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{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|image = Namaktavaka.png
|image = Ris_vaka.png
|creator = User:Waahlis
|imagesize = 250px
|imagesize = 250px
|name = Ris
|name = Ris
|nativename = रिस
|nativename = रिस
|pronunciation = /ɹɪs/
|pronunciation = ɹɪs
|region = [[w:South Asia|South Asia]]
|region = [[w:South Asia|South Asia]]
|states = [[w:Iran|Iran]]
|states = [[w:Iran|Iran]]
|speakers = Enough.
|speakers = Enough.
|date = 2013
|date = 2013
|familycolor = Language isolate
|familycolor = Indo-European
|fam1 = [[Attamian languages|Attamian]]
|fam1 = Jivan
|fam2 = [[Attamian languages#Neumatic languages|Neumatic]]
|ancestor = Proto-Jivan
|fam3 = [[Attamian languages#Central|Central]]
|dia1 = Main Ris
|fam4 = [[Ris]]
|ancestor = '''Namic'''
|dia1 = Ris Proper
|dia2 = Rayan
|dia2 = Rayan
|dia3 = Parsa
|map = Namastan.jpg
|map = Namastan.jpg
|mapcaption    = Map picturing the Namastan region in [[w:Iran|Iran]], south of the [[w:Caspian Sea|Caspian Sea]]
|mapcaption    = Map picturing the Namastan region in [[w:Iran|Iran]], south of the [[w:Caspian Sea|Caspian Sea]]
|iso1 = na
|clcr = qri
|iso2 = nam
|script1        = Deva
|iso3 = nam
|script2      = Latn
|script        = [[Natscript:Devanagari|Devanagari]], [[w:Latin script|Latin]]
|agency        =  
|agency        =  
|notice = IPA
|notice = IPA
}}
}}


'''Ris''', /ɹɪs/, (Devanagari:  '''रिस''', Latin: '''Ris''' [[IPA for Ris|/ɹɪs/]])  is an Rana language, a constructed ''a priori'' language related to [[Kiwi]]. It draws inspiration from mainly the [[w:Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]] branch of the [[w:Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] languages, with inspiration from the nonconcatenative morphology of the [[w:Semitic|Semitic]] languages.
'''Ris''', /ɹɪs/, (Devanagari:  '''रिस''', Latin: '''Ris''' [[IPA for Ris|/ɹɪs/]])  is a Jivan language, a constructed ''a priori'' language related to [[Kiwi]]. It draws inspiration from mainly the [[w:Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]] branch of the [[w:Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] languages, with inspiration from the nonconcatenative morphology of the [[w:Semitic|Semitic]] languages.


The language is a [[w:language isolate|language isolate]], and is thus not known to be related to any extant language. Ris has a normal-sized inventory of consonants and a fair amount of [[w:allophony|allophony]]. It is a [[w:fusional|fusional]] language and is morphosyntactically [[w:active-stative|active-stative]] and with a fluid subject. The [[w:morphology|morphology]] is evenly split between nominal and verbal inflections.
The language is a [[w:language isolate|language isolate]], and is thus not known to be related to any extant language. Ris has a normal-sized inventory of consonants and a fair amount of [[w:allophony|allophony]]. It is a [[w:fusional|fusional]] language and is morphosyntactically [[w:active-stative|active-stative]] and with a fluid subject. The [[w:morphology|morphology]] is evenly split between nominal and verbal inflections.


==Background==
==Background==
[[File:Namic.png|thumb|left|The corresponding sphere and signature of the Namic language used on the wiki.]] The Namic language is an Attamian language with a number of speakers totalling over 245,000. It is designed to be closely related to the [[w:Sanskrit|Sanskrit]] language with clear influence from the [[w:Old Avestan|Old Avestan]] language. Namic is spoken in [[w:Central Asia|Central Asia]], not far from the Attamian Urheimat in [[w:Caucasia|Caucasia]], and is not the official language of any region.
The Ris language is a Jivan language with a number of speakers totalling over 245,000. Maybe. It is designed to be closely related to the [[w:Sanskrit|Sanskrit]] language with clear influence from the [[w:Old Avestan|Old Avestan]] language. Ris is spoken in [[w:Central Asia|Central Asia]], not far from the Jivan Urheimat in [[w:Caucasia|Caucasia]]. It is not the official language of any region.


