Laceyiam: Difference between revisions

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|-
|-
|Exessive
|Exessive
|ėmīla'''ndra'''
|ėmīl'''ena'''
|ėmīl'''aivāh'''
|ėmīl'''aivāh'''
|-
|-
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|Dative
|Dative
|ėmīla'''ð'''
|ėmīla'''ð'''
|ėmīl'''arið'''
|ėmīla'''yoh'''
|-
|-
|Ablative
|Ablative
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The first declension has the following sub-patterns:
The first declension has the following sub-patterns:
* Nouns ending in '''-au''' change this into '''-āva''' before any ending beginning with a vowel, so for example ''hīmuyau'' "husband of father's sister" has dir.pl. ''hīmuyāvai, ''erg.sg. ''hīmuyauss, ''acc.sg. ''hīmuyāvau'' ... transl.sg. ''hīmuyaunam, ''and so on. ''Chlou'', the only word with /ɔ<span>u̯/, may informally follow this pattern (alternating between ''-ou'' and either ''-ova'' or ''-āva''), but the official recommendation is to use compounds such as ''Chlou ga marta ''"Chlou city" or ''Chlou-lila ''"Chlou person" in order to decline it or derive forms.</span>
* Nouns ending in '''-au''' change this into '''-āva''' before any ending beginning with a vowel, so for example ''hīmuyau'' "husband of father's sister" has dir.pl. ''hīmuyāvai, ''erg.sg. ''hīmuyauss, ''acc.sg. ''hīmuyāvau'' ... transl.sg. ''hīmuyaunam, ''and so on. ''Chlou'', the only word with /ɔ<span>u̯/, may informally follow this pattern (alternating between ''-ou'' and either ''-ova'' or ''-āva''), but the official recommendation is to use compounds such as ''Chlou ga marta ''"Chlou city" or ''Chlou-lila ''"Chlou person" in order to decline it or derive forms.</span>
* Nouns ending in '''-ia, -iā, -ie, '''or '''-iė '''all have accusative singular in '''-vau''' (e.g. ''nahia ''"mountain" > ''nahiavau'') genitive singular in '''-ei''' (''nahia ''> ''nahei''), ablative singular in '''-vų''' (''nahia ''> ''nahiavų''), locative singular in '''-ye '''(''nahia ''> ''nahiaye''); ergative plural in '''-lss '''(''nahia ''> ''nahialss''), genitive plural in '''-riė''' (''nahia ''> ''nahiariė''), and locative plural in '''-rilym '''(''nahia ''> ''nahiarilym'').
* Nouns ending in '''-ia, -iā, -ie, '''or '''-iė '''all have accusative singular in '''-vau''' (e.g. ''nahia ''"mountain" > ''nahiavau'') genitive singular in '''-ei''' (''nahia ''> ''nahei''), exessive singular in '''-ena''' (''nahia'' > ''nahiena''), ablative singular in '''-vų''' (''nahia ''> ''nahiavų''), locative singular in '''-ye '''(''nahia ''> ''nahiaye''); ergative plural in '''-lss '''(''nahia ''> ''nahialss''), genitive plural in '''-riė''' (''nahia ''> ''nahiariė''), and locative plural in '''-rilym '''(''nahia ''> ''nahiarilym'').
* Nouns ending in the "tool" suffix '''-īvā''' (but not its synonym '''-inā''') shorten the final vowel when declined, except for the ergative singular (e.g. ''atmādhevā'' (airplane) > dat.sg. ''atmādhevað'', erg.sg. ''atmādhevāss'').
* Nouns ending in the "tool" suffix '''-īvā''' (but not its synonym '''-inā''') shorten the final vowel when declined, except for the ergative singular (e.g. ''atmādhevā'' (airplane) > dat.sg. ''atmādhevað'', erg.sg. ''atmādhevāss'').
