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→‎The subjunctive mood
Line 740: Line 740:
The subjunctive mood only distinguishes aspects and not tense; it is formed by special terminations and has exterior, interior, regular and causative forms.
The subjunctive mood only distinguishes aspects and not tense; it is formed by special terminations and has exterior, interior, regular and causative forms.


The subjunctive is fairly regular for all verbs, using (except in the causative conjugation) the most basic form of the root — that is, without nā/nī suffixes and in basic grade ablaut; the only exceptions being inverse ablauting roots which use their weakened form (e.g. valde uses uld- and not vald-).
The subjunctive is fairly regular for all verbs, using (except in the causative conjugation) the most basic form of the root — that is, without nā/nī suffixes and in basic grade ablaut; the only exceptions being inverse ablauting roots which use their weakened form (e.g. ''valde'' uses ''uld-'' and not ''vald-'').
3rd person singular, 2nd plural, and 3rd plural, are identical in all verbs.
A peculiarity of the subjunctive is that number is distinguished only in the first person: second person forms are the same for all numbers, as are third person ones.


====Imperfective aspect====
'''Imperfective aspect'''
Regular:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! Person !! nāmvake "to crush, press”<br/>(exterior) !! dældake "to speak”<br/>(interior)
! rowspan=3 colspan=2 | Person !! colspan=2 | Non-causative !! colspan=2 | Causative
|-
|-
| 1SG || nāmv'''up''' || dæld'''immup'''
! colspan=4 | nāmvake <br/><small>"to crush, press"</small>
|-
|-
| 2SG || nāmv'''eap''' || dæld'''immep'''
! <small>Exterior</small> !! <small>Interior</small> !! <small>Exterior</small> !! <small>Interior</small>
|-
|-
| 3SG || nāmv'''āsi''' || dæld'''irāsi'''
! rowspan=3 | Sing. !! 1st
| nāmv'''īn''' || nāmv'''irīn''' || nāmv'''ixhīn''' || nāmv'''irexhīn'''
|-
|-
| 1DU || nāmv'''umbu''' || dæld'''irumbu'''
! 2nd
| nāmv'''ėši''' || nāmv'''irėši''' || nāmv'''ixhėši''' || nāmv'''irixhėši'''
|-
|-
| 2DU || nāmv'''umbe''' || dæld'''irumbe'''
! 3rd
| nāmv'''ėti''' || nāmv'''irėti''' || nāmv'''ixhėti''' || nāmv'''irixhėti'''
|-
|-
| 3DU || nāmv'''umbap''' || dæld'''irumbap'''
! rowspan=3 | Dual !! 1st
| nāmv'''ėjyam''' || nāmv'''irėjyam''' || nāmv'''ixhėjyam''' || nāmv'''irixhėjyam'''
|-
|-
| 1PL || nāmv'''icham''' || dæld'''ilcham'''
! 2nd
| nāmv'''ėši''' || nāmv'''irėši''' || nāmv'''ixhėši''' || nāmv'''irixhėši'''
|-
|-
| 2PL || nāmv'''āsi''' || dæld'''irāsi'''
! 3rd
| nāmv'''ėti''' || nāmv'''irėti''' || nāmv'''ixhėti''' || nāmv'''irixhėti'''
|-
|-
| 3PL || nāmv'''āsi''' || dæld'''irāsi'''
! rowspan=3 | Pl. !! 1st
|}
| nāmv'''ėmiui''' || nāmv'''irėmiui''' || nāmv'''ixhėmiui''' || nāmv'''irixhėmiui'''
 
Causative:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Person !! mišake “to show”<br/>(exterior) !! mišake “to learn; to show each other”<br/>(interior)
|-
| 1SG || maiš'''axhup''' || maiš'''irxhup'''
|-
| 2SG || maiš'''axheap''' || maiš'''irxheap'''
|-
| 3SG || maiš'''axhāsi''' || maiš'''irxhāsi'''
|-
| 1DU || maiš'''axhumbu''' || maiš'''irxhumbu'''
|-
| 2DU || maiš'''axhumbe''' || maiš'''irxhumbe'''
|-
| 3DU || maiš'''axhumbap''' || maiš'''irxhumbap'''
|-
| 1PL || maiš'''axicham''' || maiš'''irxicham'''
|-
|-
| 2PL || maiš'''axhāsi''' || maiš'''irxhāsi'''
! 2nd
| nāmv'''ėši''' || nāmv'''irėši''' || nāmv'''ixhėši''' || nāmv'''irixhėši'''
|-
|-
| 3PL || maiš'''axhāsi''' || maiš'''irxhāsi'''
! 3rd
| nāmv'''ėti''' || nāmv'''irėti''' || nāmv'''ixhėti''' || nāmv'''irixhėti'''
|}
|}


