Lakovic languages: Difference between revisions

From Linguifex
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Line 31: Line 31:


an ergative Lakovic language
an ergative Lakovic language
a Lakovic language with a Tsjoen-style possessed classifier system


==Phylogeny==
==Phylogeny==

Revision as of 01:35, 13 September 2018

Not to be confused with the Lahob languages.

Swadesh lists for the Lakovic languages

Lakovic languages/Sketchbook

Lakovic
Created by
Geographic
distribution
Originally Talma, Bjeheond and Txapoalli; today worldwide
Linguistic classificationOne of Tricin's primary language families
Proto-languageProto-Lakovic
Subdivisions
  • Ashanic
  • Western Bjeheondian
  • Tumhanian
  • Etalocian
  • Txapoallian

The Lakovic languages (/ləˈkoʊvɪk/ lə-KOH-vik; Häskä: hän tülut Ləkof; Windermere: fi imbrits Lăcof) are a major Trician language family, originally native to Talma. The family is inspired by Semitic, Mon-Khmer and Austronesian languages.

Todo

Lakovic should be huge

Urheimat: Talma

Language with dissimilated reduplicated plurals/verbs

Proto-Ashanic = vaguely Salish grammar with honorifics

some confusion between derivational affixes and trigger/applicatives in Ashanic

an ergative Lakovic language

a Lakovic language with a Tsjoen-style possessed classifier system

Phylogeny

Proto-Lakovic

Need Txapoallian and Etalocian Lakovic languages

Proto-Lakovic phonology

vaguely Georgian

Consonants

Labial Dental Domed Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
Nasal m /m/ n /n/ ŋ /ŋ/
Plosive voiced b /b/ d /d/ g /ɡ/
voiceless p /p/ t /t/ k /k/ q /q/
Affricate voiced ʒ /d͡z/ ʒ́ /d͡ʐ/ ǯ /d͡ʒ/
voiceless c /t͡s/ ć /t͡ʂ/ č /t͡ʃ/
Fricative voiceless s /s/ ś /ʂ/ š /ʃ/ x /x/ h /h/
voiced z /z/ r /r~ɹ~ʐ/ ž /ʒ/ ɣ /ɣ/
resonant w /w/ l /l/ y /j/

Vowels

i u e o ä a

Syllabic ṃ ṇ ḷ ṛ

There is disagreement about the vowel ä - it may have been /æ/ or /ə/.

Phonotactics

Proto-Lakovic had some long and unanalyzable roots

Words always ended in a vowel, unlike in Proto-Ashanic. (?)

Proto-Ashanic phonology

Consonants

Labial Dental Domed Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m /m/ n /n/ ŋ /ŋ/
Stop plain p /p/ t /t/ k /k/ ʔ /ʔ/
voiced b /b/ d /d/ g /g/
Fricative s /s̻/ ś /s̺/ š /ʃ/ h /h/
Affricate c /ts̻/ ć /ts̺/ (č /tʃ/)
Approximant w /w/ l /l/ r /r/ y /j/

Vowels

Proto-Ashanic had 6 vowels and register tone:

i ü u e o a = /i y u e o a/

ì ǜ ù è ò à = /i y u e o a/ + breathy voice

Phonotactics

Final consonant clusters were allowed, unlike in Windermere; they are the source of final voiced stops in Windermere.

Prefinal syllables only allowed the vowels /a i u/.

Stress

Stress was likely on the final syllable.

Proto-Lakovic morphology

Root structure

Roots consisted of 1 or 2 syllables, and were stressed on the final syllable.

Nouns

Nouns were pluralized by reduplication, as in the Salish languages. e.g. *lakof = person; *laklakof = people

There was an honorific clitic =cin. Honorific nouns and verbs became feminine in Ashanic.

Nouns had no morphological case; genitive noun phrases were formed by concatenation.

Ashanic developed a new associative plural suffix -am.

Pronouns

Ashanic:

  • = I
  • śen (m), śens (f) = you
  • in (m), ins (f)
  • tsa = we (exc)
  • pang = we (inc)

Verbs and adjectives

Verbs inflected for triggers, TAM, pluractionality, and evidentiality. Present-day Lakovic language preserve these inflections to varying levels.

There was an honorific prefix, wa-.

  • Ashanic: paŋ = destination trigger
  • Ashanic: ìt, PLak: ixt = locative trigger

Derivational morphology

  • ś infix: nominalization
    • Breathy voice ablaut in Ashanic
  • infix: patientive
    • Ashanic àr, Wdm.
  • Ashanic: bì-~bù- = agentive
  • Ashanic: hà- = resultative (passive in Windermere)
  • Ashanic: t- = denominal verbs, causative (Wdm. th-)
  • Ashanic: u- = intensive
  • Ashanic: yi- = adjectivizer, stative
    • Wdm. yă-, Tseezh xi-, Häskä yə-

Proto-Lakovic syntax

Proto-Lakovic had flexible word order, but the most common word order was VSO.

Vocabulary

  • PAsh ksìʔ > Wdm. scie 'star'
  • PAsh śkey > Wdm. scey 'forest'
  • PAsh ʔma
    • Wdm. ăma
  • PAsh ʔeb
    • Wdm. ep
  • PLak ḷban
    • PAsh àlbon 'water'
      • Wdm. blon
      • Tseezh oobon, Modern nbon
    • Häskä əlfon
    • Tsrovesh rbon
  • PLak dṛmäzh 'rain'
    • Tsrovesh dvmazh
    • PAsh dàrmày
      • Wdm. trămäy
  • PAsh madaŋ 'to fight'
    • Wdm.mătäng 'war'
  • PLak žän
    • PAsh šan 'to utter, to say'; šàn 'word'
      • Proto-Tumhanic hjàn 'word'
        • Schong jahn
        • Æ jov?
      • Wdm. șän
    • Tsrovesh: tšan
  • PLak ḷgän 'straight, upright'
    • PAsh àlgan
      • Wdm. glan 'straight'
      • Tseezh ookhan
    • Tsrovesh: rgan

Numbers

ardolni > vduli

urti > era, ert-

mtsiw > mtser

mšaxk > msholki

m-muc > amuc

Ashanic

check Æ tone reflexes

  • first, breathy voice gives 3/1 vs 2/4 split
  • then final consonants and voicing gives various outcomes
Proto-Ashanic Talman Bjeheondian Etalocian
Windermere Häskä Tseezh Pradjul Tsăloșian Wiebian Schong Æ Ferlitian
*àdòn "one" doan odän don thohn
*ùrat "two" rath rat oozhad raat ras
*tsiw "three" stiw ətsəw txim (rebracketed from 4) tsiw tjův
*mšàk "four" smech əmšäk khaag meih njaai njærv
*Vmǜc "five" müets müc omøøtx muhs vur
*dak "six" tach dak dag thak tars
*àbòt "seven" boath obät aabood phoht pov
*słeb "eight" łep ešəb xev schap læ̊g
*ʔlòy "nine" loay oläy wooj loih løv
*tap "ten" thaf taf rab tap tås
*suyàw "eleven" săyew suyäw taxaa sew søv
*srük "twelve" srüch üsruk tzhøg srk rurs