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Plosives are distinguished by place of articulation and phonation. The three phonations are fortis (with a [http://clas.mq.edu.au/speech/phonetics/phonetics/airstream_laryngeal/vot.html positive VOT] and/or preaspiration, i.e. ''voiceless''), tense (not well defined, but perhaps having a neutral VOT, glottalisation, or some other feature), and lenis (with a neutral to negative VOT, i.e. ''voiced'').
Plosives are distinguished by place of articulation and phonation. The three phonations are fortis (with a [http://clas.mq.edu.au/speech/phonetics/phonetics/airstream_laryngeal/vot.html positive VOT] and/or preaspiration, i.e. ''voiceless''), tense (not well defined, but perhaps having a neutral VOT, glottalisation, or some other feature), and lenis (with a neutral to negative VOT, i.e. ''voiced'').


Nasals (and other normally voiced continuants) are described as being distinguished based on voicing, but this is a simplified approach. In actuality, voiceless nasals can be pre-stopped, may have a negative VOT, or be glottalised. Post-stopped nasals (e.g., mp) are accounted for by vowel nasalisation (see the [[User:Ceige/Sketch#Vowels|relevant section]])
Nasals (and other normally voiced continuants) are described as being distinguished based on voicing, but this is a simplified approach. In actuality, voiceless nasals can be pre-stopped, may have a negative VOT, or be glottalised. Post-stopped nasals (e.g., mp) are accounted for by vowel nasalisation (see the [[#Vowels|relevant section]])


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
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!rowspan=2| Sonorants #1
!rowspan=2| Sonorants #1
! Voiceless
! Voiceless
| m̊ ⟨m', pm, hm⟩ || n̊ ⟨n', tn, hn⟩ || l̥ ⟨l', dl, lt, hl⟩ || ɲ̊ ⟨ň', tň, hň⟩ || ŋ̊ ⟨ŋ', kŋ, hŋ⟩ ||
| m̊ ⟨m', pm, hm⟩ || n̊ ⟨n', tn, hn⟩ || l̥ ⟨l', lt, hl⟩ || ɲ̊ ⟨ň', tň, hň⟩ || ŋ̊ ⟨ŋ', kŋ, hŋ⟩ ||
|-
|-
! Voiced
! Voiced
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Some additional notes:
Some additional notes:
* Voiceless sonorants and /r/ can only occur at the start of a syllable. A voiceless sonorant (or /r/) at the end of a syllable implies a null-nucleus, and as such the consonant is still often released, and a dummy vowel may be inserted.
* Fortis and tense plosives, voiceless sonorants, nasals and /r/ can only occur at the start of a syllable. If one occurs at the end of a syllable, it implies that there is a new syllable with a null-nucleus, and as such the consonant is still often released, and a dummy vowel may be inserted.
:: '''N.B.:''' ''This is an area people creating daughter languages can explore.''
:: '''N.B.:''' ''This is an area people creating daughter languages can explore.''


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
Vowels are distinguished horizontally and vertically, and by roundedness or nasality.
Vowels are distinguished horizontally (frontness) and vertically (openness), and by roundedness or nasality.
: '''N.B.:''' ''This vowel system was chosen as it has a few areas which could lead to a breakdown in symmetry and thus an entire rearrangement of the vowel system. <strong>In addition</strong>, as rounding is not distinguished in nasal vowels, there is an opportunity for vowel shifts to occur there too in order to bring in extra symmetry. Nasal vowels are also often quite unstable, at least going by French and the Slavic language family, and can also have weird effects on following consonants too. <strong>Lastly</strong>, vowel harmony can be tweaked given the number of dimensions vowels are distinguished by here. So people making daughter languages should have plenty of options available to them.''
: '''N.B.:''' ''This vowel system was chosen as it has a few areas which could lead to a breakdown in symmetry and thus an entire rearrangement of the vowel system. <strong>In addition</strong>, as rounding is not distinguished in nasal vowels, there is an opportunity for vowel shifts to occur there too in order to bring in extra symmetry. Nasal vowels are also often quite unstable, at least going by French and the Slavic language family, and can also have weird effects on following consonants too. <strong>Lastly</strong>, vowel harmony can be tweaked given the number of dimensions vowels are distinguished by here. So people making daughter languages should have plenty of options available to them.''
Roundedness as a feature can be achieved by lip rounding, cheek rounding and lip compression together in various degrees.


