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'''Rinap''' ('Kni Nape Rinhikhyri' meaning 'The Language of Ancestors') was created for the fantasy world of juhhmi, [http://juhhmi.deviantart.com/gallery/41388532 Grundet], in the beginning of 2013, and it was intended to be the main language of the seventh era Eastern Empire with over | '''Rinap''' ('Kni Nape Rinhikhyri' meaning 'The Language of Ancestors') was created for the fantasy world of [[User:Juhhmi|juhhmi]], [http://juhhmi.deviantart.com/gallery/41388532 Grundet], in the beginning of 2013, and it was intended to be the main language of the seventh era Eastern Empire with over 15 million native speakers. This a priori language together with [[Aoma]] belong to the South-West-Herookuan language family deriving from [[Rinapri]]. The language itself suffered a decline during fifth and sixth era, but was soon revived and partly reconstructed based on ancient texts. The old Doslox writing system was also returned into use. Since the new language is a bit clumsy and spoken over a wide region, many different dialects have appeared. | ||
==Dictionary== | ==Dictionary== | ||
See [ | See [[Rinap/Dictionary]]. | ||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
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===Orthography=== | ===Orthography=== | ||
Writing system of [http://fc01.deviantart.net/fs70/i/2013/024/4/b/doslox_by_juhhmi-d5sjj22.jpg Doslox] has graphemes derived from pictograms, and their order is based on an old story ('Halox Dozkepyr' or Hunter's Day' which is where the name originates). Later | Writing system of [http://fc01.deviantart.net/fs70/i/2013/024/4/b/doslox_by_juhhmi-d5sjj22.jpg Doslox] has graphemes derived from pictograms, and their order is based on an old story you can find in the [[Rinap#Examples]] ('Halox Dozkepyr' or Hunter's Day' which is where the name originates). Originally the great Herookuan Language of Ancestors (Rinapri) used complex picto-/logographic system in Later Goldhearts' Empire of second and third eras. Doslox developed from the system: at first it became syllabary and then alphabetic yet retaining some older elements. Nowadays, each grapheme represents a singe phoneme or syllable, and with Doslox every word can be written without raising your pen of the paper. | ||
Special marks in the beginning and at the end of sentences are used to separate them from another |sentence| thus marking initials and dots or to indicate whether they are an interrogative | Later, [http://fc05.deviantart.net/fs71/i/2013/052/8/8/modern_doslox_by_juhhmi-d5vpsl8.jpg Wadoslox] was developed to simplify the script and make it easier to read. During the ages, several different [http://juhhmi.deviantart.com/art/Dosloxoh-Wehiz-378146997?q=gallery%3Ajuhhmi%2F42429210&qo=5 versions of the script] have been in use. | ||
Special marks in the beginning and at the end of sentences are used to separate them from another |indicative sentence| thus marking initials and dots or to indicate whether they are (an interrogative zo-question) or <an imperative or interjectional sentence> thus marking mood: |neym juhhmi(zoneyh phe) where the second '|' has been left out. Mid-sentence upper case letters can be marked with a line under the letter. With Latin script of course, these marks aren't used to avoid misunderstandings. | |||
Romanized versions and their pronunciation: | Romanized versions and their pronunciation: | ||
{{col-begin}} | {{col-begin}} | ||
{{col-2}} | {{col-n|2}} | ||
*A - /ɑ/ | *A - /ɑ/ ala, solar disk | ||
*K - /k/ | *K - /k/ ke, human | ||
*P - /p/ | *P - /p/ pa, I | ||
*D - /d/ | *D - /d/ dokra, eye | ||
*E - /ɛ/ | *E - /ɛ/ emi, little bird | ||
*B - /b/ | *B - /b/ bemi, river | ||
*H - /χ/, /x/ or /h/ | *H - /χ/, /x/ or /h/ hek, hill | ||
*NI - /ni/ | *NI - /ni/ nixil, harvest | ||
*KH - /kx/ | *KH - /kx/ khea, tree | ||
*NA - /ɲa/ | *NA - /ɲa/ nazusilt, gathered | ||
