Laceyiam: Difference between revisions

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==== Personal pronouns ====
==== Personal pronouns ====
Laceyiam has fourteen personal pronouns (''tairpārivāyārai''): three persons and two numbers — second person pronouns have two genders each (higher and lower animate), while third person ones have all four genders.
Laceyiam has fourteen personal pronouns (''tairpārivāyārai''): three persons and two numbers — second person pronouns have two genders each (higher and lower animate), while third person ones have all four genders.
As pronouns already were a closed class in Proto-Cis-Tahianshima (though ''pāt/padi'' and ''dāt/śen'' were later borrowed from Proto-Mǎng Tì, as the declensions of two former PCT pronouns eventually merged), with lots of ablaut variations, Laceyiam has many apparently suppletive pronoun declensions — diachronically, however, only ''nän'' and ''yelah'' are.


Note that the genitive forms of pronouns are also used as possessive adjectives, as Laceyiam does not have a separate form for them.
Note that the genitive forms of pronouns are also used as possessive adjectives, as Laceyiam does not have a separate form for them.


First person pronouns — lāli, lika
First person pronouns — lili, chlė
{| class="article-table"
{| class="article-table"
!
!
!lāli (I)
!lili (I)
!lika (we)
!chlė (we)
|-
|-
|Direct
|Direct
|lāli
|lili
|lika
|chlė
|-
|-
|Ergative
|Ergative
|lalss
|lilį
|liṃss
|chlāvi
|-
|-
|Accusative
|Accusative
|lulei
|liliū
|chle
|chlųm
|-
|-
|Genitive
|Genitive
|lālia
|liliā
|liśā
|chlęn
|-
|-
|Translative
|Translative
|lulom
|lilyja
|chlom
|chluija
|-
|-
|Exessive
|Exessive
|lulaṭ
|lilo
|chlāh
|chlot
|-
|-
|Essive
|Essive
|luleim
|lilām
|chleim
|chlaim
|-
|-
|Dative
|Dative
|lulið
|lilįse
|chlið
|chlęśā
|-
|-
|Ablative
|Ablative
|lulų
|lilįmy
|chlų
|chlęmū
|-
|-
|Locative
|Locative
|luliė
|lilamė
|chliė
|chlanā
|}
|}


Second person pronouns — teham, yuvah ; esāt, nagy. Archaic forms, found in older literary texts, inside brackets.
Second person pronouns — laha, helān ; no, vinān.
{| class="article-table"
{| class="article-table"
!Higher animate
!Higher animate
!teham (you (sg))
!laha (you (sg))
!yuvah (you (pl))
!helān (you (pl))
|-
|-
|Direct
|Direct
|teham
|laha
|yuvah
|helān
|-
|-
|Ergative
|Ergative
|tęss
|lahęs
|ūss
|helāh
|-
|-
|Accusative
|Accusative
|tęi
|lahū
|uvei
|helut
|-
|-
|Genitive
|Genitive
|temia
|lahoni
|yūya
|helųn
|-
|-
|Translative
|Translative
|tihom
|lahuja
|ūnom
|helāk
|-
|-
|Exessive
|Exessive
|tiḍa
|laho
|ūvāh
|helot
|-
|-
|Essive
|Essive
|tięm
|lahom
|uvim
|heluim
|-
|-
|Dative
|Dative
|tīð (tįið)
|ląse
|uvið
|helęśā
|-
|-
|Ablative
|Ablative
|tių
|ląmy
|uvų
|helęmū
|-
|-
|Locative
|Locative
|tihė
|lahamė
|uvė
|helanā
|}
|}
{| class="article-table"
{| class="article-table"
!Lower animate
!Lower animate
!esāt (you (sg))
!no (you (sg))
!nagy (you (pl))
!vinān (you (pl))
|-
|-
|Direct
|Direct
|esāt
|no
|nagy
|vinān
|-
|-
|Ergative
|Ergative
|cass
|vinąs
|nāss
|vināh
|-
|-
|Accusative
|Accusative
|ṣṭhei
|vinū
|nuhei
|vinut
|-
|-
|Genitive
|Genitive
|etia
|vinoni
|naja
|vinųn
|-
|-
|Translative
|Translative
|śinom
|vinuja
|nugnom
|vināk
|-
|-
|Exessive
|Exessive
|śiḍa
|vino
|nugāh
|vinot
|-
|-
|Essive
|Essive
|ṣṭhėm
|vinom
|nuhim
|vinuim
|-
|-
|Dative
|Dative
|śið
|vįse
|nuið
|vinęśā
|-
|-
|Ablative
|Ablative
|śidų
|vįmy
|nųu
|vinęmū
|-
|-
|Locative
|Locative
|śidė
|vinamė
|nujė
|vinanā
|}
|}