The language has remained extant especially in the Namastan and Maharaya regions in [[w:Iran|Iran]] and [[w:Afghanistan|Afghanistan]] despite the lack of official status. There is an exclave of speakers of the Parsa dialect of the Namic language in Iran, sometimes classified as a proper language. The dialect is heavily influenced by the [[w:Farsi|Farsi language]].
The language has remained extant especially in the Namastan and Maharaya regions in [[w:Iran|Iran]] and [[w:Afghanistan|Afghanistan]] despite the lack of official status. There is an exclave of speakers of the Parsa dialect of the Ris language in Iran, sometimes classified as a proper language. The dialect is heavily influenced by the [[w:Farsi|Farsi language]].


==Phonology==
==Phonology==


:''See also: [[IPA for Ris]]''
===Consonants===
===Consonants===
This is the Ris inventory of consonants.


The following table portraits Ris' phonetic inventory of consonants. All consonants, except aspirated ones, may be geminated, which is phonemic, and represented by doubling the grapheme. The letter /h/ represents aspiration when following consonants.
Gemination is not phonemic. The letter /h/ represents [[w:Aspirated consonants|aspiration]] when following consonants.


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px;"
|+'''Phonology and Orthography'''
|+'''Phonology and Orthography'''
! colspan="2" rowspan="2"|
! colspan="2" rowspan="2"|
! colspan="2" style="background: ;"|Bilabial
! colspan="2" style="background: ;"|[[w:Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
! colspan="2" style="background: ;"|Dental
! colspan="2" style="background: ;"|[[w:Dental consonant|Dental]]
! colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="background: ;"|Retroflex
! colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="background: ;"|[[w:Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
! rowspan="2" style="background: ;"|Palatal
! rowspan="2" style="background: ;"|[[w:Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! colspan="2" style="background: ;"|Velar
! colspan="2" style="background: ;"|[[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]
! rowspan="2" style="background: ;"|[[w:Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
!  style="background: ;"| <small>aspirated</small>
!  style="background: ;"| <small>aspirated</small>
Line 62: Line 59:
! style="background: ;"| <small>unaspirated</small>
! style="background: ;"| <small>unaspirated</small>
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" style="background: ;"|Nasal
! colspan="2" style="background: ;"|[[w:Nasal consonants|Nasal]]
| colspan="2"|m /m/
| colspan="2"|m /m/
| colspan="2"|'''n''' /n̪/
| colspan="2"|'''n''' /n̪/
Line 68: Line 65:
|[ɲ]
|[ɲ]
| colspan="2"|[ŋ]
| colspan="2"|[ŋ]
|
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
! rowspan="2" style="background: ;"|Plosives
! rowspan="2" style="background: ;"|[[w:Plosive consonants|Plosives]]
!  style="background: ;"|<small>voiced</small>
!  style="background: ;"|<small>voiced</small>
|'''bh''' /bʱ/
|'''bh''' /bʱ/
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|'''ḍh''' /ɖʱ/
|'''ḍh''' /ɖʱ/
|'''ḍ''' /ɖ/
|'''ḍ''' /ɖ/
|'''j''' /ɟ/
|[ɟ]
|'''gh''' /gʱ/
|'''gh''' /gʱ/
|'''g''' /g/
|'''g''' /g/
|
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
!  style="background: ;"|<small>voiceless</small>
!  style="background: ;"|<small>voiceless</small>
Line 88: Line 87:
|'''ṭh''' /ʈʰ/
|'''ṭh''' /ʈʰ/
|'''ṭ''' /ʈ/
|'''ṭ''' /ʈ/
|'''c''' /c/
|[c]
|'''kh''' /kʰ/
|'''kh''' /kʰ/
|'''k''' /k/
|'''k''' /k/
|'''ḥ''' /ʔ/
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
! rowspan="2" style="background: ;"|Affricatives
! rowspan="2" style="background: ;"|[[w:Affricate consonants|Affricates]]
! style="background: ;"| <small>voiced</small>
! style="background: ;"| <small>voiced</small>
| colspan="2"|
| colspan="2"|
| colspan="4" rowspan="1"|
| colspan="5" rowspan="1"|'''j''' /ɟ͡ʝ ~ d͡ʒ/
| colspan="2"|
|
|
| colspan="2"|
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
!  style="background: ;"|<small>voiceless</small>
!  style="background: ;"|<small>voiceless</small>
| colspan="2"|
| colspan="2"|
| colspan="5" rowspan="1"|'''ć''' /c͡ç ~ t͡ʃ/
| colspan="5" rowspan="1"|'''ć''' /c͡ç ~ t͡ʃ/
| colspan="2"|
|
|
| colspan="2"|
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
! rowspan="2" style="background: ;"|Fricatives
! rowspan="2" style="background: ;"|[[w:Fricative consonant|Fricatives]]
! style="background: ;"|<small>voiced</small>
! style="background: ;"|<small>voiced</small>
| colspan="2"|'''v''' /β/
| colspan="2"|'''v''' /β/
Line 112: Line 112:
|
|
| colspan="2"|
| colspan="2"|
|
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
!  style="background: ;"|<small>voiceless</small>
!  style="background: ;"|<small>voiceless</small>
Line 119: Line 120:
|'''ś''' /ɕ/
|'''ś''' /ɕ/
|
|
| colspan="1" rowspan="1"|'''h''' /x/
| colspan="2" rowspan="1"|'''h''' /x ~ h/
 