*V - /v/ | *V - /v/ vost, finished | ||
*F - /f/ | *F - /f/ fer, shelter | ||
* | *DH - /dh/ dheko, head | ||
*M - /m/ | *M - /m/ muma, dish | ||
*Ö - /œ/ | *Ö - /œ/ öpam, fist | ||
*O - /ɔ/ | *O - /ɔ/ oimo, little fish | ||
*HO - /χɔ/ | *HO - /χɔ/ hom, wave | ||
*L - /l/ | *L - /l/ lueh, carry | ||
{{col-2}} | {{col-n|2}} | ||
*I - /i/ | *I - /i/ isa, crescent | ||
*W - /w/ | *W - /w/ wahwot, asterism | ||
*Y - /y/ | *Y - /y/ yma, ear | ||
*ZO - /ʒɔ/ | *ZO - /ʒɔ/ zom, elk | ||
*R - /r/ | *R - /r/ räl, hurry | ||
*T - /t/ | *T - /t/ tantho, ceremonial sword | ||
*TH - /θ/ | *TH - /θ/ thoxte, skull | ||
*X - /ks/ | *X - /ks/ xam, tool | ||
*G - /g/ | *G - /g/ gen, heart | ||
*Z - /z/ or /ʒ/ | *Z - /z/ or /ʒ/ zep, door | ||
*S - /s/ or /ʃ/ | *S - /s/ or /ʃ/ sapam, hand | ||
*PH - /pʰ/ | *PH - /pʰ/ phe, you | ||
*Ä - /æ/ | *Ä - /æ/ äre, precious | ||
*J - /j/ | *J - /j/ jal, together | ||
*N - /n/ | *N - /n/ nidi, woman | ||
*HI - /hi/ | *HI - /hi/ hini, similar | ||
*U - /u/ | *U - /u/ usa, lips | ||
{{col-end}} | {{col-end}} | ||
'Ni' is the 'called'-symbol in names, e.g. 'Hithul ni-Xathen' means 'Hithul called-bear'. 'Na' is the past participle prefix and 'zo' is the question-prefix | |||
==Grammar and Syntax== | ==Grammar and Syntax== | ||
Morphologically Rinap is quite isolating but shows traits of synthetic since both prepositions and affixes. Instead of joining words together, possessive case is often used: 'gekhu donbor' for 'house of books' meaning 'library' (not 'donbagekhu' 'bookhouse'; see the word order below). | |||
Rinap is a nominative-accusative language so the subjects of transitive and agents of intransitive verbs are treated as the same. Transitive verb objects are declined into the objective case: 'Zodoih phe '''nik''' pemozt'''ek''' doile'''ke''' knoi'''k'''?' (¿See you the bird beautiful that?) 'Do you see those beautiful birds?' This 'naphuk' or 'k-language' is the formal way of speaking so in casual situations and dialects the postfixes are often omitted. | Rinap is a nominative-accusative language so the subjects of transitive and agents of intransitive verbs are treated as the same. Transitive verb objects are declined into the objective case: 'Zodoih phe '''nik''' pemozt'''ek''' doile'''ke''' knoi'''k'''?' (¿See you the bird beautiful that?) 'Do you see those beautiful birds?' This 'naphuk' or 'k-language' is the formal way of speaking so in casual situations and dialects the postfixes are often omitted. | ||
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Relative clauses are being avoided although relative pronouns exist and are recommended for use. They can be used similarly to question words altering the word order: 'Zoze nei Narok sohi zuo si Laha?' translated to 'Where is Narek who comes from Laha?' If the relative pronoun is left out, spoken sentence can be shortly paused or in written language marked with comma: 'Zoze nei Narok, zuo si Laha?' In this specific example, past participle can be used: 'Zoze nei Narok, si Laha '''nazut'''.' but this almost means 'To where has Narok from Laha come?' | Relative clauses are being avoided although relative pronouns exist and are recommended for use. They can be used similarly to question words altering the word order: 'Zoze nei Narok sohi zuo si Laha?' translated to 'Where is Narek who comes from Laha?' If the relative pronoun is left out, spoken sentence can be shortly paused or in written language marked with comma: 'Zoze nei Narok, zuo si Laha?' In this specific example, past participle can be used: 'Zoze nei Narok, si Laha '''nazut'''.' but this almost means 'To where has Narok from Laha come?' | ||
