Tigol/Proto-Tigol: Difference between revisions

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Tigol/Proto-Tigol (view source)

Revision as of 16:15, 14 August 2013

198 bytes removed ,  14 August 2013
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!−3!!−2!!−1!!0!!1!!2!!3!!/Downstep
!−3!!−2!!−1!!0!!1!!2!!3!!/Downstep
|-
|-
|Mood/Evidential/Mirative||Applicative prefix||Preterite prefix||'''STEM'''||Supplementary aspect||Supplementary voice||Voice-TAM-Subject-Object||Voice-TAM-Subject-Object
|Mood/Evidential/Mirative||Applicative prefix||Imperfect prefix||'''STEM'''||Supplementary aspect||Supplementary voice||Voice-TAM-Subject-Object||Voice-TAM-Subject-Object
|}
|}


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|IPA=/zèkmihekleːzitːnevꜜriːn/
|IPA=/zèkmihekleːzitːnevꜜriːn/
|morphemes = RDPL-mi-he-klēz-iħ-tn-évrīn
|morphemes = RDPL-mi-he-klēz-iħ-tn-évrīn
|gloss = SBJV-APP.GOAL-PRET-mix-ICP-APP/PRET.PSS.3SG.F>3PL.F
|gloss = SBJV-APP.GOAL-PAST.IPFV-mix-ICP-APP/PAST.IPFV.PSS.3SG.F>3PL.F
|translation = It supposedly began to be obtained by mixing them}}
|translation = they supposedly were beginning to obtain it by mixing them}}


====Tense-Aspect-Mood====
====Tense-Aspect-Mood====
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|rowspan="2"|
|rowspan="2"|
<!--sg-->
<!--sg-->
''mólé'''n'''<br/>
'''''hé'''mol'''êi'''<br/>
''nes'''án'''<br/>
'''''he'''nes'''âi'''<br/>
''takv'''îen'''
'''''he'''takv'''îe'''
|
|
<!--pl-->
<!--pl-->
''mól'''àm'''<br/>
'''''hé'''mól'''me'''<br/>
''nés'''ȁm'''<br/>
'''''he'''nes'''áme'''<br/>
''takv'''éjam'''
'''''he'''takv'''éme'''
|-
|-
!|1.in
!|1.in
|
|
<!--pl-->
<!--pl-->
''mól'''tȁ'''<br/>
'''''hé'''mól'''tā'''<br/>
''nes'''átā'''<br/>
'''''he'''nes'''átā'''<br/>
''takv'''étā'''
'''''he'''takv'''étā'''
|-
|-
!|2.m
!|2.m
|
|
<!--sg-->
<!--sg-->
''mólé'''r'''<br/>
'''''hé'''molé'''r'''<br/>
''nes'''ár'''<br/>
'''''he'''nes'''ár'''<br/>
''takv'''îer'''
'''''he'''takv'''êr'''
|
|
<!--pl-->
<!--pl-->
''mól'''slé'''<br/>
'''''hé'''mol'''slé'''<br/>
''nes'''aslé'''<br/>
'''''he'''nes'''aslé'''<br/>
''takv'''ēslé'''
'''''he'''takv'''ēslé'''
|-
|-
!|2.f
!|2.f
|
|
<!--sg-->
<!--sg-->
''mól'''é'''<br/>
'''''hé'''mol'''é'''<br/>
''nes'''â'''<br/>
'''''he'''nes'''â'''<br/>
''takv'''ê'''
'''''he'''takv'''ê'''
|rowspan=2|
|rowspan=2|
<!--pl-->
<!--pl-->
''mól'''sré'''<br/>
'''''hé'''mol'''sré'''<br/>
''nes'''asré'''<br/>
'''''he'''nes'''asré'''<br/>
''takv'''ēsré'''
'''''he'''takv'''ēsré'''
|-
|-
!|3.m
!|3.m
|
|
<!--sg-->
<!--sg-->
''mól'''ès'''<br/>
'''''hé'''móle'''n'''<br/>
''nes'''às'''<br/>
'''''he'''nes'''án'''<br/>
''takv'''ês'''
'''''he'''takv'''ên'''
<!--pl sync w/ 2fs-->
<!--pl sync w/ 2fs-->
|-
|-
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|
|
<!--sg-->
<!--sg-->
''mól'''sàr'''<br/>
'''''hé'''mól'''ni'''<br/>
''nés'''àsar'''<br/>
'''''he'''nes'''áni'''<br/>
''takv'''êsar'''
'''''he'''takv'''éni'''
|
|
<!--pl-->
<!--pl-->
''mól'''srí'''<br/>
'''''hé'''mol'''srí'''<br/>
''nes'''asrí'''<br/>
'''''he'''nes'''asrí'''<br/>
''takv'''ēsrí'''
'''''he'''takv'''ēsrí'''
|}
|}
With initial vowels the ''he'' prefix combines thus:
*''he+a→hā''
*''he+e→hē''
*''he+i→hei''
*''he+o→hō''
*''he+u→hev''
*''he+y→hev''
*he+long vowel/diphthong = h+long vowel/diphthong




