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Bisyllabic roots which have as their second syllable an unstressed vowel between two consonants that may form an allowed cluster (thus sonorant-vowel-stop/fricative, except ''-m-velar'') lose this vowel while adding the suffix, e.g. ''hañilke'' > ''hūlñippu-'' ('''-ñl-''' → '''-lñ-''' is a fairly regular saṃdhi change). | Bisyllabic roots which have as their second syllable an unstressed vowel between two consonants that may form an allowed cluster (thus sonorant-vowel-stop/fricative, except ''-m-velar'') lose this vowel while adding the suffix, e.g. ''hañilke'' > ''hūlñippu-'' ('''-ñl-''' → '''-lñ-''' is a fairly regular saṃdhi change). | ||
===Secondary moods: evidentiality=== | |||
The five secondary moods expressing evidentiality are all formed by taking a particular mood's stem, adding '''-(m)į''' to it and then another ending which conjugates like an indicative mood verb. The main exception is the 3sg/pl interior perfect, which does not take the normal -a ending.<br/> | |||
The five evidential secondary moods are: | |||
* Certainty evidential: '''-(m)į''' + '''nėn(u)-''' ; e.g. ''pūnake'' "to work": indicative present ''pūnįnėnu'', ''pūnįnėni'', ''pūnįnėnė''... aorist ''pūnįnėnau'', ''pūnįnėnei'', ''pūnįnėnitь''… perfect ''upūnįnėnam'', ''upūnįnėnes'', ''upūnįnėn''… desiderative present ''pupūṃsįnėnu''… | |||
* Deductive evidential: '''-(m)į''' + '''niv(a)-''' ; e.g. ''pūnake'' > ''pūnįnivu'' / ''pūnįnivau'' / ''upūnįnivam'' / ''pupūṃsįnivu''; | |||
* Dream situation evidential: '''-(m)į''' + '''bu(v)-''' ; e.g. ''pūnake'' > ''pūnįbuvu'' / ''pūnįbuvau'' / ''upūnįbum'' / ''pupūṃsįbuvu''; | |||
* Invented situation evidential: '''-(m)į''' + '''kra(n)-''' ; e.g. ''pūnake'' > ''pūnįkranu'' / ''pūnįkranau'' / ''upūnįkram'' / ''pupūṃsįkranu''; | |||
* Inferential evidential: '''-(m)į''' + '''ræn(e)-''' ; e.g. ''pūnake'' > ''pūnįrænu'' / ''pūnįrænau'' / ''upūnįrænem'' / ''pupūnįrænu''. | |||
=== The consequential secondary moods=== | |||
The two consequential secondary moods can actually be tertiary moods, as they can be added to evidential secondary moods too. | |||
The consequential mood of cause is formed by adding '''-ę''' + '''pian(e)-''' to the verb stem. For example ''pūnu'' → ''pūnępianu'' (given that I work, ...); ''pupūṃśi'' → ''pupūṃsępiani'' (given that you want to work, ...), or ''pūnįrænitь'' → ''pūnįrænępianitь'' (given that, apparently, (s)he worked, ...). | |||
The consequential mood of opposition is similarly formed by adding '''-ę''' + '''gām(u)-''' to the verb stem. For example ''pūnu'' → ''pūnęgāmu'' (even if I work, ...); ''pupūṃśi'' → ''pupūṃsęgāmi'' (even if you want to work, ...), or ''pūnįrænitь'' → ''pūnįrænęgāmitь'' (even if, apparently, (s)he worked, ...). | |||
===The interrogative secondary mood=== | |||
The interrogative mood is formed in a different way compared to the other secondary moods. It adds '''-i''' to the verb stem, then all personal endings, then (in unprefixed verbs) those marking voice, and finally '''-thā''' at the very end. For example: ''pūnyethā''? (does (s)he work?), ''yųliyątthā''? (are they being eaten?), ''yųliyątçathā''? (do they eat?). | |||
===Participles and adverbials=== | ===Participles and adverbials=== | ||