Rinap is quite head-initial so that all determiners except articles and numerals are placed after the noun: 'kni '''gekhu''' okku pär knoi' 'the '''house''' small my that'. The order for those is article-noun-adjective-possessive-demonstrative as in the example. It should be noted that articles are used even if there is a demonstrative pronoun. | Rinap is quite head-initial so that all determiners except articles and numerals are placed after the noun: 'kni '''gekhu''' okku pär knoi' 'the '''house''' small my that'. The order for those is article-numeral-noun-adjective-possessive-demonstrative as in the example. It should be noted that articles are used even if there is a demonstrative pronoun. | ||
==Pronouns== | ==Pronouns== | ||
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===Article system=== | ===Article system=== | ||
In Rinap, articles, which always precede nouns, work as inflected determiners. They are included even if nouns have other determiners such as demonstrative pronouns: 'kny '''beak''' rilia kno' 'the long '''road'''' However, members of lower social classes often use the demonstrative in the place of the article. | In Rinap, articles, which always precede nouns, work as inflected determiners. They are included even if nouns have other determiners such as demonstrative pronouns: 'kny '''beak''' rilia kno' 'the long '''road'''' However, members of lower social classes often use the demonstrative in the place of the article. Articles can also be used with uncountable nouns (e.g. water and salt) to indicate the amount: 'wi milo' 'little water', 'wis milho' 'some water', 'kni milo' 'a spesific amount of water', 'knis milho' 'much water'. | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 900px; text-align:center;" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 900px; text-align:center;" | ||
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To create the three perfect aspects, present, past (or pluperfect) and future perfects, past participle form is used together with conjugated auxiliary verb 'ney' listed above: 'Neym kni gekhu päri nakholt.' 'I have built my house.' in which 'nakholt' is from 'khuol' meaning 'to build'. With 'ney' there is also a form 'nayh' for 'I/we have been', but it isn't used very often. Example of the future perfect: ''''Neorah''' phe mon '''natläsut'''.' 'You '''will have died''' then.' | To create the three perfect aspects, present, past (or pluperfect) and future perfects, past participle form is used together with conjugated auxiliary verb 'ney' listed above: 'Neym kni gekhu päri nakholt.' 'I have built my house.' in which 'nakholt' is from 'khuol' meaning 'to build'. With 'ney' there is also a form 'nayh' for 'I/we have been', but it isn't used very often. Example of the future perfect: ''''Neorah''' phe mon '''natläsut'''.' 'You '''will have died''' then.' | ||
With polite pronouns, a special suffix '-ron' can be added to the second singular: 'Neyhron Pheor doile roh.' 'You are very beautiful.' | |||
===Moods=== | ===Moods=== | ||
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The infinitive of a main verb is used together with auxiliary verbs. Helping word 'öx' is used for negation: ''''Öxöm ney''' kweo' 'I '''am not''' there.' Modal helping verbs such as 'lio' ('can') and 'xun' ('must') are also in use: 'Zoxunum bea po kweo?' 'Do I have to go there?' | The infinitive of a main verb is used together with auxiliary verbs. Helping word 'öx' is used for negation: ''''Öxöm ney''' kweo' 'I '''am not''' there.' Modal helping verbs such as 'lio' ('can') and 'xun' ('must') are also in use: 'Zoxunum bea po kweo?' 'Do I have to go there?' | ||
===Specialities=== | |||
Verbs ending with 'n', such as 'san' 'to smell something' and 'ehan' 'laugh' have special conjugation: sam, sah, sno, samho, sanho, snoho for present and som, sani, snoi, samhi, sanhi, snohi for past. The last 'n' is in a way forgotten, but added to the third person forms. | |||
With 'doz' 'hunt', for 'I hunted' 'dozöm' is used if nothing was caught (instead of regular 'dozem'). Similarly 'zoduzim' 'I searched' can become 'zoduzöm' if nothing was found despite rigorous search efforts. | |||