====Perfective aspect====
'''Perfective aspect'''
Regular:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! Person !! nāmvake "to crush, press"<br/>(interior) !! dældake "to speak”<br/>(exterior)
! rowspan=3 colspan=2 | Person !! colspan=2 | Non-causative !! colspan=2 | Causative
|-
| 1SG || nāmv'''atup''' || dæld'''iṭṭup'''
|-
| 2SG || nāmv'''ateap''' || dæld'''iṭṭeap'''
|-
| 3SG || nāmv'''etāsi''' || dæld'''iṭṭāsi'''
|-
| 1DU || nāmv'''atumbu''' || dæld'''iṭṭumbu'''
|-
|-
| 2DU || nāmv'''atumbe''' || dæld'''iṭṭumbe'''
! colspan=4 | nāmvake <br/><small>"to crush, press"</small>
|-
| 3DU || nāmv'''atumbap''' || dæld'''iṭṭumbap'''
|-
| 1PL || nāmv'''añcham''' || dæld'''ireñcham'''
|-
| 2PL || nāmv'''etāsi''' || dæld'''iṭṭāsi'''
|-
| 3PL || nāmv'''etāsi''' || dæld'''iṭṭāsi'''
|}
 
Causative:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! Person !! mišake “to show”<br/>(causative) !! mišake “to learn; to show each other”<br/>(causative)
! <small>Exterior</small> !! <small>Interior</small> !! <small>Exterior</small> !! <small>Interior</small>
|-
|-
| 1SG || maiš'''axhetup''' || maiš'''irxhetup'''
! rowspan=3 | Sing. !! 1st
| nāmv'''āyem''' || nāmv'''irāyem''' || nāmv'''ixhāyem''' || nāmv'''irixhāyem'''
|-
|-
| 2SG || maiš'''axhetep''' || maiš'''irxhetep'''
! 2nd
| nāmv'''āyės''' || nāmv'''irāyės''' || nāmv'''ixhāyės''' || nāmv'''irixhāyės'''
|-
|-
| 3SG || maiš'''axhetāsi''' || maiš'''irxhetāsi'''
! 3rd
| nāmv'''āyė''' || nāmv'''irāyė''' || nāmv'''ixhāyė''' || nāmv'''irixhāyė'''
|-
|-
| 1DU || maiš'''axhetumbu''' || maiš'''irxhetumbu'''
! rowspan=3 | Dual !! 1st
| nāmv'''āyænda''' || nāmv'''irāyænda''' || nāmv'''ixhāyænda''' || nāmv'''irixhāyænda'''
|-
|-
| 2DU || maiš'''axhetumbe''' || maiš'''irxhetumbe'''
! 2nd
| nāmv'''āyės''' || nāmv'''irāyės''' || nāmv'''ixhāyės''' || nāmv'''irixhāyės'''
|-
|-
| 3DU || maiš'''axhetumbap''' || maiš'''irxhetumbap'''
! 3rd
| nāmv'''āyė''' || nāmv'''irāyė''' || nāmv'''ixhāyė''' || nāmv'''irixhāyė'''
|-
|-
| 1PL || maiš'''axeñcham''' || maiš'''irxeñcham'''
! rowspan=3 | Pl. !! 1st
| nāmv'''āyėmia''' || nāmv'''irāyėmia''' || nāmv'''ixhāyėmia''' || nāmv'''irixhāyėmia'''
|-
|-
| 2PL || maiš'''axhetāsi''' || maiš'''irxhetāsi'''
! 2nd
| nāmv'''āyės''' || nāmv'''irāyės''' || nāmv'''ixhāyės''' || nāmv'''irixhāyės'''
|-
|-
| 3PL || maiš'''axhetāsi''' || maiš'''irxhetāsi'''
! 3rd
| nāmv'''āyė''' || nāmv'''irāyė''' || nāmv'''ixhāyė''' || nāmv'''irixhāyė'''
|}
|}


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