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" style="background: ;"|Trills
! colspan="2" style="background: ;"|[[w:Trill consonant|Trills]]
| colspan="2"|
| colspan="2"|
| colspan="2"|
| colspan="2"|
Line 128: Line 130:
|
|
| colspan="2"|
| colspan="2"|
|
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
! colspan="2"| Approximant
! colspan="2"| [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| colspan="2"|
| colspan="2"|
| colspan="2"|'''r''' /ɹ/
| colspan="2"|'''r''' /ɹ/
Line 135: Line 138:
|
|
| colspan="2"|
| colspan="2"|
|
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
! colspan="2"| Lat. Approximant
! colspan="2"| [[w:Lateral approximant consonant|Lat. Approximant]]
| colspan="2"|
| colspan="2"|
| colspan="2"|'''l''' /l/
| colspan="2"|'''l''' /l/
Line 142: Line 146:
|
|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|
|}
|}
Please note that all retroflex consonants and the dental trill rhoticise the surrounding consonants. The pronunciation of <span style="font-size: 125%;">⟨</span>v<span style="font-size:125%;">⟩</span> is considered dialectal.
 
===Consonant allophony===
====Sandhi====
The Ris phonology utilises a variety of sandhi procedures, collectively called ''saṃdhi'' in Ris. Sandhi refers to alteration of sounds at morpheme boundaries, that assimilate due to adjacent sounds.
 
====Retroflex sandhi====
Retroflex [[w:sandhi|sandhi]], ''raṛisaṃdhi'', occurs at the morpheme boundaries or clusters containing a retroflex consonant, or its vocalic equivalent.
 
{{Scriptgloss
|script = वृत
|phrase = vṛta
|IPA = /ˈβɚtɑ/ → /ˈβɚʈɑ/
| morphemes = vṛta-∅
| gloss = land.INAN.SG-PAT
| translation = land
}}
 
{{Scriptgloss
|script = इणदर
|phrase = iṇdra
|IPA = /ˈɪɳdɹɑ/ → /ˈɪɳɖɹɑ/
| morphemes = iṇdra-∅
| gloss = earth.INAN.SG-PAT
| translation = Earth
}}
 
{{Scriptgloss
|script = हरनटि
|phrase = hranṭi
|IPA = /ˈxɹanʈɪ/ → /ˈxɹaɳʈɪ/
| morphemes = hranṭi-∅
| gloss = to_run.VN.INAN.SG-PAT
| translation = running
}}
 
====Nasal sandhi====
The nasal [[w:sandhi|sandhi]], or ''anaśisaṃdhi'', works in a similar way to the retroflex one. The nasal stops assimilate to the place of articulation of the adjacent sound, including to retroflex consonants.
 
