʁaikɨʱ || nɔ || wɨʱʁuʱ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| soldier-ERG || hunt | | soldier-ERG || hunt || NEG.GEN || frog.ABS | ||
|} | |} | ||
Soldiers aren't hunting ''frogs'' (but they are hunting something else). | Soldiers aren't hunting ''frogs'' (but they are hunting something else). | ||
Line 517: | Line 556: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| nõ || sõwdla || | | nõ || sõwdla || ameraykùe || wùerù | ||
|- | |- | ||
| nɔ || sɔudɮa || ʔ | | nɔ || sɔudɮa || ʔameʁaikɨʱ || wɨʱʁuʱ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| NEG.GEN || soldier.ABS || hunt | | NEG.GEN || soldier.ABS || hunt || frog.ABS | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 527: | Line 566: | ||
====The Particle nay /nai/ (Specific Negation)==== | ====The Particle nay /nai/ (Specific Negation)==== | ||
This is always placed after a verb | This is always placed after a verb. It is used for negation with emphasis on the verb e.g. | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sõwdla || | | sõwdla || ameraykùe || nay || wùerù | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sɔudɮa || ʔ | | sɔudɮa || ʔameʁaikɨʱ || nai || wɨʱʁuʱ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| soldier.ABS || hunt | | soldier.ABS || hunt || NEG.SPFC|| frog.ABS | ||
|} | |} | ||
Soldiers aren't ''hunting'' frogs (but they are doing something else to them). | Soldiers aren't ''hunting'' frogs (but they are doing something else to them). | ||
Line 546: | Line 585: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| wùerù || | | wùerù || kùevòelùun || `ròedù | ||
|- | |- | ||
| wɨ&# | | wɨʱʁuʱ || kɨʱɥɘʱluːʱɴ || ʱʁɘʱduʱ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| frog.ABS || die | | frog.ABS || die || red | ||
|} | |} | ||
The frog, which died, was red. | The frog, which died, was red. | ||
Line 557: | Line 596: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| wùerù || | | wùerù || kùevòelùun || nay || `ròedù | ||
|- | |- | ||
| wɨ&# | | wɨʱʁuʱ || kɨʱɥɘʱluːʱɴ || nai || ʱʁɘʱduʱ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| frog.ABS || die | | frog.ABS || die || NEG.SPFC || red | ||
|} | |} | ||
The frog, which didn't die, was red. | The frog, which didn't die, was red. | ||
Line 571: | Line 610: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sõwdlan || | | sõwdlan || ameraykùe || wùerù || `ròedù | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sɔudɮaɴ || ʔ | | sɔudɮaɴ || ʔameʁaikɨʱ || wɨʱʁuʱ || ʱʁɘʱduʱ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| soldier-ERG || hunt | | soldier-ERG || hunt || frog.ABS || red | ||
|} | |} | ||
Soldiers are hunting red frogs. | Soldiers are hunting red frogs. | ||
Line 582: | Line 621: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sõwdlan || | | sõwdlan || ameraykùe || wùerù || `ròedù || nay | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sɔudɮaɴ || ʔ | | sɔudɮaɴ || ʔameʁaikɨʱ || wɨʱʁuʱ || ʱʁɘʱduʱ || nai | ||
|- | |- | ||
| soldier-ERG || hunt | | soldier-ERG || hunt || frog.ABS || red || NEG.SPFC | ||
|} | |} | ||
Soldiers aren't hunting ''red'' frogs (maybe they're hunting another colour). | Soldiers aren't hunting ''red'' frogs (maybe they're hunting another colour). | ||
===Polar Questions=== | ===Polar Questions=== | ||
Line 603: | Line 641: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sõwdlan || | | sõwdlan || ameraykùe || wùerù | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sɔudɮaɴ || ʔ | | sɔudɮaɴ || ʔameʁaikɨʱ || wɨʱʁuʱ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| soldier-ERG || hunt | | soldier-ERG || hunt || frog.ABS | ||
|} | |} | ||
Soldiers are hunting frogs. | Soldiers are hunting frogs. | ||
