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Proto-Antarctican: Difference between revisions
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====Consonants==== | ====Consonants==== | ||
*Final stops became voiced in syllables with low tone e.g. Thai /sàːk/ - pestle -> P.A. /saːg/. Otherwise they became voiceless e.g. Thai /sâːk/ - carcass -> P.A. /saːk/. | *Final stops became voiced in syllables with low tone e.g. Thai /sàːk/ - pestle -> P.A. /saːg/. Otherwise they became voiceless e.g. Thai /sâːk/ - carcass -> P.A. /saːk/. | ||
*Word final stops were geminated after short vowels e.g. Thai /ʔaːtʰít/ - week -> P.A. /ʔaːtʲçit/. | |||
*Final /m/ had an epenthetic /u/ added after it e.g. Thai /jɔːmpʰæː/ - give up -> P.A. /jəːmupçaː/ - surrender. | *Final /m/ had an epenthetic /u/ added after it e.g. Thai /jɔːmpʰæː/ - give up -> P.A. /jəːmupçaː/ - surrender. | ||
*Other nasals disappeared at the end of syllables, nasalising the preceding vowel e.g. Thai /ʔajakaːn/ - prosecutor -> P.A. /ʔajakãː/ - to prosecute. | *Other nasals disappeared at the end of syllables, nasalising the preceding vowel e.g. Thai /ʔajakaːn/ - prosecutor -> P.A. /ʔajakãː/ - to prosecute. | ||
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*While voiceless nasals are no longer a feature of spoken Thai (only being found in the written language), they were revived via spelling pronunciations and became prestopped nasals in Proto-Antarctican e.g. Thai /maːk/ - betel nut -> P.A. /pmaːg/. | *While voiceless nasals are no longer a feature of spoken Thai (only being found in the written language), they were revived via spelling pronunciations and became prestopped nasals in Proto-Antarctican e.g. Thai /maːk/ - betel nut -> P.A. /pmaːg/. | ||
*Thai /h/ became /x/. | *Thai /h/ became /x/. | ||
===Indonesian/Malay/Tagalog=== | |||
Given the restrictive nature of the phonology of these languages, words borrowed from these languages did not need to go undergo many sound changes in order to become Antacticanised. The most significant changes were the fricativisation of /r/ to /z/, the insertion of /j/ and palatalisation of consonants before /i/, the loss of /j/ and depalatalisation of consonants before /e/, and the loss of syllable final /n/ and /ŋ/, with nasalisation on the preceding vowel. | |||
Also, vowels in Tagalog with ''irregular'' stress were borrowed in as long vowels, otherwise they were borrowed in as short vowels. | |||
===Vietnamese=== | |||
Apart from general "Antarctification" of loanwords e.g. palatalisation before /i/, turning aspirate stops into clusters with a fricative, the change of /h/ into /x/ etc., there are a few changes that applied especially to Vietnamese words. | |||
====Vowels==== | |||
*As a rule, vowels were adapted into the language in the same way as Thai. | |||
*The vowels a and o' always became long /a/. | |||
*The vowels ă and â always became short /a/. | |||
*The length of the rest of the vowels depended on the tone of the word. In the case of the ngang and huyền tones, they were lengthened. Otherwise, they were shortened. | |||
*Vowels with the ngã tone were split into two syllables separated by a glottal stop e.g. Vietnamese nhẵn - smooth -> P.A. /nʲaʔã/. | |||
====Consonants==== | |||
*Word final consonants were pronounced voiced in words with the nặng tone, and voiceless in words with the sắc tone. | |||
*Vietnamese ng(h) and g(h) are both pronounced /g/ before a vowel. | |||
*There is a lot of inconsistency in consonants in borrowed words. This is due to the fact that some words were borrowed from Hanoi Vietnamese, while others were borrowed from Ho Chi Minh Vietnamese. | |||
*Aspirated consonants generally behaved like those from Burmese. | |||
===Taiwanese=== | |||
Most of the refugees who came to Antarctica were from Taiwan rather than the mainland. Therefore, Taiwanese has influenced Proto-Antarctican far more than Mandarin. Aspirated consonants generally behaved like those from Burmese. Syllable final stops were pronounced voiced in words with tone 4, and voiceless in words with tone 8. Vowels in words with tones 1, 2, 5 and 6 were pronounced long, otherwise they were short. | |||