Tevrés: Difference between revisions
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===Case=== | ===Case=== | ||
The [[w:Nominative case|nominative]]-[[w:Genitive case|genitive]] case is used to mark the [[w:Subject (grammar)|subject]] of an [[w:Intransitive verb|intransitive verb]], the [[w:Agent (grammar)|agent]] of a [[w:Transitive verb|transitive verb]], or the donor of a [[w:Ditransitive verb|ditransitive verb]]. That is, the person or thing that does the action of the verb. | The [[w:Nominative case|nominative]]-[[w:Genitive case|genitive]] case is used to mark the [[w:Subject (grammar)|subject]] of an [[w:Intransitive verb|intransitive verb]], the [[w:Agent (grammar)|agent]] of a [[w:Transitive verb|transitive verb]], or the donor of a [[w:Ditransitive verb|ditransitive verb]]. That is, the person or thing that does the action of the verb. When it takes these roles, it is glossed as {{Smallcaps|nom}}. | ||
===Articles=== | ===Articles=== |
Revision as of 09:24, 2 December 2019
Tevrés | |
---|---|
Hilerán | |
lla çear tevressa | |
Created by | Limius |
Setting | Avrid |
Native to | Tevrén |
Ethnicity | Tevor |
Native speakers | 12 million (83NIA) |
Maro-Ephenian
| |
Early forms | Proto-Maro-Ephenian
|
Dialects |
|
Official status | |
Official language in | Tevrén |
Regulated by | lla Axes llos Rendre |
Tevrés (/tevˈɾes̺/), also known as Hilerán (/ileˈɾãn/), or the Tevren Language (lla çear tevressa) is an Aeranid Language originating in the Çien-uy-Tevrén region of northern Hileria, and has around 12 million speakers throughout the nation of Tevrén, where it is the official language, as well as another 100 thousand speakers in Fasser.
Tevrés is a member of the Hilero-Aeranid group of languages, which evolved from several dialects of Late Aeranir spoken in Hileria after the fall of the Aeranid Empire in the 12th century BNIA. Tevrés began to blossom as a literary language in the 6th and 7th centuries BNIA, mainly from southern port cities under Fasser control, such as Azcotive and Lludazfassín. Modern Tevrés is most heavily influenced by these southern dialects and the dialects spoken around Çien-lli-Tevrén to the north, especially after these two regions were united in 36 BNIA into Tevrén Vuy.
Tevrés is closely related to the Hilero-Vallic group of languages in the north east, such as Morrazol. It is less related to Ilesse, which is spoken in the region of Ilea. Nevertheless, these languages are often conflated under the banner of 'Tevrés,' or more specifically 'Hileranos.'
Name of the Language
The word tevrés descends from Aeranir tibōris (stress shifted to match accusative tibōrissin), referring to the Tiborer, an Anderian tribe which settled throughout Hileria in the wake of the Aeranid Empire. The Tiborer also lent their name to Tevrén, from tibōrāniun.
All Hilero-Aeranid languages, including Ilesse, which is technically an Eastern-Aeranid language, are often colloquially referred to as tevrés. The term hilerán is occasionally used for this purpose instead. The languages of Tevrén Vuy may be called lla çear vuya (proper language), uy tevrés vuis (proper Tevrés), or vuyán in order to differentiate it from other hileranos languages.
History
Old Tevrés
Phonology
Consonants
Labial | Coronal | Palatal or postalveolar |
Velar | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lamino- dental |
Apico- alveolar |
Lateral | |||||
Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ||||
Plosive | voiceless | p | t̪ | tʃ | k | ||
voiced | b | d̪ | ɟ | g | |||
Fricative | voiceless | f | s̻ | s̺ | ɬ | ʃ~x~h | |
voiced | z̻ | z̺ | ɮ | ʒ~ɣ~ɦ | |||
Rhotic | trill | r | |||||
tap | ɾ | ||||||
Approximate | (w) | l | ʎ | (w) |
Vowels
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close | i | u | |
Mid | e | o | |
Open | a |
Nouns
Declension
temporary | cyclical | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
Nominative-Genitive | -e | -os | -a | -os |
Dative-Accusative | -o | -on | -o | -an |
Ergative-Ablative | -a | -os | -a | -as |
temporary | cyclical | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
Nominative-Genitive | -Ø, -es | -os | -Ø, -es | -os |
Dative-Accusative | -e | -en | -e | -en |
Ergative-Ablative | -es | -es |
Case
The nominative-genitive case is used to mark the subject of an intransitive verb, the agent of a transitive verb, or the donor of a ditransitive verb. That is, the person or thing that does the action of the verb. When it takes these roles, it is glossed as nom.
Articles
temporary | cyclical | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
Nominative-Genitive | ul/uy | llos | lla | llos |
Dative-Accusative | llo | llon | llo | llan |
Ergative-Ablative | lla | llos | lla | llas |
Verbs
Conjugation
Transitive verbs show three different modes of morphosyntactic alignment, depending on the arguments present. When the subject of a transitive verb is the first or second person, the verb uses nominative agreement. The verb agrees with the subject in person and number, and the object is in the accusative case. When the object is the first or second person, the verb displays ergative agreement. Here, the subject is in the ablative case, which doubles as an ergative case, and the verb agrees with the person and number of the object. In both of these cases, first and second person pronouns are unnecessary and are dropped. If neither argument for a verb is the second or first person, then Tevrés shows a type of split-ergativity, where the subject of the verb is in the nominative case and the object in the accusative, whilst the verb agrees with the absolutive argument.
It should be noted that the first person is higher in the hierarchy than the second person, so if the first person and second person are both present, the verb will agree with the first person.
Singular | Plural | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
nominative | ergative | split | nominative | ergative | split | ||||||
1st | 2nd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd t. | 3rd c. | 1st | 2nd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | |
Non-past | -o -o -o |
-aste -iste -este |
-ál -él -él |
-alas -elas -elas |
-as -es -es |
-a -a -a |
-ám -ím -ém |
-ád -íd -éd |
-alam -elam -elam |
-alad -elad -elad |
-an -en -en |
Past regular | -ó -ió -ió |
-oste -ioste -ioste |
-ól -iól -iól |
-olas -iolas -iolas |
-ós -iós -iós |
-á -iá -iá |
-óm -ióm -ióm |
-ód -iód -iód |
-olam -iolam -iolam |
-olad -iolad -iolad |
-ón -ión -ión |
Past irregular | -o | -este | -él | -elas | -es | -a | -ém | -éd | -elam | -elad | -en |
Singular | Plural | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st | 2nd | 3rd t. | 3rd c. | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | ||
Non-past | -az -ez -ez |
-a -e -e |
-as -es -es |
-a -a -a |
-amos -imos -emos |
-áis -ís -éis |
-an -en -en | |
Past regular | -éz -íz -éz |
-ó -ió -ió |
-ós -iós -iós |
-á -iá -iá |
-óm -ióm -ióm |
-ód -iód -iód |
-ón -ión -ión | |
Past irregular | -ez | -e | -es | -a | -ém | -éd | -en |