Verb 'nyal' 'love' has a shorter 'nyo' for 's/he loves' instead of 'nyalo' just because it's easier to say when feeling emotional. 'Nyalo' is sometimes used for expressing unrequited love: 'Nyalo thy thek (on öxa nyal thi thuk).' 'He loves her, but she doesn't love him.' | |||
==Adjectives== | ==Adjectives== | ||
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==Prepositions== | ==Prepositions== | ||
Rinap uses only prepositions to indicate place, direction and location in time. | Rinap uses only prepositions to indicate place, direction and location in time. Directions use objective case while most locations use possessive. The prepositions can be combined to form new: 'po' + 'mo' = 'pomo' where 'to' + 'in' = 'into' | ||
Example: 'Zobeah '''po''' | Example: 'Zobeah '''po''' Lahak '''barei''' knok?' 'Are you going '''to''' Laha '''after''' that?' | ||
Case required with a preposition: | |||
*Nominative: hi (as; in the role of), hur (during) | |||
*Objective: po (to somewhere), si (from), ri (of; concerning something), ki (for a person), oh (without), veo (at a place), pokwe (away from), pobet (through), kefeh (far), kovet (opposite), pviker (towards), havet (in the middle of; for mass noun), barei (after), rifol (before) | |||
*Possessive: mo (inside), oko (outside), ha (on something), hera (over), öwo (under), hue (with), negeo (around), febar (in front of), fezyr (behind), gevon (near), haveit (in the middle of; for plural) | |||
==Numerals== | ==Numerals== | ||
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**'10 000<sub>6</sub>' = 'wawinoh' = '1296<sub>10</sub>' (six to the power of four) | **'10 000<sub>6</sub>' = 'wawinoh' = '1296<sub>10</sub>' (six to the power of four) | ||
**'100 000<sub>6</sub>' = 'wakirik' = '7776<sub>10</sub>' (six to the power of five) | **'100 000<sub>6</sub>' = 'wakirik' = '7776<sub>10</sub>' (six to the power of five) | ||
**'1 000 000<sub>6</sub>' = 'wawikram' = ' | **'1 000 000<sub>6</sub>' = 'wawikram' = '46 656<sub>10</sub>' (thirty-six cubed) | ||
**'10 000 000<sub>6</sub>' = 'wakwola' = '279 936<sub>10</sub>' (six to the power of seven) | |||
**'100 000 000<sub>6</sub>' = 'wawjakta' = '1 679 616<sub>10</sub>' (thirty-six to the power of four, number of orotho in a halox (see below)) | |||
(the last ones are rare) | |||
Example: ''''244'''<sub>6</sub>' means 'nohwawat.aktawaot.akta' which is in our decimal system 2*36+4*6+6 = ''''100'''<sub>10</sub>' or 'one hundred' | Example: ''''244'''<sub>6</sub>' means 'nohwawat.aktawaot.akta' which is in our decimal system 2*36+4*6+6 = ''''100'''<sub>10</sub>' or 'one hundred' | ||
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'''Ordinal numbers''': '1st' = 'wahhi', '2nd' = 'nohhi', '3rd' = 'kramet', '4th' = 'aktaet'... (continues by adding '-et' suffix) | '''Ordinal numbers''': '1st' = 'wahhi', '2nd' = 'nohhi', '3rd' = 'kramet', '4th' = 'aktaet'... (continues by adding '-et' suffix) | ||
'''Calculation''': 'poi' means multiplication, 'rih' division, 'jie' ('ji'='and') addition and 'wer' substraction. 'Ki' ('for') is used for exponentation. | '''Calculation''': 'poi' means multiplication, 'rih' division, 'jie' ('ji'='and') addition and 'wer' substraction. 'Ki' ('for') is used for exponentation. Fractions are expressed with 'si' ('from'): 'wah si noh' 'one half' and 'wah si waot' 'one sixth'. | ||
When used as determiners, Rinap numerals replace indefinite articles or come between definite articles and the head noun: ''''noh''' nibaho' is 'two apples' and 'kni '''nohi''' nibaho' means 'the two apples'. Notice the '-i' in the definite numeral. | |||
'''Time''': Yela, the year of Grundet, consists of 378 haloxoh divided into nine theykoh each of which has seven uonartho. One uonarte (week) has six haloxoh (days). Halox on the other hand consists of 36 partoh which has 36 awaroh made up of 36 otuho (having 36 orotho (rarely used)). This means that a haloxoh has wawikram otuho ji wawjakta orotho. About seventy-one otuho equal forty Earth-seconds so that one Grundet-halox lasts approximately 23 Earth-hours. | |||