Line 614: | Line 652: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sõwdlan || du || | | sõwdlan || du || ameraykùe || wùerù | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sɔudɮaɴ || du || ʔ | | sɔudɮaɴ || du || ʔameʁaikɨʱ || wɨʱʁuʱ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| soldier-ERG || INT.GEN || hunt | | soldier-ERG || INT.GEN || hunt || frog.ABS | ||
|} | |} | ||
Are soldiers hunting frogs? | Are soldiers hunting frogs? | ||
Line 642: | Line 666: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| du || sõwdlan || | | du || sõwdlan || ameraykùe || wùerù | ||
|- | |- | ||
| du || sɔudɮaɴ || ʔ | | du || sɔudɮaɴ || ʔameʁaikɨʱ || wɨʱʁuʱ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| INT.GEN || soldier-ERG || hunt | | INT.GEN || soldier-ERG || hunt || frog.ABS | ||
|} | |} | ||
Are ''soldiers'' hunting frogs (or is it someone else)? | Are ''soldiers'' hunting frogs (or is it someone else)? | ||
Line 653: | Line 677: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sõwdlan || | | sõwdlan || ameraykùe || du || wùerù | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sɔudɮaɴ || ʔ | | sɔudɮaɴ || ʔameʁaikɨʱ || du || wɨʱʁuʱ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| soldier-ERG || hunt | | soldier-ERG || hunt || INT.GEN || frog.ABS | ||
|} | |} | ||
Are soldiers hunting ''frogs'' (or something else)? | Are soldiers hunting ''frogs'' (or something else)? | ||
Line 670: | Line 691: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| du || sõwdla || | | du || sõwdla || ameraykùe || wùerù | ||
|- | |- | ||
| du || sɔudɮa || ʔ | | du || sɔudɮa || ʔameʁaikɨʱ || wɨʱʁuʱ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| INT.GEN || soldier.ABS || hunt | | INT.GEN || soldier.ABS || hunt || frog.ABS | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 680: | Line 701: | ||
====The Particle ka (Specific Interrogative)==== | ====The Particle ka (Specific Interrogative)==== | ||
This is always placed after a verb | This is always placed after a verb. It is used when the noun's involvement in the event is not in question, rather the question is about what the action was e.g. | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sõwdla || | | sõwdla || ameraykùe || ka || wùerù | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sɔudɮa || ʔ | | sɔudɮa || ʔameʁaikɨʱ || ka || wɨʱʁuʱ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| soldier.ABS || hunt | | soldier.ABS || hunt || INT.SPFC || frog.ABS | ||
|} | |} | ||
Are soldiers ''hunting'' frogs (or doing something else to them)? | Are soldiers ''hunting'' frogs (or doing something else to them)? | ||
Line 699: | Line 720: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| wùerù || | | wùerù || kùevòelùun || `ròedù | ||
|- | |- | ||
| wɨ&# | | wɨʱʁuʱ || kɨʱɥɘʱluːʱɴ || ʱ ʱʁɘʱduʱ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| frog.ABS || die | | frog.ABS || die || red | ||
|} | |} | ||
The frog, which died, was red. | The frog, which died, was red. | ||
Line 710: | Line 731: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| wùerù || | | wùerù || kùevòelùun || ka || `ròedù | ||
|- | |- | ||
| wɨ&# | | wɨʱʁuʱ || kɨʱɥɘʱluːʱɴ || ka || ʱ ʱʁɘʱduʱ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| frog.ABS || die | | frog.ABS || die || INT.SPFC || red | ||
|} | |} | ||
Was it the frog that died that was red? | Was it the frog that died that was red? | ||
Line 724: | Line 745: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sõwdlan || | | sõwdlan || ameraykùe || wùerù || `ròedù | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sɔudɮaɴ || ʔ | | sɔudɮaɴ || ʔameʁaikɨʱ || wɨʱʁuʱ || ʱ ʱʁɘʱduʱ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| soldier-ERG || hunt | | soldier-ERG || hunt || frog.ABS || red | ||
|} | |} | ||
