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Wendlandish: Difference between revisions
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# '''-æjr verbs''', that is, descendants of the Latin first conjugation, like ''mæjr ''"to love" (< amāre) or ''ømlæjr ''"to walk" (< ambulāre); | # '''-æjr verbs''', that is, descendants of the Latin first conjugation, like ''mæjr ''"to love" (< amāre) or ''ømlæjr ''"to walk" (< ambulāre); | ||
# '''-ajr verbs''', descendants of the Latin second conjugation, like ''viðajr ''"to see" (< vidēre) or ''sfajr ''"to be aware" (< sapēre); | # '''-ajr verbs''', descendants of the Latin second conjugation, like ''viðajr ''"to see" (< vidēre) or ''sfajr ''"to be aware" (< sapēre); | ||
# '''-ir verbs''', descendants of the Latin third and fourth conjugations - like ''hrajðir ''"to believe" (< crēdere), ''hnovskir ''"to know" (< gnōscere), or ''dirmir ''"to sleep" (< dormīre), ''inørnir ''"to intervene" (< intervenīre). Those which descend from the third conjugation are called the '''- | # '''-ir verbs''', descendants of the Latin third and fourth conjugations - like ''hrajðir ''"to believe" (< crēdere), ''hnovskir ''"to know" (< gnōscere), or ''dirmir ''"to sleep" (< dormīre), ''inørnir ''"to intervene" (< intervenīre). Those which descend from the third conjugation are called the '''-øjmur '''group as their first person plural present indicative ends like that (e.g. ''hriðøjmur ''"we believe"), while those which descend from the fourth one are the '''-ymur '''group (e.g. ''dirmymur ''"we sleep"). | ||
# '''-ær/-er verbs''', which do not descend from Latin but are instead made by a generalization of the pre-Wendlandish ''-er ''infinitive suffix added to other roots, like ''milær ''"to smile" (< Old Norse smíla). This is the only currently productive conjugation - e.g. ''forkastsær'' "to have lunch"; modern colloquial ''davnloder ''"to download", ''sælfijer'' "to take a selfie", ''buhojer'' "to get drunk". | # '''-ær/-er verbs''', which do not descend from Latin but are instead made by a generalization of the pre-Wendlandish ''-er ''infinitive suffix added to other roots, like ''milær ''"to smile" (< Old Norse smíla). This is the only currently productive conjugation - e.g. ''forkastsær'' "to have lunch"; modern colloquial ''davnloder ''"to download", ''sælfijer'' "to take a selfie", ''buhojer'' "to get drunk". | ||
==== Present indicative ==== | ==== Present indicative ==== | ||
The present indicative usually has two principal stems: a "stressed" stem, used for the singular and third plural, and an "unstressed" one for first and second plural. The infinitive stem is usually the unstressed one, except for ''-ir'' verbs of the ''- | The present indicative usually has two principal stems: a "stressed" stem, used for the singular and third plural, and an "unstressed" one for first and second plural. The infinitive stem is usually the unstressed one, except for ''-ir'' verbs of the ''-øjmur'' group. | ||
{| class=wikitable | {| class=wikitable | ||
! rowspan=2 | !! 1st (-æjr) !! 2nd (-ajr) !! 3rd (-ir (- | ! rowspan=2 | !! 1st (-æjr) !! 2nd (-ajr) !! 3rd (-ir (-øjmur)) !! 3rd (-ir (-ymur)) !! 4th (-ær) !! 4th (-er) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! ømlæjr "to walk" !! viðajr "to see" !! hnovskir "to know" !! dirmir "to sleep" !! milær "to smile" !! rjaser "to cut" | ! ømlæjr "to walk" !! viðajr "to see" !! hnovskir "to know" !! dirmir "to sleep" !! milær "to smile" !! rjaser "to cut" | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! novr | ! novr | ||
| øml'''ømur''' || við''' | | øml'''ømur''' || við'''øjmur''' || hnusk'''øjmur''' || dirm'''ymur''' || mil'''øjmur''' || rjas'''ymur''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! vovr | ! vovr | ||
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Endings are only stressed in the first and second plural forms, except in ''-er'' verbs ([ˈrjaːsʏmuɐ̯], [ˈrjaːsitiɐ̯] but [miˈløʏ̯muɐ̯], [miˈlæːtiɐ̯]). | Endings are only stressed in the first and second plural forms, except in ''-er'' verbs ([ˈrjaːsʏmuɐ̯], [ˈrjaːsitiɐ̯] but [miˈløʏ̯muɐ̯], [miˈlæːtiɐ̯]). | ||
Most third conjugation ''- | Most third conjugation ''-øjmur'' verbs have umlaut in their conjugation, namely: | ||
* '''i-umlaut''' in the second and third person singular: | * '''i-umlaut''' in the second and third person singular: | ||
:: ''pjatir'' (to ask): ''jag pjat'', ''tsu pjætir'', ''if pjætit'' | :: ''pjatir'' (to ask): ''jag pjat'', ''tsu pjætir'', ''if pjætit'' | ||