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
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|colspan=2| a ⟨ä⟩ || ã ⟨ą̈⟩ ||colspan=2| ɑ ⟨a⟩ || ɑ̃ ⟨ą⟩
|colspan=2| a ⟨ä⟩ || ã ⟨ą̈⟩ ||colspan=2| ɑ ⟨a⟩ || ɑ̃ ⟨ą⟩
|}
|}
In addition, an epenthetic schwa /ə/ can be used.
===Vowel Harmony===
Vowel harmony is in effect for rounding (with an exception for nasal vowels) and dialectally for frontness and backness. In describing the [[#Grammar]], vowels are written in upper-case (e.g. I, A, E) to signify that they change according to vowel harmony.
: '''N.B.:''' ''Vowel harmony is not set in stone and can be tweaked a lot in daughter languages. Like with <strong>every</strong> description of the language on this page, don't feel too bad if you decide to get rid of vowel harmony or decide to go nuts with it and expand it. That's why I've added vowels out the wazoo!''
The range of vowel outcomes according to vowel harmony and the symbols used to represent them are as such:
* '''I:''' i, ü
:* '''I''' for frontness harmony: i, ü, ï, u
* '''E:''' e, ö
:* '''E''' for frontness harmony: e, ö, ë, o
* '''A''' (can only do frontness harmony): a, ä
* '''O:''' ë, o
* '''U:''' ï, u
(Naturally, Į, Ę, Ą, Ǫ, Ų signify the relevant nasal vowels)


==Grammar==
==Grammar==
  ## DESCRIPTION // SUMMARY
  ## DESCRIPTION // SUMMARY


==Word Order==
===Word Order===
Word order is flexible, with VSO, SOV and SVO all being possibilities. Note, however, that S and O are not strictly speaking the actor and patient in a sentence; see [[#Morphosyntactic alignment]] for more information.
Word order is flexible, with VSO, SOV and SVO all being possibilities. Note, however, that S and O are not strictly speaking the actor and patient in a sentence; see [[#Morphosyntactic alignment]] for more information.


