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Chlouvānem/Morphology: Difference between revisions
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→Irregular verbs
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''æflike'' (to plan, to be going to) is an unmarked agentive verb, which is only conjugated as agentive, and has an irregular present stem ''æftil-'', with a zero ending for the third person singular. It usually only takes verbs or verbal phrases as arguments, e.g. ''keitu dhāsmike æftil'' "(s)he is going/plans to save the whale".<br/> | ''æflike'' (to plan, to be going to) is an unmarked agentive verb, which is only conjugated as agentive, and has an irregular present stem ''æftil-'', with a zero ending for the third person singular. It usually only takes verbs or verbal phrases as arguments, e.g. ''keitu dhāsmike æftil'' "(s)he is going/plans to save the whale".<br/> | ||
Note that the defectiveness does not apply to its derived forms - e.g. ''švæflike'' (to believe): ''švæftilu'' "I am believed", '' | Note that the defectiveness does not apply to its derived forms - e.g. ''švæflike'' (to believe): ''švæftilu'' "I am believed", ''šusŏyæftilu'' "I believe" - and ''æflike'' itself has regular causative forms (with the meaning of "make X intend to do"). | ||
Three verbs have further irregularities: | Three verbs have further irregularities: | ||
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* ''flulke'' and ''męlike'' have the irregular optative stems ''fleina-'' and ''męliouna-'' (instead of expected *fluneina- and *męlieina-). | * ''flulke'' and ''męlike'' have the irregular optative stems ''fleina-'' and ''męliouna-'' (instead of expected *fluneina- and *męlieina-). | ||
The pair ''tamišake⁓tildake'' (to look at) is not counted as one of the thirteen irregular verbs, but ''tildake'' is an unmarked agentive verb, while ''tamišake'' is used in all other voices. Note that however ''tamišake'' also has a regular agentive voice, synonymous with ''tildake'': ''teldu'' ⁓ '' | The pair ''tamišake⁓tildake'' (to look at) is not counted as one of the thirteen irregular verbs, but ''tildake'' is an unmarked agentive verb, while ''tamišake'' is used in all other voices. Note that however ''tamišake'' also has a regular agentive voice, synonymous with ''tildake'': ''teldu'' ⁓ ''tasŏmešu'' (I look at). The verb ''najake'' "to happen" (explained below among the compounds of ''gyake'') is also sometimes considered irregular, as a verb with an unmarked dative-trigger voice.<br/>Prefixed motion verbs are also not marked for voice in the patient- and agent-trigger ones (with only cases on nouns distinguishing them), but that is considered a particular but regular behaviour of a semantically defined subset of verbs. | ||
====The verb "to be" (gyake)==== | ====The verb "to be" (gyake)==== | ||
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| 3DU || undau || mordu || egyot || maudāvo | | 3DU || undau || mordu || egyot || maudāvo | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 1PL || ummi || monajam || egyamia || | | 1PL || ummi || monajam || egyamia || maumimь | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 2PL || ulki || marogan || egyasia || | | 2PL || ulki || marogan || egyasia || maukŏn | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 3PL || unęn || mayona || egya || mavęn | | 3PL || unęn || mayona || egya || mavęn | ||
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| 3DU || — || gyėti || gyadītṛ || jeivodāvo || — || muñjodāvo || mokṣyodāvo || ginaudāvo || maippudāvo | | 3DU || — || gyėti || gyadītṛ || jeivodāvo || — || muñjodāvo || mokṣyodāvo || ginaudāvo || maippudāvo | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 1PL || gyekṣumi || | | 1PL || gyekṣumi || gyėmiumь || gyacemi || jeivamimь || jeivikṣumi || muñjamimь || mokṣyamimь || gināmimь || maippumimь | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 2PL || gyekṣus || gyėši || gyacųsi || jeivakui || jeivikṣus || | | 2PL || gyekṣus || gyėši || gyacųsi || jeivakui || jeivikṣus || muñjakŏn || mokṣyakŏn || ginākŏn || maippukŏn | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 3PL || gyekṣat || gyėti || gyašri || jeivęn || jeivikṣat || muñjęn || mokṣęn || gināyęn || maippuyęn<br/><small>''maipryęn'' attested but archaic</small> | | 3PL || gyekṣat || gyėti || gyašri || jeivęn || jeivikṣat || muñjęn || mokṣęn || gināyęn || maippuyęn<br/><small>''maipryęn'' attested but archaic</small> | ||
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** Like ''gyake'', there is no agent-, dative-, and instrumental-trigger voice, but the patient-trigger voice has a dative meaning - e.g. ''navalu'' "it happens to me". | ** Like ''gyake'', there is no agent-, dative-, and instrumental-trigger voice, but the patient-trigger voice has a dative meaning - e.g. ''navalu'' "it happens to me". | ||
** The basic, semantically patientive forms, are the interior ones (with the stem ''nañ-gy-ir''), and they only exist for the third persons - e.g. ''najire'' "it happens", ''najirdāvo'' "they (dual) happen", ''najirųt'' "they happen", and so on. | ** The basic, semantically patientive forms, are the interior ones (with the stem ''nañ-gy-ir''), and they only exist for the third persons - e.g. ''najire'' "it happens", ''najirdāvo'' "they (dual) happen", ''najirųt'' "they happen", and so on. | ||
** It uses analytic constructions for most moods, e.g. ''najakenovake'' "can happen" > ''najakenovė'' "it can happen"; ''najakedaudike'' "to be wanted to happen" > '' | ** It uses analytic constructions for most moods, e.g. ''najakenovake'' "can happen" > ''najakenovė'' "it can happen"; ''najakedaudike'' "to be wanted to happen" > ''najakedaudiusŏ'' "I want it to happen" — forms such as the synthetic ''najinai'' or ''namuñjusŏ'' are found only in archaic (mostly pre-Classical) texts or with other uses - as e.g. ''najinai'' being the most common word for "maybe". | ||
===Analytic constructions and auxiliary verbs=== | ===Analytic constructions and auxiliary verbs=== | ||