Third person pronouns — tami, lahen ; nän, yelah ; pāt, padi ; dāt, śen. Note that ''tami'' is also used as a generic dummy pronoun in many cases, like questions or even just emphasis.
Third person pronouns — tami, aṣė ; kai, kilė ; pāt, paśān ; dāt, dadān. Note that ''tami'' is also used as a generic dummy pronoun in many cases, like questions or even just emphasis.
{| class="article-table"
{| class="article-table"
!Higher animate
!Higher animate
!tami (she (it, he))
!tami (she (it, he))
!lahen (they)
!aṣė (they)
|-
|-
|Direct
|Direct
|tami
|tami
|lahen
|aṣė
|-
|-
|Ergative
|Ergative
|taṃss
|tamį
|laṃss
|eṣāvi
|-
|-
|Accusative
|Accusative
|tom
|tum (''tamiū'')
|ląi
|eṣųm
|-
|-
|Genitive
|Genitive
|täm
|täm (''tamiā'')
|lańā
|eṣęn
|-
|-
|Translative
|Translative
|tanom
|tamyja
|ląnom
|eṣuija
|-
|-
|Exessive
|Exessive
|tāṭ
|tamo
|lamvāh
|eṣot
|-
|-
|Essive
|Essive
|tøm
|tām
|lahim
|eṣaim
|-
|-
|Dative
|Dative
|tað
|tamįse
|ląið
|ekṣā
|-
|-
|Ablative
|Ablative
|tah
|tįmy
|lahų
|ęṣmū
|-
|-
|Locative
|Locative
|tayė
|tamė
|lię
|eṣaṇā
|}
|}
{| class="article-table"
{| class="article-table"
!Lower animate
!Lower animate
!nän (he (she, it))
!kai (he (she, it))
!yelah (they)
!kilė (they)
|-
|-
|Direct
|Direct
|nän
|kai
|yelah
|kilė
|-
|-
|Ergative
|Ergative
|ninīss
|kaih
|yelss (elss)
|kilāvi
|-
|-
|Accusative
|Accusative
|nei
|kaiyū
|ily (yuly)
|kilųm
|-
|-
|Genitive
|Genitive
|nānia
|kaiyā
|ėląa
|kilęn
|-
|-
|Translative
|Translative
|nunam
|kavyja
|ilam (yulnam)
|kiluija
|-
|-
|Exessive
|Exessive
|nunaṭ
|kayo
|ivāh
|kilot
|-
|-
|Essive
|Essive
|naṃsu
|kayām
|eisu
|kilaim
|-
|-
|Dative
|Dative
|nunið
|kąise
|yulið
|kilęśā
|-
|-
|Ablative
|Ablative
|nonų
|kąimy
|yulų
|kilęmū
|-
|-
|Locative
|Locative
|nuniė
|kaimė
|yuliė
|kilanā
|}
|}
The forms ''elss, yuly'', and ''yulnam'' are sometimes used in the Southwest (especially Lunaiyāram and southern Kāmiṭamūlka), but mostly archaic otherwise.


{| class="article-table"
{| class="article-table"
!Plant animate
!Plant animate
!pāt (it (he, she))
!pāt (it (he, she))
!padi (they)
!paśān (they)
|-
|-
|Direct
|Direct
|pāt
|pāt
|padi
|paśān
|-
|-
|Ergative
|Ergative
|pass
|paśąs
|padiss
|paśāh
|-
|-
|Accusative
|Accusative
|pei
|paśū
|padu
|paśut
|-
|-
|Genitive
|Genitive
|pātia
|paśoni
|päti
|paśųn
|-
|-
|Translative
|Translative
|patnam
|paśuja
|pädam
|paśāk
|-
|-
|Exessive
|Exessive
|pandra
|paśo
|padāh
|paśot
|-
|-
|Essive
|Essive
|patsu
|paśom
|padeṣü
|paśuim
|-
|-
|Dative
|Dative
|patið
|pakṣe
|padið
|paśęśā
|-
|-
|Ablative
|Ablative
|patų
|paśmy
|padių
|paśęmū
|-
|-
|Locative
|Locative
|patiė
|paśamė
|padiė
|paśanā
|}
|}
{| class="article-table"
{| class="article-table"
!Inanimate
!Inanimate
!dāt (it (he, she))
!dāt (it (he, she))
!śen (they)
!dadān (they)
|-
|-
|Direct
|Direct
|dāt
|dāt
|śen
|dadān
|-
|-
|Ergative
|Ergative
|dass
|dadąs
|śeṃss
|dadāh
|-
|-
|Accusative
|Accusative
|dei
|dadū
|śøn
|dadut
|-
|-
|Genitive
|Genitive
|dātia
|dadoni
|śin
|dadųn
|-
|-
|Translative
|Translative
|datnam
|daduja
|śinnam
|dadāk
|-
|-
|Exessive
|Exessive
|dandra
|dado
|śināh
|dadot
|-
|-
|Essive
|Essive
|datsu
|dadom
|śiṃsu
|daduim
|-
|-
|Dative
|Dative
|datið
|datse
|śinið
|dadęśā
|-
|-
|Ablative
|Ablative
|datų
|dadmy
|śinų
|dadęmū
|-
|-
|Locative
|Locative
|datiė
|dadamė
|śiniė
|dadanā
|}
|}


Line 2,453: Line 2,451:
|-
|-
|Ergative
|Ergative
|''lāriss''
|''lārį''
|däṃss
|dänį
|-
|-
|Accusative
|Accusative
|''lārtau''
|''lāriū''
|däny
|däniū
|-
|-
|Genitive
|Genitive
|läri
|lāriā
|danīye
|däniā
|-
|-
|Translative
|Translative
|lāritnam
|lāryja
|dänynam
|dänyja
|-
|-
|Exessive
|Exessive
|lārindra
|lāro
|dämvāh
|däno
|-
|-
|Essive
|Essive
|lāriteṣu
|lārām
|dänieṣu
|dänām
|-
|-
|Dative
|Dative
|lārið
|lārįse
|dänyð
|dänįse
|-
|-
|Ablative
|Ablative
|lārtų
|lārįmy
|dänitų
|dänįmy
|-
|-
|Locative
|Locative
|lārtiė
|lāramė
|dänilym
|dänamė
|}
|}


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