''heilenu ''"wind" is an irregular noun which, for the most part, follows the first declension, alternating between ''heilenu- ''stem and umlauted ''høylen- ''stem, the latter used in singular accusative, genitive, essive, and locative, and in every plural form except essive, ablative, and locative. Non-umlauted forms have /u/ replacing any /a/ in the "normal" first declension pattern, becoming breathy-voiced in ablative plural. Ablative singular is ''heilenų'' with a single, breathy-voiced /<span class="">ṳ</span>/; locative plural is ''heilenuilym'', with the /<span class="">ui̯/ diphthong.</span>
''heilenu ''"wind" is an irregular noun which, for the most part, follows the first declension, alternating between ''heilenu- ''stem and umlauted ''høylen- ''stem, the latter used in singular accusative, genitive, exessive (shortened to ''høylenna''), essive, and locative, and in every plural form except dative, ablative, and locative. Non-umlauted forms have /u/ replacing any /a/ in the "normal" first declension pattern, becoming breathy-voiced in ablative plural. Ablative singular is ''heilenų'' with a single, breathy-voiced /<span class="">ṳ</span>/; locative plural is ''heilenuilym'', with the /<span class="">ui̯/ diphthong.</span>


==== The second declension (-e, -ė, -y, -ȳ, -u, -ū) ====
==== The second declension (-e, -ė, -y, -ȳ, -u, -ū) ====
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|-
|-
|Exessive
|Exessive
|kairė'''ndra'''
|kairė'''na'''
|kair'''eivāh'''
|kair'''eivāh'''
|-
|-
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|Dative
|Dative
|kairė'''ð'''
|kairė'''ð'''
|kair'''ėrið'''
|kairė'''yoh'''
|-
|-
|Ablative
|Ablative
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As in the first declension, all final vowels remain long as long as quality is the same, with the exception of genitive case in both singular and plural. The sub-patterns of the second declension are:
As in the first declension, all final vowels remain long as long as quality is the same, with the exception of genitive case in both singular and plural. The sub-patterns of the second declension are:
* Nouns ending with the '''-līne '''collective derivational suffix have genitive singular '''-līni''' as if they were of the first declension instead of expected *-līneyi.
* Nouns ending with the '''-līne '''collective derivational suffix have genitive singular '''-līni''' as if they were of the first declension instead of expected *-līneyi.
* Nouns ending in '''-y '''and '''-ȳ '''have genitive singular in '''-yvi '''(e.g. ''tammy ''"train" > ''tammyvi''); direct plural in '''-r '''(''tammy > tammyr''), ergative plural in '''-ylss '''(> ''tammylss''), genitive plural in '''-yvė '''(> ''tammyvė''), ablative plural in '''-įnie '''(> ''tammįnie''), and locative plural in '''-īlym '''(> ''tammīlym'').
* Nouns ending in '''-y '''and '''-ȳ '''have genitive singular in '''-yvi '''(e.g. ''tammy ''"train" > ''tammyvi''), exessive singular in '''-yvena''' (> ''tammyvena''); direct plural in '''-r '''(''tammy > tammyr''), ergative plural in '''-ylss '''(> ''tammylss''), genitive plural in '''-yvė '''(> ''tammyvė''), dative plural in '''-yvoh''' (> ''tammyvoh'') ablative plural in '''-įnie '''(> ''tammįnie''), and locative plural in '''-īlym '''(> ''tammīlym'').
* Nouns ending in '''-iū''' (uncommon, but most notably ''jeniū'' "flower") have ablative singular in '''-ųu '''(''jeniū ''> ''jeniųu'') and various extended plural stems: direct in '''-ūyai '''(> ''jeniūyai''), ergative '''-ūyilss '''(> ''jeniūyilss''), accusative '''-ūyiau '''(> ''jeniūyiau''), translative '''-ūyinam '''(> ''jeniūyinam''), dative '''-ūyið '''(> ''jeniūyið''), and locative in '''-ūlym '''(> ''jeniūlym''). In addition to these, they also keep the long vowel in genitive singular and plural (e.g. > ''jeniūyi, jeniūyė'').
* Nouns ending in '''-iū''' (uncommon, but most notably ''jeniū'' "flower") have dative singular in '''-ūyena''' (''jeniū'' > ''jeniūyena'') ablative singular in '''-ųu '''(> ''jeniųu'') and various extended plural stems: direct in '''-ūyai '''(> ''jeniūyai''), ergative '''-ūyilss '''(> ''jeniūyilss''), accusative '''-ūyiau '''(> ''jeniūyiau''), translative '''-ūyinam '''(> ''jeniūyinam''), and locative in '''-ūlym '''(> ''jeniūlym''). In addition to these, they also keep the long vowel in genitive singular and plural (e.g. > ''jeniūyi, jeniūyė'').


