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Tigol/Proto-Tigol: Difference between revisions
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<!--sg--> | <!--sg--> | ||
'' | ''mól'''û''''' | ||
<br/>''nes''âu''''' | <br/>''nes'''âu''''' | ||
<br/>''takv'' | <br/>''takv'''ǔ''''' | ||
| | | | ||
<!--pl--> | <!--pl--> | ||
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===Coreferentiality=== | ===Coreferentiality=== | ||
There are several situations where the strictly head-marking language tracks coreferentiality, or which agreeing noun a verb or pronoun taking a given agreement refers to, with fourth person pronouns or by other means. | There are several situations where the strictly head-marking language tracks coreferentiality, or which agreeing noun a verb or pronoun taking a given agreement refers to, with fourth person pronouns or by other means. | ||
====Word order==== | |||
====Across clauses==== | ====Across clauses==== | ||
The third person is used for more topical referents: | |||
{{Gloss|phrase = Jé nesas{{blue|ú}}?|IPA=/jéꜜ nèsasuꜜ/|morphemes = jé nesas-{{blue|u}} |gloss = who kill.animate.subject.PAST.PFV.3SG.M{{blue|>3SG.M}} |translation = Who killed him?}} | |||
On the other hand, the fourth person is used for less topical or more focal referents: | |||
{{Gloss|phrase = Jé nesas{{blue|ú}}?|IPA=/jéꜜ nèsasuꜜ/|morphemes = jé nesas-{{blue|u}} |gloss = who kill.animate.subject.PAST.PFV.3SG.M{{blue|>3SG.M}} |translation = Who killed him?}} | |||
The span governed by a discourse topic varies widely among writers; while earlier writers maintained a strict distinction between proximate and obviative reference in narrating events, later writers preferred a much shorter span, often only a single sentence, thereby reducing the scope of the obviative system to that of a topic-focus system. | |||
====Content questions==== | ====Content questions==== | ||
The fourth person object suffix is used on the verb, not the third person, when the interrogative word is the direct object. | The fourth person object suffix is used on the verb, not the third person, when the interrogative word is the direct object. | ||
{{Gloss|phrase = Jé | {{Gloss|phrase = Jé nesas{{blue|ú}}?|IPA=/jéꜜ nèsasuꜜ/|morphemes = jé nesas-{{blue|u}} |gloss = who kill.animate.subject.PAST.PFV.3SG.M{{blue|>3SG.M}} |translation = Who killed him?}} | ||
{{Gloss|phrase = Jé | {{Gloss|phrase = Jé nesas{{blue|tú}}?|IPA=/jéꜜ nèsasuꜜ/|morphemes = jé nesas-{{blue|tu}} |gloss = who kill.animate.subject-PAST.PFV.3SG.M{{blue|>4SG.M}} |translation = Whom did he kill?/Who is it he killed?}} | ||
====Polar questions and focus==== | ====Polar questions and focus==== | ||
Constituents fronted in front of the verb is the focused element. Without fronting, the question becomes a neutral question about the truth value. The "fourth person" object may be better seen as a type of [[w:inverse marking|inverse marking]]; it indicates that what is expected to be the subject (the noun preceding the verb, or otherwise the noun directly after the verb) is not the subject. | Constituents fronted in front of the verb is the focused element. Without fronting, the question becomes a neutral question about the truth value. The "fourth person" object may be better seen as a type of [[w:inverse marking|inverse marking]]; it indicates that what is expected to be the subject (the noun preceding the verb, or otherwise the noun directly after the verb) is not the subject. | ||
{{Gloss|phrase = Ei nesasú Júlèm?|IPA=/ | {{Gloss|phrase = Ei nesasú Júlèm?|IPA=/èinesasuꜜ júꜜlem/|morphemes = ei=nesasú J. |gloss = Q=kill.animate.subject.PAST.PFV.3SG.M>3SG.M |translation = Did Júlèm kill him? (or didn't he?)}} | ||
{{Gloss|phrase = Ei nesastú Júlèm?|IPA=/ | {{Gloss|phrase = Ei nesastú Júlèm?|IPA=/èinesastuꜜ júꜜlem/|morphemes = ei=nesastú J. |gloss = Q=kill.animate.subject.PAST.PFV.3SG.M>4SG.M J. |translation = Did he kill Júlèm? (or didn't he?)}} | ||
{{Gloss|phrase = Ei Júlèm nesasú?|IPA=/éijuꜜlem nèsasuꜜ/|morphemes = ei=nesasú J. |gloss = Q=J. kill.animate.subject.PAST.PFV.3SG.M>4SG.M |translation = Is Júlèm the one he killed?}} | {{Gloss|phrase = Ei Júlèm nesasú?|IPA=/éijuꜜlem nèsasuꜜ/|morphemes = ei=nesasú J. |gloss = Q=J. kill.animate.subject.PAST.PFV.3SG.M>4SG.M |translation = Is Júlèm the one he killed?}} | ||
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==Sample text== | ==Sample text== | ||
'''''Sárthaittígā | '''''Sárthaittígā Tirléŋħā sŋéfȉl Láugvi̋dnīch Itávō''''' | ||
'''Universal Declaration of Human Rights | '''Universal Declaration of Human Rights | ||