Soldiers are hunting red frogs. | Soldiers are hunting red frogs. | ||
Line 735: | Line 756: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sowdlan || | | sowdlan || ameraykùe || wùerù || `ròedù || ka | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sɔudɮaɴ || ʔ | | sɔudɮaɴ || ʔameʁaikɨʱ || wɨʱʁuʱ || ʱʁɘʱduʱ || ka | ||
|- | |- | ||
| soldier-ERG || hunt | | soldier-ERG || hunt || frog.ABS || red || INT.SPFC | ||
|} | |} | ||
Are soldiers hunting ''red'' frogs (or another colour)? | Are soldiers hunting ''red'' frogs (or another colour)? | ||
Line 769: | Line 790: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sõwdlan || duku || | | sõwdlan || duku || ameraykùe || wùerù | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sɔudɮaɴ || duku || ʔ | | sɔudɮaɴ || duku || ʔameʁaikɨʱ || wɨʱʁuʱ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| soldier-ERG || where.GEN || hunt | | soldier-ERG || where.GEN || hunt || frog.ABS | ||
|} | |} | ||
Where are soldiers are hunting frogs? | Where are soldiers are hunting frogs? | ||
Line 780: | Line 801: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| duku || sõwdlan || | | duku || sõwdlan || ameraykùe || wùerù | ||
|- | |- | ||
| duku || sɔudɮaɴ || ʔ | | duku || sɔudɮaɴ || ʔameʁaikɨʱ || wɨʱʁuʱ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| where.GEN || soldier-ERG || hunt | | where.GEN || soldier-ERG || hunt || frog.ABS | ||
|} | |} | ||
Soldiers from where are hunting frogs? | Soldiers from where are hunting frogs? | ||
Line 791: | Line 812: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sõwdlan || | | sõwdlan || ameraykùe || duku || wùerù | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sɔudɮaɴ|| ʔ | | sɔudɮaɴ|| ʔameʁaikɨʱ || duku || wɨʱʁuʱ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| soldier-ERG || hunt | | soldier-ERG || hunt || where.GEN || frog.ABS | ||
|} | |} | ||
Soldiers are hunting frogs from where? | Soldiers are hunting frogs from where? | ||
Line 805: | Line 826: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sõwdla || | | sõwdla || ameraykùe || tovi || wùerù | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sɔudɮa || ʔ | | sɔudɮa || ʔameʁaikɨʱ || tuɥi || wɨʱʁuʱ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| soldier.ABS || hunt | | soldier.ABS || hunt || where.SPFC || frog.ABS | ||
|} | |} | ||
Where are the soldiers ''hunting'' frogs (not doing anything else to them)? | Where are the soldiers ''hunting'' frogs (not doing anything else to them)? | ||
Line 816: | Line 837: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| wùerù || | | wùerù || kùevòelùun || tovi || `ròedù | ||
|- | |- | ||
| wɨ&# | | wɨʱʁuʱ || kɨʱɥɘʱluːʱɴ || tuɥi || ʱʁɘʱduʱ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| frog.ABS || die | | frog.ABS || die || where.SPFC || red | ||
|} | |} | ||
The frog that died where was red? | The frog that died where was red? | ||
Line 827: | Line 848: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sõwdlan || | | sõwdlan || ameraykùe || wùerù || `ròedù || tovi | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sɔudɮaɴ || ʔ | | sɔudɮaɴ || ʔameʁaikɨʱ || wɨʱʁuʱ || ʱʁɘʱduʱ || tuɥi | ||
|- | |- | ||
| soldier-ERG || hunt | | soldier-ERG || hunt || frog.ABS || red || where.SPFC | ||
|} | |} | ||
Where are soldiers hunting ''red'' frogs (as opposed to some other colour)? | Where are soldiers hunting ''red'' frogs (as opposed to some other colour)? | ||
Line 845: | Line 866: | ||
| sõwdlan || àoy || yini | | sõwdlan || àoy || yini | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sɔudɮaɴ || ʔɜi&# | | sɔudɮaɴ || ʔɜiʱ || jini | ||
|- | |- | ||
| soldier-ERG || give | | soldier-ERG || give || dog.ABS | ||
|} | |} | ||
A soldier is giving (something to) a dog. | A soldier is giving (something to) a dog. | ||