==== The third declension (-i) ====
==== The third declension (-i) ====
The third declension (''chīkende paiktairathāda'') includes nouns ending in '''-i'''; they are however divided in two different sub-declensions depending on whether they take ''i-umlaut ''or not. Nouns taking ''i-umlaut ''have their root vowel in either '''a, ā''', (both ''a1'' or ''a2'' types) '''u''', or '''ū; '''umlaut is present in every form <u>except</u> direct, ergative, comitative and dative singular and ablative and locative plural.
The third declension (''chīkende paiktairathāda'') includes nouns ending in '''-i'''; they are however divided in two different sub-declensions depending on whether they take ''i-umlaut ''or not. Nouns taking ''i-umlaut ''have their root vowel in either '''a, ā''', (both ''a1'' or ''a2'' types) '''u''', or '''ū; '''umlaut is present in every form <u>except</u> direct, ergative, translative, exessive, and dative singular and dative, ablative and locative plural.
{| class="article-table"
{| class="article-table"
!tėti (island)
!tėti (island)
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|-
|-
|Exessive
|Exessive
|tėti'''ndra'''
|tėti'''ena'''
|tėt'''iarvāh'''
|tėt'''iarvāh'''
|
|
|gindāmi'''ndra'''
|gindāmi'''ena'''
|<span>gind</span>'''ä'''<span>m'''arvāh'''</span>
|<span>gind</span>'''ä'''<span>m'''arvāh'''</span>
|-
|-
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|Dative
|Dative
|tėti'''ð'''
|tėti'''ð'''
|tėt'''iarið'''
|tėti'''yoh'''
|
|
|gindāmi'''ð'''
|gindāmi'''ð'''
|<span>gind</span>'''ä'''<span>m'''arið'''</span>
|gindāmi'''yoh'''
|-
|-
|Ablative
|Ablative
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|-
|-
|Exessive
|Exessive
|muða'''ndra'''
|muð'''ena'''
|m'''ė'''ð'''indra'''
|m'''ė'''ð'''ena'''
|
|
|gunt'''andra'''
|gunt'''ena'''
|g'''ā'''nt'''indra'''
|g'''ā'''nt'''ena'''
|-
|-
|Essive
|Essive
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|-
|-
|Exessive
|Exessive
|lila'''ndra'''
|lil'''ena'''
|l'''ei'''l'''indra'''
|l'''ei'''l'''ena'''
|
|
|m'''įndra'''
|mih'''ena'''
|m'''ięndra'''
|m'''ie'''h'''ena'''
|-
|-
|Essive
|Essive
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|-
|-
|Exessive
|Exessive
|ń'''ȳ'''ń'''endra'''
|ń'''ȳ'''ń'''ena'''
|ń'''ė'''ń'''eindra'''
|ń'''ė'''ń'''ena'''
|
|
|b'''y'''n'''endra'''
|b'''y'''n'''ena'''
|b'''ø'''n'''indra'''
|b'''ø'''n'''ena'''
|-
|-
|Essive
|Essive
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|-
|-
|Exessive
|Exessive
|mitū'''ndra'''
|mitū'''yena'''
|m'''ei'''tū'''ndra'''
|m'''ei'''tū'''yena'''
|-
|-
|Essive
|Essive
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|-
|-
|Exessive
|Exessive
|jāyim'''indra'''
|jāyim'''ena'''
|jāyim'''aivāh'''
|jāyim'''aivāh'''
|-
|-
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|Dative
|Dative
|jāyim'''að'''
|jāyim'''að'''
|jāyi'''ṃrið'''
|jāyim'''yoh'''
|-
|-
|Ablative
|Ablative
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|-
|-
|Exessive
|Exessive
|lilla'''ṃśindra'''
|lilla'''ṃsena'''
|lilla'''ṃsaivāh'''
|lilla'''ṃsaivāh'''
|-
|-
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|Dative
|Dative
|lilla'''ṃsað'''
|lilla'''ṃsað'''
|lilla'''ṃṣrið'''
|lilla'''ṃsyoh'''
|-
|-
|Ablative
|Ablative
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==== The sixth declension (consonant-stem nouns) ====
==== The sixth declension (consonant-stem nouns) ====
The sixth declension (''tulūʔende paiktairathāda'') is a common one including basically all ''consonant-stem'' nouns, that is, one of those ending in non-nasal consonants except ''-h''. Possible endings are '''-ð, -t, -ṭ '''and '''-r''', and there are also only five nouns (and their compounds) ending in '''-l: '''''līṭhal ''"seafoam", ''khāngertėl ''(a typical Chlegdarim tandoori oven), ''nūrtāl ''"lake", ''ladragyal ''"inn, restaurant", and ''kambāl ''"thousand" (''khial'' "finger, small branch" also does, but its stem is ''kheld-''). This is also one of the two declensions with a distinct vocative singular form, made by adding '''-e''' to the direct singular.