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|rowspan="2"|
|rowspan="2"|
<!--sg-->
<!--sg-->
'''''hé'''mol'''êi'''<br/>
''mólé'''n'''<br/>
'''''he'''nes'''âi'''<br/>
''nes'''án'''<br/>
'''''he'''takv'''îe'''
''takv'''îen'''
|
|
<!--pl-->
<!--pl-->
'''''hé'''mól'''me'''<br/>
''mól'''àm'''<br/>
'''''he'''nes'''áme'''<br/>
''nés'''ȁm'''<br/>
'''''he'''takv'''éme'''
''takv'''éjam'''
|-
|-
!|1.in
!|1.in
|
|
<!--pl-->
<!--pl-->
'''''hé'''mól'''tā'''<br/>
''mól'''tȁ'''<br/>
'''''he'''nes'''átā'''<br/>
''nes'''átā'''<br/>
'''''he'''takv'''étā'''
''takv'''étā'''
|-
|-
!|2.m
!|2.m
|
|
<!--sg-->
<!--sg-->
'''''hé'''molé'''r'''<br/>
''mólé'''r'''<br/>
'''''he'''nes'''ár'''<br/>
''nes'''ár'''<br/>
'''''he'''takv'''êr'''
''takv'''îer'''
|
|
<!--pl-->
<!--pl-->
'''''hé'''mol'''slé'''<br/>
''mól'''slé'''<br/>
'''''he'''nes'''aslé'''<br/>
''nes'''aslé'''<br/>
'''''he'''takv'''ēslé'''
''takv'''ēslé'''
|-
|-
!|2.f
!|2.f
|
|
<!--sg-->
<!--sg-->
'''''hé'''mol'''é'''<br/>
''mól'''é'''<br/>
'''''he'''nes'''â'''<br/>
''nes'''â'''<br/>
'''''he'''takv'''ê'''
''takv'''ê'''
|rowspan=2|
|rowspan=2|
<!--pl-->
<!--pl-->
'''''hé'''mol'''sré'''<br/>
''mól'''sré'''<br/>
'''''he'''nes'''asré'''<br/>
''nes'''asré'''<br/>
'''''he'''takv'''ēsré'''
''takv'''ēsré'''
|-
|-
!|3.m
!|3.m
|
|
<!--sg-->
<!--sg-->
'''''hé'''móle'''n'''<br/>
''mól'''ès'''<br/>
'''''he'''nes'''án'''<br/>
''nes'''às'''<br/>
'''''he'''takv'''ên'''
''takv'''ês'''
<!--pl sync w/ 2fs-->
<!--pl sync w/ 2fs-->
|-
|-
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|
|
<!--sg-->
<!--sg-->
'''''hé'''mól'''ni'''<br/>
''mól'''sàr'''<br/>
'''''he'''nes'''áni'''<br/>
''nés'''àsar'''<br/>
'''''he'''takv'''éni'''
''takv'''êsar'''
|
|
<!--pl-->
<!--pl-->
'''''hé'''mol'''srí'''<br/>
''mól'''srí'''<br/>
'''''he'''nes'''asrí'''<br/>
''nes'''asrí'''<br/>
'''''he'''takv'''ēsrí'''
''takv'''ēsrí'''
|}
|}
With initial vowels the ''he'' prefix combines thus:
 
