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Chlouvānem/Morphology: Difference between revisions
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→Analytic constructions and auxiliary verbs
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Chlouvānem uses many analytic constructions - including auxiliary and compound verbs - in order to convey some shades of meaning. Most of these use either a participle or the infinitive as the form of the lexical verb: | Chlouvānem uses many analytic constructions - including auxiliary and compound verbs - in order to convey some shades of meaning. Most of these use either a participle or the infinitive as the form of the lexical verb: | ||
* ''perfect participle'' in the needed voice + ''gyake'' in the past or future tense: compound construction used for pluperfect and future perfect. It is not wrong to use it with a present tense, but the meaning does not change from the bare perfect.<br/> Note that, for the pluperfect, the bare perfect is often used instead, both in literature as in common speech. | * ''perfect participle'' in the needed voice + ''gyake'' in the past or future tense: compound construction used for pluperfect and future perfect. It is not wrong to use it with a present tense, but the meaning does not change from the bare perfect.<br/> Note that, for the pluperfect, the bare perfect is often used instead, both in literature as in common speech. | ||
** '' | ** ''uyųlcąsŏ mos'' "I had eaten" | ||
** '' | ** ''uyųlcąsŏ mavū'' "I will have eaten" | ||
* ''present participle'' in the needed voice + ''gyake'' in the needed tense: compound construction used for the progressive aspect in the three tenses (present, past, future). In the present, the form of ''gyake'' is omitted for the third person, or for all persons if a pronoun is present. | * ''present participle'' in the needed voice + ''gyake'' in the needed tense: compound construction used for the progressive aspect in the three tenses (present, past, future). In the present, the form of ''gyake'' is omitted for the third person, or for all persons if a pronoun is present. | ||
** '' | ** ''yųlasusąsŏ valu'' "I am eating" | ||
** '' | ** ''yųlasusąsŏ mos'' "I was eating" | ||
** '' | ** ''yųlasusąsŏ mavū'' "I will be eating" | ||
* ''infinitive'' + ''ñeaʔake'' (to be used to): compound construction used for a habitual action in present, past, or future tense. It is not used with motion verbs in the present, as the multidirectional verb already unambiguously has this meaning. | * ''infinitive'' + ''ñeaʔake'' (to be used to): compound construction used for a habitual action in present, past, or future tense. It is not used with motion verbs in the present, as the multidirectional verb already unambiguously has this meaning. | ||
** ''yaive prājamne | ** ''yaive prājamne yahikeñeaʔusŏ'' "I am used to read every evening" | ||
** ''yaive prājamne | ** ''yaive prājamne yahikeñeaʔaṃsŏ'' "I used to read every evening" | ||
** ''yaive prājamne | ** ''yaive prājamne yahikeñeaʔiṣyaṃsŏ'' "I will be used to read every evening" | ||
* ''infinitive'' + ''nartaflulke'' (to reach): to come to X, to end up X-ing, to result in X-ing | * ''infinitive'' + ''nartaflulke'' (to reach): to come to X, to end up X-ing, to result in X-ing | ||
** '' | ** ''yųlakenartasŏfliven'' "(s)he ended up eating" | ||
** ''lañšorakenartaflunirųt'' "they ended up marrying each other" | ** ''lañšorakenartaflunirųt'' "they ended up marrying each other" | ||
* ''infinitive'' (or more formally ''perfect participle'') + ''kitte'' (to put): to keep X-ed: | * ''infinitive'' (or more formally ''perfect participle'') + ''kitte'' (to put): to keep X-ed: | ||
** ''valdekitė'' / ''uvaldacās kitė'' "it is kept opened" | ** ''valdekitė'' / ''uvaldacās kitė'' "it is kept opened" | ||
* ''infinitive'' + either ''smitiāke'' (to hang from) or ''maitiāke'' (to be in front of): prospective aspect, to be about to X | * ''infinitive'' + either ''smitiāke'' (to hang from) or ''maitiāke'' (to be in front of): prospective aspect, to be about to X | ||
** '' | ** ''yųlakesmisŏtimu'' "I am about to eat" | ||
** ''yahikemaitimė'' "it is about to be read" | ** ''yahikemaitimė'' "it is about to be read" | ||
* ''infinitive'' + ''māyammišake'' (to look further away): to let X | * ''infinitive'' + ''māyammišake'' (to look further away): to let X | ||
** '' | ** ''yahikemāyaṃsŏmešuisė'' "I let you read" | ||
* ''infinitive'' + ''mālchake'' (to run (multidirectional)): to keep X-ing (less formal alternative to ''trān-'' prefixed verbs) | * ''infinitive'' + ''mālchake'' (to run (multidirectional)): to keep X-ing (less formal alternative to ''trān-'' prefixed verbs) | ||
** '' | ** ''yahikemālchusŏvå'' "I keep reading it" (synonym of ''trānsŏyašutå'') | ||
==Pronouns== | ==Pronouns== | ||