The sixth declension (''tulūʔende paiktairathāda'') is a common one including basically all ''consonant-stem'' nouns, that is, one of those ending in non-nasal consonants except ''-h''. Possible endings are '''-t'''and '''-''', and there are also only five nouns (and their compounds) ending in '''-l: '''''līṭhal ''"seafoam", ''khāngertėl ''(a typical Chlegdarim tandoori oven), ''nūrtāl ''"lake", ''ladragyal ''"inn, restaurant", and ''kambāl ''"thousand" (''khial'' "finger, small branch" also does, but its stem is ''kheld-''). This is also one of the two declensions with a distinct vocative singular form, made by adding '''-e''' to the direct singular.
{| class="article-table"
{| class="article-table"
!bhārmat (lion)
!bhārmat (lion)
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|-
|-
|Exessive
|Exessive
|bhārmat'''indra'''
|bhārmat'''ena'''
|bhārmat'''aivāh'''
|bhārmat'''aivāh'''
|-
|-
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|Dative
|Dative
|bhārmat'''ið'''
|bhārmat'''ið'''
|bhārmat'''arið'''
|bhārmat'''yoh'''
|-
|-
|Ablative
|Ablative
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|bhārmat'''ilym'''
|bhārmat'''ilym'''
|}
|}
Consonant-stem nouns all follow the same pattern as ''bhārmat,'' but there are some differences between them due to saṃdhi and/or dissimilation:
Note that ''l-stems'' have '''-lss '''instead of *-lass in ergative singular (e.g. ''nūrtāl ''"lake" > ''nūrtālss'') and plural accusative in '''-larau''' (> ''nūrtālarau'').
* As seen with ''bhārmat'', all ''t-stems'' have '''-ṭau''' for plural accusative. All other stems except ''r-stems ''(see below) have '''-Crau''' (the ''t-stem ''form is actually a contraction).
* ''ð-stems ''have dative singular in '''-við '''instead of *-ðið (e.g. ''hlūð ''"place, seat, location" > ''hlūvið'') because of dissimilation. Also, in translative singular the '''-a-''' at the beginning of the ending is optional (> ''hlūðanam ''and ''hlūðnam'' are both acceptable, but the first one is more common).
* ''r-stems ''have two different dissimilations: accusative plural has '''-rl-''' instead of *-rr- (e.g. ''leiðir ''"significant other, girlfriend, boyfriend" > ''leiðirlau''), while translative, essive, and dative plural have '''-lar- '''instead of *-rar- (> ''leiðilariu, leiðilarṇam, leiðilarið'').
* ''l-stems'' have '''-lss '''instead of *-lass in ergative singular (e.g. ''nūrtāl ''"lake" > ''nūrtālss'').