*''he+a→hā''
 
*''he+e→hē''
*''he+i→hei''
*''he+o→hō''
*''he+u→hev''
*''he+y→hev''
*he+long vowel/diphthong = h+long vowel/diphthong


{| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 300px; text-align: center;"
{| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 300px; text-align: center;"
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|
|
<!--sg-->
<!--sg-->
''mol'''sú'''''
<br/>''nes''âu'''''
<br/>''takv''û'''''
|
|
<!--pl-->
<!--pl-->
Line 2,172: Line 2,177:
The fourth person object suffix is used on the verb, not the third person, when the interrogative word is the direct object.
The fourth person object suffix is used on the verb, not the third person, when the interrogative word is the direct object.


{{Gloss|phrase = Jé henesan{{blue|ú}}?|IPA=/jéꜜ hènesanuꜜ/|morphemes = jé ⟨he⟩nesa⟨n⟩-{{blue|u}} |gloss = who ⟨PAST.PFV⟩kill.animate.subject⟨PAST.PFV.3SG.M.NOM⟩-{{blue|3SG.M.OBJ}}  |translation = Who killed him?}}
{{Gloss|phrase = Jé nesan{{blue|ú}}?|IPA=/jéꜜ hènesanuꜜ/|morphemes = jé ⟨he⟩nesa⟨n⟩-{{blue|u}} |gloss = who ⟨PAST.PFV⟩kill.animate.subject⟨PAST.PFV.3SG.M.NOM⟩-{{blue|3SG.M.OBJ}}  |translation = Who killed him?}}
{{Gloss|phrase = Jé henesan{{blue|thú}}?|IPA=/jéꜜ hènesanθuꜜ/|morphemes = jé ⟨he⟩nesa⟨n⟩-{{blue|thu}} |gloss = who ⟨PAST.PFV⟩kill.animate.subject⟨PAST.PFV.3SG.M.NOM⟩-{{blue|4SG.M.OBJ}}  |translation = Whom did he kill?/Who is it he killed?}}
{{Gloss|phrase = Jé nesan{{blue|thú}}?|IPA=/jéꜜ hènesanθuꜜ/|morphemes = jé ⟨he⟩nesa⟨n⟩-{{blue|thu}} |gloss = who ⟨PAST.PFV⟩kill.animate.subject⟨PAST.PFV.3SG.M.NOM⟩-{{blue|4SG.M.OBJ}}  |translation = Whom did he kill?/Who is it he killed?}}
====Polar questions and focus====
====Polar questions and focus====
Constituents fronted in front of the verb is the focused element. Without fronting, the question becomes a neutral question about the truth value. The "fourth person" object may be better seen as a type of [[w:inverse marking|inverse marking]]; it indicates that what is expected to be the subject (the noun preceding the verb, or otherwise the noun directly after the verb) is not the subject.
Constituents fronted in front of the verb is the focused element. Without fronting, the question becomes a neutral question about the truth value. The "fourth person" object may be better seen as a type of [[w:inverse marking|inverse marking]]; it indicates that what is expected to be the subject (the noun preceding the verb, or otherwise the noun directly after the verb) is not the subject.