Line 862: | Line 883: | ||
| asàoy || sõwdla | | asàoy || sõwdla | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ʔasɜi&# | | ʔasɜiʱ || sɔudɮ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| <1PS.INC.OBJ>give | | <1PS.INC.OBJ>give || soldier.ABS | ||
|} | |} | ||
A soldier is giving (something to) us (including you). | A soldier is giving (something to) us (including you). | ||
If we want to introduce the Theme (whatever is being given), the default construction places it in the ergative case, followed by `wù /wu&# | If we want to introduce the Theme (whatever is being given), the default construction places it in the ergative case, followed by `wù /wuʱ/ and after the recipient e.g. | ||
Line 876: | Line 897: | ||
| sõwdlan || àoy || yini || aaehaan-ga || `wù | | sõwdlan || àoy || yini || aaehaan-ga || `wù | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sɔudɮaɴ || ʔɜi&# | | sɔudɮaɴ || ʔɜiʱ || jini || ʔɛːχaːɴga || ʱwuʱ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| soldier-ERG || give | | soldier-ERG || give || dog.ABS || food-ERG || THEME | ||
|} | |} | ||
A soldier is giving food to a dog. | A soldier is giving food to a dog. | ||
Line 887: | Line 908: | ||
| asàoy || sõwdla || aaehaan-ga || `wù | | asàoy || sõwdla || aaehaan-ga || `wù | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ʔasɜi&# | | ʔasɜiʱ || sɔudɮ || ʔɛːχaːɴga || ʱwuʱ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| <1PS.INC.OBJ>give | | <1PS.INC.OBJ>give || soldier.ABS || food-ERG || THEME | ||
|} | |} | ||
A soldier is giving us food. | A soldier is giving us food. | ||
Line 901: | Line 922: | ||
| àomàoy || sõwdla || aaehaan-ga || `wù | | àomàoy || sõwdla || aaehaan-ga || `wù | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ʔɜmɜi&# | | ʔɜmɜiʱ || sɔudɮ || ʔɛːχaːɴga || ʱwuʱ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| <IMPV.AP>give | | <IMPV.AP>give || soldier.ABS || food-ERG || THEME | ||
|} | |} | ||
A soldier is giving food. | A soldier is giving food. | ||
Line 918: | Line 939: | ||
| sõwdlan || àoy || yini || `wòewù | | sõwdlan || àoy || yini || `wòewù | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sɔudɮaɴ || ʔɜi&# | | sɔudɮaɴ || ʔɜiʱ || jini || ʱwɘʱwuʱ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| soldier-ERG || give | | soldier-ERG || give || dog.ABS || <1PS.INCL.PRES>THEME | ||
|} | |} | ||
A soldier is giving us (including you) to a dog. | A soldier is giving us (including you) to a dog. | ||
Line 932: | Line 953: | ||
| àomàoy || sõwdla || `wòewù | | àomàoy || sõwdla || `wòewù | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ʔɜmɜi&# | | ʔɜmɜiʱ || sɔudɮa || ʱwɘʱwuʱ; | ||
|- | |- | ||
| <IMPV.AP>give | | <IMPV.AP>give || soldier.ABS || <1PS.INCL.PRES>THEME | ||
|} | |} | ||
A soldier is giving us (to something / someone). | A soldier is giving us (to something / someone). | ||
Line 946: | Line 967: | ||
| àomàoy || sõwdla || chùewù | | àomàoy || sõwdla || chùewù | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ʔɜmɜi&# | | ʔɜmɜiʱ || sɔudɮa || cɨʱwuʱ; | ||
|- | |- | ||
| <IMPV.AP>give | | <IMPV.AP>give || soldier.ABS || <1PS.INCL.PAST>THEME | ||
|} | |} | ||
A soldier was giving us (to something / someone). | A soldier was giving us (to something / someone). | ||
Line 957: | Line 978: | ||
| àomàoy || sõwdla || `wùewù | | àomàoy || sõwdla || `wùewù | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ʔɜmɜi&# | | ʔɜmɜiʱ || sɔudɮa || ʱwɨʱwuʱ; | ||
|- | |- | ||
| <IMPV.AP>give | | <IMPV.AP>give || soldier.ABS || <1PS.INCL.FUT>THEME | ||
|} | |} | ||
A soldier will be giving us (to something / someone). | A soldier will be giving us (to something / someone). | ||
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[[Category:Antarctican]] |