===== -nt stems =====
===== -nt stems =====
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|-
|-
|Exessive
|Exessive
|kømb'''antāndra'''
|kømb'''antena'''
|kømb'''antaivāh'''
|kømb'''antaivāh'''
|-
|-
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|Dative
|Dative
|kømb'''antāð'''
|kømb'''antāð'''
|kømb'''antārið'''
|kømb'''antāyoh'''
|-
|-
|Ablative
|Ablative
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* ''tið ''"neck", oblique ''śv-''
* ''tið ''"neck", oblique ''śv-''
* ''tirva'' "punch", oblique ''ṣruv-''
* ''tirva'' "punch", oblique ''ṣruv-''
''śvað ''"thread, path, theme, idea, direction" is an irregular noun mostly following the sixth declension. It has a contracted stem ''śvað'' found in singular direct (with vocative ''śvaþe''), accusative, genitive, exessive, essive, and dative (''śvaþið''), and ablative plural. All other forms use an extended stem ''śvatoð'', but´genitive plural is the synchronically irregular ''śvateðė '', and dative plural is attested both in the regular form ''śvatoðarið'' and the irregular ''śvatoþrið''.
''śvað ''"thread, path, theme, idea, direction" is an irregular noun mostly following the sixth declension. It has a contracted stem ''śvað'' found in singular direct (with vocative ''śvaþe''), accusative, genitive, exessive, essive, and dative (''śvaþið''), and ablative plural. All other forms use an extended stem ''śvatoð'', but genitive plural is the synchronically irregular ''śvateðė '', and likewise dative plural is the irregular ''śvatuyoh''.


Finally, there are a few nouns ending in '''-k'''; these are all Calémerian toponyms borrowed from Kalurilut, like ''Inūkutlāk'' "Ceria", ''Inūlulīk ''"Nivaren", ''Itanāk ''"Nordúlik", ''Inūkṣvāk ''"Evandor", or ''Ittukavik ''"Gathuráni" - these are all declined following the ''t-stem ''rules (without the special rule for plural accusative). Also, some non-assimilated toponyms for cities, rivers, or other features outside Laltīmāhia may end in '''-k''', but they are usually not declined, instead adpositional constructions like ''[name] ga marta ''"city of [name]" is used, with (here) ''marta ''being the declined word.
Finally, there are a few nouns ending in '''-k'''; these are all Calémerian toponyms borrowed from Kalurilut, like ''Inūkutlāk'' "Ceria", ''Inūlulīk ''"Nivaren", ''Itanāk ''"Nordúlik", ''Inūkṣvāk ''"Evandor", or ''Ittukavik ''"Gathuráni" - these are all declined following the ''t-stem ''rules (with plural accusative in '''-krau'''). Also, some non-assimilated toponyms for cities, rivers, or other features outside Laltīmāhia may end in '''-k''', but they are usually not declined, instead adpositional constructions like ''[name] ga marta ''"city of [name]" is used, with (here) ''marta ''being the declined word.


==== The seventh declension (-h) ====
==== The seventh declension (-h) ====
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|-
|-
|Exessive
|Exessive
|ńält'''ąndra'''
|ńält'''ahena'''
|ńälta'''hiaivāh'''
|ńälta'''hiaivāh'''
|-
|-
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|Dative
|Dative
|ńälta'''śve'''
|ńälta'''śve'''
|ńälta'''hiarið'''
|ńält'''ąyoh'''
|-
|-
|Ablative
|Ablative
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|}
|}


Note that the noun ''lilėmaiṭah'', the most important concept in the Yūnialtei religion (and, due to this, in the whole Chlegdarim worldview), is an irregular, singular-only noun and declines as seventh declension in direct, genitive, exessive, essive and locative cases, and as a first declension noun (with stem ''lilėmaiṭą-'') elsewhere; it also lacks a vocative form.
Note that the noun ''lilėmaiṭah'', the most important concept in the Yūnialtei religion (and, due to this, in the whole Chlegdarim worldview), is an irregular, singular-only noun and declines as seventh declension in direct, genitive, essive and locative cases, and as a first declension noun (with stem ''lilėmaiṭą-'') elsewhere; it also lacks a vocative form.


==== The eighth declension (-ai) ====
==== The eighth declension (-ai) ====
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|-
|-
|Exessive
|Exessive
|nanai'''ndra'''
|nan'''ayena'''
|nan'''ayarvāh'''
|nan'''ayarvāh'''
|-
|-
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|Dative
|Dative
|nan'''aið'''
|nan'''aið'''
|nanai'''rað'''
|nanai'''yoh'''
|-
|-
|Ablative
|Ablative
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