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Chlouvānem/Morphology: Difference between revisions
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→Participles and adverbials
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===Participles and adverbials=== | ===Participles and adverbials=== | ||
'''Participles''' are formed by suffixing the appropriate set of participle endings to the stem. The set marks the tense/aspect combination; the stem may be in indicative, necessitative, desiderative, permissive, or potential mood, plus any secondary evidential mood. | '''Participles''' (''maihaleniausis daradhūs'', pl. ''maihaleniausī daradhūvī'') are formed by suffixing the appropriate set of participle endings to the stem. The set marks the tense/aspect combination; the stem may be in indicative, necessitative, desiderative, permissive, or potential mood, plus any secondary evidential mood. | ||
The endings are (in patient-trigger/common voice): | The endings are (in patient-trigger/common voice): | ||
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* Future: exterior '''-iṣvas''', ''-iṣvam'', ''-iṣvah'' — interior '''-iṣunis''', ''-iṣunim'', ''-iṣuneh'' | * Future: exterior '''-iṣvas''', ''-iṣvam'', ''-iṣvah'' — interior '''-iṣunis''', ''-iṣunim'', ''-iṣuneh'' | ||
Voice endings are inserted after the participle, but after all prefixes in prefixed stems. Saṃdhi is fairly regular, but direct case ''-s'' is deleted except with the dative-trigger affix. Examples: ''męlьsusas'', '' | Voice endings are inserted after the participle, but after all prefixes in prefixed stems. Saṃdhi is fairly regular, but direct case ''-s'' is deleted except with the dative-trigger affix. Examples: ''męlьsusas'', ''męlьsusasŏ'' but ''primęlьsusas'', ''prisŏmęlьsusas''. | ||
Note that voice endings, if final, are always at the end, even if the participle is inflected for case: direct ''męlьsusakæ'' (the one benefacted by giving) but dative ''męlьsusuikæ'' (to the one benefacted by giving). | Note that voice endings, if final, are always at the end, even if the participle is inflected for case: direct ''męlьsusakæ'' (the one benefacted by giving) but dative ''męlьsusuikæ'' (to the one benefacted by giving). | ||
'''Adverbials''' are formed just like participles by adding a set of endings to the stem. There are two types of adverbials: '''homofocals''', used when the trigger of the adverbial and of the main verb are the same, and '''heterofocals''', used when they are different. | '''Adverbials''' (''khladaradhausis daradhūs'', pl. ''khladaradhausī daradhūvī'') are formed just like participles by adding a set of endings to the stem. There are two types of adverbials: '''homofocals''' (''tūtulūtimūkas'', pl. ''-ūke''), used when the trigger of the adverbial and of the main verb are the same, and '''heterofocals''' (''vālūtimūkas'', pl. ''-ūke''), used when they are different. | ||
* Present: homofocal '''-lie''' (ext), '''-līne''' (int) — heterofocal '''-nikai''' (ext), '''-ninėk''' (int) | * Present: homofocal '''-lie''' (ext), '''-līne''' (int) — heterofocal '''-nikai''' (ext), '''-ninėk''' (int) | ||
* Past: homofocal '''-lūte''' (ext), '''-lūnde''' (int) — heterofocal '''-nakte''' (ext), '''-nalget''' (int) | * Past: homofocal '''-lūte''' (ext), '''-lūnde''' (int) — heterofocal '''-nakte''' (ext), '''-nalget''' (int) | ||