===Nouns===
===Nouns===
  ## Should nouns mark for gender or animacy?
  ## Should nouns mark for gender or animacy?
====Number====
Nouns can optionally be distinguished by number. The three numbers are singular, plural, and collective. The semantic distinction between the plural -łE and collective -kI is weak. The set collective suffix, -(O)t'ə, however, is normally used for things in an identifiable set, such as a pair of eyes, a pair of shoes, a collection of houses ("a neighbourhood") and the like.
All number suffixes can come after a case particle, except for the Set Collective, which is fused to the noun. However, both the normal and set collectives can cause the verb to agree in the collective number too (see [[#Verbs]]).
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" <!--style="text-align: left;"-->
|+ Noun Number Suffixes
|-
! Number !! Suffix !! Example
|-
! Singular
| Ø || k'ut = a house
|-
! Plural
| -łE || k'utłö = the houses
|-
! Collective
| -kI || k'utkü = the houses
|-
! Set Collective
| -(O)l' || k'utolt = the neighbourhood, complex etc
|}
====Case====
Nouns use case particles which agree with them in vowel harmony. These case particles fulfil the same role as prepositions in English.
The Inalienable Genitive is used for inalienable genitive - for example, family relationships, body parts, creations, actions, essential qualities and the like. The normal genitive however is <strong>not</strong> to be thought of as an alienable genitive - it is simply the default genitive.
The reportative is actually an evidentiality marker that can be affixed to ''any'' unit of speech, including verbs or even entire phrases and sentences.
Using <nowiki><code /></nowiki> tags on case forms for orthographic clarity:
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" <!--style="text-align: left;"-->
|+ Noun Cases
|-
! Name !! Case Form !! Semantic role || Examples
|-
! Actor
| <code>-nO</code> || The doer of an action || murno = the river (does something)
|-
! Patient
| <code>-mU</code> || The thing that has an action done to it || murmu = the river (has something done to it)
|-
! Direct
| <code>-(ʔ)A(p)</code> or -Ø || Any actor, patient, dative etc that was left out of explicit marking || mura(p), mur = the river
|-
! Genitive
| <code>-nĮ</code> < Earlier <code>-nIŋ</code> <!-- Stolen from Turkic -->|| "of X", "belonging to X", "to do with X" || murnį = of the river
|-
! Inalienable Genitive
| <code>-kA</code>, <code>-ŋA</code> || "of X", "belonging to X", "to do with X" || murka mitšəmitš = along the path of the river
|-
! Locative
| <code>-p'E</code> || Can be used as a proximative ("near") and colloquially as a comitative ("with") ||  murp'ö = by the river <!-- mur(ə)p'ö = by the river --><!-- Stolen from Japonic and Ainu -->
|-
! Lative
| <code>-kE</code>, <code>-ŋE</code> || Lative ("to X") and dative ("to X, for X") || murkö <!-- Stolen from Turkic -->
|-
! Prolative
| <code>-mItš</code> || "Via X", "by way of X"; a late innovation || murmütš = via the river
|-
<!--! Partitive
| <code>-ła</code> || Can be used in an ablative ("from") sense too || murła = Of some rivers
|- -->
! Ablative
| <code>-xU</code> || Ablative ("from") and abessive ("without") || murxu <!-- Stolen from Nivkh -ux https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Нивхский_язык -->
|-
! Instrumental
| <code>-ŋI</code><!--<code>-mIx</code>--> || Instrumental ("by means of") and comitative ("with") || murŋü = by use of the river <!-- Stolen from Greenlandic -mik-->
|-
! Equative
| <code>-sĄ</code> || "Like a X", "as X as a" || mursą = like a river
|-
! Reportative
| <code>-jO</code> || "Apparently like a X" || murjo = like a river, they say... <!-- Stolen from JP -you and JP -to iu - maybe change to tšʰO? -->
|}


===Verbs===
===Verbs===
Verbs can mark for a range of categories, and are also pro-drop as far as some of these categories are concerned too. The categories are:
* '''Gender:''' male, female, inanimate and honorific (note that verbs tend to only mark for a gender '''or''' honorific, thus its inclusion in this category)
* '''Number:''' singular, plural, collective
* '''Person:''' 1st (I, we), 2nd (you), 3rd (he, she, it) and 4th (one)
:: '''N.B.:''' ''since the language is pro-drop, 4th person can also be done by not marking at all without context being provided.''
Note that the honorific marker is a verbal prefix, and when not o- may be preceded by w- (e.g. wë-)
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Gender Affixes for Verbs
|-
! 🦌 !! Affix !! Example Use Cases
|-
! Male
| <code>-nA</code> || Father, son, boy, bull
|-
! Female
| <code>-mI</code> || Mother, daughter, girl, cow
|-
! Inanimate
| <code>-mų</code> || Rocks, grass, hydrodynamics
|-
! Honorific
| <code>(w)O-</code> (prefix) || Anything including the above
|}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Number Affixes for Verbs
|-
! 🦌 !! Affix !! Example Use Cases
|-
! Singular
| -Ø || I, you, a bird
|-
! Plural
| <code>-(ə)ł(ə)</code> || we, you all, the birds
|-
! Collective
| <code>-(E)lt</code> || we together, the flock of birds
|}
====Participles====


Standard verbal nouns, gerunds or participles end with <code>-mA</code>.


===Morphosyntactic alignment===
===Morphosyntactic alignment===
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