{{Scriptgloss
|script = अमभिल
|phrase = ambhiḷa
|IPA = /anˈbʱɪɭɑ/ → /amˈbʱɪɭɑ/
| morphemes = an-bhiḷa-∅
| gloss = re-to_word.VN.INAN.SG-PAT
| translation = rewording
}}
 
{{Scriptgloss
|script = हरनटि
|phrase = hranṭi
|IPA = /ˈxɹanʈɪ/ → /ˈxɹaɳʈɪ/
| morphemes = hranṭi-∅
| gloss = to_run.VN.INAN.SG-PAT
| translation = running
}}
 
{{Scriptgloss
|script = अनखूति
|phrase = ankhūti
|IPA = /anˈkʰʊːtɪ/ → /aŋˈkʰʊːtɪ/
| morphemes = am-khūti-∅
| gloss = down-to_fall.VN.INAN.SG-PAT
| translation = downfall
}}
 
====Voicedness sandhi====
Sandhi due to [[w:voicedness|voicedness]], known as ''ūkasaṃdhi'' in Ris, causes some consonants to change their [[w:phonation|phonation]] in morpheme boundaries.


====Lenition====
====Lenition====
In addition to the consonants above, Nāmic suffers from severe allophony, '''lenition''', caused when:
Ris also  suffers from severe [[w:lenition|lenition]], or  caused when:


*Consonants lie in medial position between two vowels.
*Consonants lie in medial position between two vowels.
*Consonants lie in final position in lexemes - '''Not '''in syllables.
*Consonants lie in final position in words, but not in syllables.


The aspirated consonants become completely spirantisised, whilst the unaspirated phonemes become affricates. The exceptions are the velars, which all become fricatives. The nasal consonants, affricates, trills and approximants remain unaffected.
The [[w:aspirated consonant|aspirated consonant]]s become completely [[w:spirantisation|spirantisised]], whilst the unaspirated phonemes become [[w:affricate|affricate]]s. The exceptions are the velars, which all become [[w:fricative consonant|fricative]]s. The nasal consonants, affricates, trills and approximants remain unaffected.


Please note that the phonemes without brackets are the non-lenitioned consonants.
Please note that the phonemes without brackets are the non-lenited consonants.


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px;"
|+Allophony
|+'''Lenition'''
! colspan="2" rowspan="2"|
! colspan="2" rowspan="2"|
! colspan="2"|Bilabial
! colspan="2"|Bilabial
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|}
|}


Nota bene:
There is additional allophony, regarding phonation. The pairs /β - ɸ/ and [w - ʍ], are only represented by one grapheme ; ⟨v⟩. Their voiced counterpart is an allophone - see [[Ris#Consonant Assimilation| Consonant Assimilation]].
Thus, our conclusion is that the word '''vāka'''- voice, speach - shouldn't be pronounced [ˈvaːka], but rather [ˈvaːxa].


====Consonant Assimilation====
====Consonant Assimilation====
Nāmic possesses a progressive consonant assimilation word-internally, based upon phonation, or voicedness.
Nāmic possesses a progressive consonant assimilation word-internally, based upon phonation, or voicedness.


The consequence is that a consonant, a cluster, or an affricate, is pronounced differently, depending on whether it is preceded by a voiced or voiceless consonant. There are exceptions to this rule, since the alveolar trill [r] and the retroflex tap [ɽ] do not differ between voicedness.
The nasal stops are affected quite differently, with a complete nasalisation of the preceding vowel - and loss of the stop - if the initial or first consonant is ''voiced''. However, nasals are perceived as neutral in nature, and does therefore not affect voiceless nor voiced phonemes.
There are, however, two dialects of Nāmic;
*''Sthānta'', which means "current, dominating".


*''Austikā'', which means "golden, posh".
The Sthānta dialect will be featured in this article, and is the main dialect that distinguishes consonant assimilaton upon voicedness.


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; text-align: center;"
Line 3,353: Line 3,410:
Nāmic possesses a few classes of conjugations, which conjugate slightly differently, because of their phonological attributes, or irregularity. They are named after the most prominent word conjugated in the class.
Nāmic possesses a few classes of conjugations, which conjugate slightly differently, because of their phonological attributes, or irregularity. They are named after the most prominent word conjugated in the class.


[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:Namic]][[Category:Attamian languages]]
[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:User:Waahlis]]
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