==Derivational morphology== | ==Derivational morphology== | ||
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**Like '-(i)re': 'nyrakire' is 'fiery' | **Like '-(i)re': 'nyrakire' is 'fiery' | ||
==Examples== | |||
===Featured banner=== | |||
''Ahezinimy nik napek kwaik pohi nik herousuik hur wy kang. '' | |||
''Sihat adeininimy äresuik, detakibeusuik ji xoohek xahusor dör, aneimy dek nabekt peimahek pviker nik hezisuik.'' | |||
CIRC.PAS-lift-3SG-PST-CIRC DEF.ART.F.OBJ language-OBJ this-F-OBJ ART.F.OBJ important-N-OBJ during INDF.ART time | |||
because CIRC.PAS-like-3SG-PST-CIRC precious-N-OBJ, believe-ADJ.CAP-N-OBJ CNJ shape.PL.OBJ use-N.GEN PN.3SG.N.GEN, CIRC.PAS-be.3SG-CIRC PN.3SG.N.OBJ CIRC.PERF-give-CIRC voice-PL.OBJ PTCL.AND DEF.ART.F.OBJ lift-N-OBJ | |||
"This language was lifted into the importance during a time. | |||
Because it's preciousness, believability and shapes of use were liked, it has been given voices towards the lift." | |||
===Phrases=== | |||
*''Hu.'' Yes. / ''Ö(w).'' No. | |||
*''Don! Hello! / ''Sad!'' Bye! | |||
*''Dopram!'' Greetings! / ''Halthona!'' Goodbye! (Halla protect you!) | |||
*''Zuhenku!'' Thank you! / ''Zurnikhu!'' You're welcome! | |||
*''Ouri!'' Sorry!, / ''Romeni!'' No problem! | |||
*''Zourikha rahoku!'' I truly apologize! / ''Nizdohnurt!'' You are forgiven! | |||
*''Genyhxu heniku kualox halox dhusör Pherör!'' Happy birthday! | |||
''Peorah ki pök sawou sej beuzirah dhyzo nyx norpehk ha nyk saofik (/ nik snatohek) phory(/-i).'' | |||
*Come speak to me again if you can write the words on your beard (hair). Meaning: You don't know enough to discuss the topic with me. (Young men seldom grow beards nor have gained wisdom. Young women students have their hair cut quite short and its length is a sign of age and social status.) | |||
''Surumta mo izunosiho phor.'' | |||
*Surumta in your decisions. Meaning: Every decision is meant to happen so there's no need for sorrow. Ultimate goal always awaits for you. (Surumta is the goddess of destiny) | |||
===Doslox=== | |||
The alphabet story: | |||
http://th05.deviantart.net/fs70/PRE/i/2013/163/f/3/rinap_in_doslox_by_juhhmi-d68pzd9.jpg | |||
|ehwo Ala hallör hur epeo a Ke, neym Pa gewa ji xahum nix Dokrohek pärix |pemoze wi Emi hera wir Bemor pviker wyk Hekik |beo po kweo ji NIxile lumehk |neo ri KHeohek khena NAzusilt ji neo Vost wy Fer slon thonu nik DHekek thur |wi Muma veo nyk Öpamik thuryk Oimohek ri HOmehk Lueho pse hezimy kni Isa himör ji knis Wahwotoh |nye hue nir Ymor thur wyk ZOmik ji hue Rälyr thöra dek hue wir Tanthor |zuri nik THoxtik dörik hue nyr Xamyr thuryr ji kah Genox saho |zuo po nyk Zepik ji xai dek zusmo hue nyr Sapamyr <donepem Phik Äre pär> neymho Jal Nidi pär <axneho dopu knis HIni Usaho phoör> | |||
The '''disk''' of Halla is shining while a '''human''' says: '''I''' am here and I use my '''eyes'''. A '''little bird''' flies over a '''river''' towards a '''hill'''. He goes there and '''harvests''' berries. From '''trees''' has '''wood''' been '''gathered''' and '''finished''' is a '''shelter''' which protects his '''head'''. A '''dish''' in his '''fist''' of '''waves''' he '''carries''' '''little fish''' until the '''crescent''' of Him and '''asterisms''' are lifted. He hears with his '''ears''' an '''elk''' and with '''hurry''' kills it with a '''ceremonial sword'''. He takes it's '''skull''' with his '''tool''' and the '''heart''' as well. He comes to the '''door''' and makes it open with the '''hand'''. I greet '''you''', my '''precious'''! We are '''together''' my '''woman'''. May our '''similar''' '''lips''' meet! | |||
==See also== | |||
*[http://juhhmi.deviantart.com/art/Southern-Herooku-and-Eastern-Empire-357646382 Regional map] | |||
[[Category: | [[Category:Languages]][[Category:Rinap]] | ||