{{Gloss|phrase = Ei henesanú Júlèm?|IPA=/èihenesanuꜜ júꜜlem/|morphemes = ei=⟨he⟩nesa⟨n⟩-u J. |gloss = Q=⟨PAST.PFV⟩kill.animate.subject⟨PAST.PFV.3SG.M.NOM⟩-3SG.M.OBJ |translation = Did Júlèm kill him? (or didn't he?)}}
{{Gloss|phrase = Ei nesasú Júlèm?|IPA=/èihenesanuꜜ júꜜlem/|morphemes = ei=nesasú J. |gloss = Q=kill.animate.subject.PAST.PFV.3SG.M>3SG.M  |translation = Did Júlèm kill him? (or didn't he?)}}


{{Gloss|phrase = Ei henesanthú Júlèm?|IPA=/èihenesanθuꜜ júꜜlem/|morphemes = ei=⟨he⟩nesa⟨n⟩-thu J. |gloss = Q=⟨PAST.PFV⟩kill.animate.subject⟨PAST.PFV.3SG.M.NOM⟩-4SG.M.OBJ J. |translation = Did he kill Júlèm? (or didn't he?)}}
{{Gloss|phrase = Ei nesastú Júlèm?|IPA=/èihenesanθuꜜ júꜜlem/|morphemes = ei=nesastú J. |gloss = Q=kill.animate.subject.PAST.PFV.3SG.M>4SG.M J. |translation = Did he kill Júlèm? (or didn't he?)}}


{{Gloss|phrase = Ei Júlèm henesanthú?|IPA=/éijuꜜlem hènesanθuꜜ/|morphemes = ei=⟨he⟩nesa⟨n⟩-thu J. |gloss = Q=J. ⟨PAST.PFV⟩kill.animate.subject⟨PAST.PFV.3SG.M.NOM⟩-4SG.M.OBJ |translation = Is Júlèm the one he killed?}}
{{Gloss|phrase = Ei Júlèm nesasú?|IPA=/éijuꜜlem nèsasuꜜ/|morphemes = ei=nesasú J. |gloss = Q=J. kill.animate.subject.PAST.PFV.3SG.M>4SG.M  |translation = Is Júlèm the one he killed?}}


{{Gloss|phrase = Ei Júlèm henesanú?|IPA=/éijuꜜlem hènesanuꜜ/|morphemes = ei=⟨he⟩nesa⟨n⟩-u J. |gloss = Q=J. ⟨PAST.PFV⟩kill.animate.subject⟨PAST.PFV.3SG.M.NOM⟩-3SG.M.OBJ |translation = Is Júlèm the one who killed him?}}
{{Gloss|phrase = Ei Júlèm nesastú?|IPA=/éijuꜜlem nèsastuꜜ/|morphemes = ei=nesastú J. |gloss = Q=J. kill.animate.subject.PAST.PFV.3SG.M>3SG.M  |translation = Is Júlèm the one who killed him?}}


{{Gloss|phrase = Ei ťá henesanú Júlèm?|IPA=/éit͡ʃ´aꜜ júꜜlem hènesanuꜜ/|morphemes = ei=ťá ⟨he⟩nesa⟨n⟩-u J. |gloss = Q= 4SG.M ⟨PAST.PFV⟩kill.animate.subject⟨PAST.PFV.3SG.M.NOM⟩-3SG.M.OBJ |translation = Is he the one who killed Júlèm?}}
{{Gloss|phrase = Ei ťá nesasú Júlèm?|IPA=/éit͡ʃ´aꜜ júꜜlem nèsasuꜜ/|morphemes = ei=ťá nesasú J. |gloss = Q=4SG.M kill.animate.subject.PAST.PFV.3SG.M>3SG.M  |translation = Is he the one who killed Júlèm?}}


{{Gloss|phrase = Ei ťá henesanthú Júlèm?|IPA=/éit͡ʃ´aꜜ júꜜlem hènesanθuꜜ/|morphemes = ei=ťá ⟨he⟩nesa⟨n⟩-thu J. |gloss = Q= 4SG.M ⟨PAST.PFV⟩kill.animate.subject⟨PAST.PFV.3SG.M.NOM⟩-4SG.M.OBJ |translation = Is he the one Júlèm killed?}}
{{Gloss|phrase = Ei ťá nesanstú Júlèm?|IPA=/éit͡ʃ´aꜜ júꜜlem nèsastuꜜ/|morphemes = ei=ťá nesastú J. |gloss = Q=4SG.M kill.animate.subject.PAST.PFV.3SG.M.>4SG.M  |translation = Is he the one Júlèm killed?}}


====Possessives====
====Possessives====
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