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:: ''hrajðir'' (to believe): ''jag hrajð'', ... ''ifi hrøyðunts'' | :: ''hrajðir'' (to believe): ''jag hrajð'', ... ''ifi hrøyðunts'' | ||
:: ''bivir'' (to drink): ''jag byv'', ''tsu bivir'', ... ''ifi byvunts'' | :: ''bivir'' (to drink): ''jag byv'', ''tsu bivir'', ... ''ifi byvunts'' | ||
:: ''esjajpir'' (to begin) has this change in the 1SG and 3PL despite having ''aj'' in other forms: ''jag esjyp'', ''tsu esjajpir'', ''if esjajpit'', ''novr | :: ''esjajpir'' (to begin) has this change in the 1SG and 3PL despite having ''aj'' in other forms: ''jag esjyp'', ''tsu esjajpir'', ''if esjajpit'', ''novr esjipøjmur'', ''vovr esjipætir'', ''ifi esjypunts'' | ||
Some ''-æjr'' verbs have ''æj'' in the first person singular and ''a'' in all other stressed-stem forms: | Some ''-æjr'' verbs have ''æj'' in the first person singular and ''a'' in all other stressed-stem forms: | ||
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==== Imperfect indicative ==== | ==== Imperfect indicative ==== | ||
The imperfect indicative is regular, and has slightly different forms for all conjugations. Note that the 3rd ''-ymur'' were once distinct from the 3rd ''- | The imperfect indicative is regular, and has slightly different forms for all conjugations. Note that the 3rd ''-ymur'' were once distinct from the 3rd ''-øjmur'' ones, but the original forms (which often caused umlaut) have been regularized and replaced by the ''-øjmur'' forms. The stem is always the unstressed one. | ||
{| class=wikitable | {| class=wikitable | ||
! rowspan=2 | !! 1st (-æjr) !! 2nd (-ajr) !! 3rd (-ir) !! 4th (-ær/-er) | ! rowspan=2 | !! 1st (-æjr) !! 2nd (-ajr) !! 3rd (-ir) !! 4th (-ær/-er) | ||
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====Future==== | ====Future==== | ||
The future tense, in Wendlandish, is formed analytically with the auxiliary verb '''kap''' (< Latin capiō) — which is defective and has only its present forms and the past participle — plus the infinitive. The conjugation of ''kap'' is: ''kap'' - ''kapir'' - ''kaft'' - '' | The future tense, in Wendlandish, is formed analytically with the auxiliary verb '''kap''' (< Latin capiō) — which is defective and has only its present forms and the past participle — plus the infinitive. The conjugation of ''kap'' is: ''kap'' - ''kapir'' - ''kaft'' - ''køjmur'' - ''kapætir'' - ''køpunts'' - ''kaftse''. The past participle is ''kaft''. | ||
====Present participle and continuous tenses==== | ====Present participle and continuous tenses==== | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! novr | ! novr | ||
| sørm || jørum || fyrm || hvønts jøst || | | sørm || jørum || fyrm || hvønts jøst || køjmur jas || hømur jøst || hvønts kaft jas || syms || furøjmur | ||
|- | |- | ||
! vovr | ! vovr | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! novr | ! novr | ||
| | | vaðøjmur || vaðømmur || yrm || hvønts vøþt || køjmur vaðir || hømur vøþt || hvønts kaft vaðir | ||
|- | |- | ||
! vovr | ! vovr | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! novr | ! novr | ||
| | | eðøjmur || eðimmur || aðyrm || hvønts aðyts || køjmur aðir || hømur aðyts || hvønts kaft aðir | ||
|- | |- | ||
! vovr | ! vovr | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! novr | ! novr | ||
| | | tenøjmur || tenømmur || hvønts tytt || køjmur tenajr || hømur tytt || hvønts kaft tenajr | ||
|- | |- | ||
! vovr | ! vovr | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! novr | ! novr | ||
| | | idilsjøjmur || idelsjømmur || hvønts ideljøt || køjmur idelajsjir || hømur ideljøt || hvønts kaft idelajsjir | ||
|- | |- | ||
! vovr | ! vovr | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! novr | ! novr | ||
| pysumur || pisjømmur || hvønts puts || | | pysumur || pisjømmur || hvønts puts || køjmur pisir || hømur puts || hvønts kaft pisir | ||
|- | |- | ||
! vovr | ! vovr | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! novr | ! novr | ||
| vulmur || vulømmur || vølyrm || hvønts vylt || | | vulmur || vulømmur || vølyrm || hvønts vylt || køjmur vjal || hømur vylt || hvønts kaft vjal | ||
|- | |- | ||
! vovr | ! vovr | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! novr | ! novr | ||
| føm || ditjømmur || dikyrm || hvønts føt || | | føm || ditjømmur || dikyrm || hvønts føt || køjmur ditsir || hømur føt || hvønts kaft ditsir | ||
|- | |- | ||
! vovr | ! vovr | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! novr | ! novr | ||
| priløfmur || prilusjømmur || hvønts lukut || | | priløfmur || prilusjømmur || hvønts lukut || køjmur prilufir || hømur lukut || hvønts kaft prilufir | ||
|- | |- | ||
! vovr | ! vovr | ||