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|name = Hrasic | |name = Hrasic | ||
|nativename = Hrasú múng | |nativename = Hrasú múng | ||
|pronunciation= | |pronunciation= ˈχrʌsɯ ˈmɯŋg̚ | ||
| | |setting = [[w:Caucasus|Caucasus]] | ||
| | |nation = [[w:Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]], [[w:Russia|Russia]]; [[w:Republic of Dagestan|Republic of Dagestan]] | ||
|speakers = 301,486 | |speakers = 301,486 | ||
|date = 2012 | |date = 2012 | ||
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|family=Menmer languages | |family=Menmer languages | ||
|ancestor=Proto-Men | |ancestor=Proto-Men | ||
| | |script1=latn | ||
|agency=Ahrasú rám amúng nánshi | |agency=Ahrasú rám amúng nánshi | ||
| | |clcr=qhr | ||
|notice=IPA | |notice=IPA | ||
|creator=User:Waahlis | |||
}} | }} | ||
'''Hrasú múng''', ''Հրասվ մվղ'' /ˈχrʌsɯ ˈmɯŋg̚/, '''Hrasú''' or '''Hrasic''' /ˈkɹæzɪk/ is a language spoken in the [[w:Eastern Caucasus|Eastern Caucasus]], by the Hrasú people. The population is dispersed over an area covering the Eastern parts of [[w:Dagestan|Dagestan]] in [[w:Russia|Russia]], as well as the area around [[w:Baku|Baku]] in [[w:Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]]. The number of speakers were in 2012 estimated to be about 300,000, and increasing. | '''Hrasú múng''', ''Հրասվ մվղ'' /ˈχrʌsɯ ˈmɯŋg̚/, '''Hrasú''' or '''Hrasic''' /ˈkɹæzɪk/ is a language spoken in the [[w:Eastern Caucasus|Eastern Caucasus]], by the Hrasú people. The population is dispersed over an area covering the Eastern parts of [[w:Dagestan|Dagestan]] in [[w:Russia|Russia]], as well as the area around [[w:Baku|Baku]] in [[w:Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]]. The number of speakers were in 2012 estimated to be about 300,000, and increasing. | ||
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=====Singulative===== | =====Singulative===== | ||
The [[w:singulative|singulative]] ({{sc|sg}}) denotes one, single noun, and roughly corresponds to the English equivalent of [[w:singular|singular]]. A singulative noun is a single item, either of a collective noun or even a mass noun. | The [[w:singulative|singulative]] ({{sc|sg}}) denotes one, single noun, and roughly corresponds to the English equivalent of [[w:singular|singular]]. A singulative noun is a single item, either of a collective noun or even a mass noun. | ||
=====Dual-collective===== | |||
The [[w:dual number|dual]]-[[w:collective number|collective]] number ({{sc|dc}}) is a special number to the Hrasic language. The dual-collective primarily marks the collective sense, whereas English uses the plural. It does however also signify two nouns, a pair, in certain contexts. | {| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;" | ||
|+ | |||
=====Plurative===== | <!-- Sentence --> | ||
The [[w:plurative|plurative]] ({{sc|pl}}) marks when there are multiple nouns, but more than two. It does not have the collective sense that the English equivalent does. | | colspan="2"|'''Tingi-thau yáni?''' | ||
====Gender==== | ! | ||
There are two [[w:Grammatical gender|gender]]s in the Hrasic language, the [[w:animacy|animate]] ({{sc|an}}) and inanimate ({{sc|inan}}). The animate gender includes only living animals and insects, as well as supernaturals like spirits and deities. The inanimate gender mainly denotes non-living objects, abstractions as well as flowers and microorganisms. | |||
| colspan="2"|'''Ángi hínga-yi?''' | |||
In the 3 person singular personal pronouns, the animate splits into a feminine ({{sc|f.an}}) and masculine ({{sc|m.an}}) animate gender. | |||
! | |||
====Case==== | |||
There are 7 [[w:grammatical case|grammatical case]]s in Hrasú. Most of these are rather common to the [[w:Indo-European languages|Indo-European languages]]. | | colspan="2"|'''Thún rápi.''' | ||
|- | |||
{| class="browntable lightbrownbg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 600px; text-align: center;" | <!-- Pronunciation--> | ||
|+'''Hrasic cases''' | | colspan="2"|/tɪŋgɪ t̺ʰaʊ ʝænɪ/ | ||
! colspan="6"|Cases and usage | |||
|- | ! | ||
! colspan="2"|Case | |||
! colspan="2"|Usage | | colspan="2"|/æŋgɪ hɨŋga ʝɪ/ | ||
! colspan="2"|Example | |||
|- | ! | ||
! colspan="2" rowspan="4"|Nominative | |||
| colspan="2"|The independent form of nouns; the lemma. | | colspan="2"|/t̺ʰʊn ræpɪ/ | ||
| colspan="2"|The '''dog''' | |- | ||
|- | <!-- Morphemes--> | ||
| colspan="2"|Subject of high-control intransitive verbs; without a patient. | |||
|<small>gur</small> | |||
|<small>-a</small> | |||
! | |||
|<small>gur</small> | |||
|<small>{{blue|-∅}}</small> | |||
! | |||
|<small>gur</small> | |||
|<small>-an</small> | |||
|- | |||
<!-- Gloss--> | |||
|pig.{{sc|unm.an}} | |||
| -{{sc|nom.sg.}} | |||
! | |||
|pig.{{sc|unm.an}} | |||
| -{{sc|nom.dc.}} | |||
! | |||
|pig.{{sc|unm.an}} | |||
| -{{sc|nom.pl.}} | |||
|- | |||
<!-- Translations --> | |||
| colspan="2"| ''Do you see a corpse?'' | |||
! | |||
| colspan="2"|''Pigs (''as a race'')<br> Pigs (''as a group'')<br> Two pigs'' | |||
! | |||
| colspan="2"|''Pigs; several'' | |||
|} | |||
=====Dual-collective===== | |||
The [[w:dual number|dual]]-[[w:collective number|collective]] number ({{sc|dc}}) is a special number to the Hrasic language. The dual-collective primarily marks the collective sense, whereas English uses the plural. It does however also signify two nouns, a pair, in certain contexts. | |||
=====Plurative===== | |||
The [[w:plurative|plurative]] ({{sc|pl}}) marks when there are multiple nouns, but more than two. It does not have the collective sense that the English equivalent does. | |||
====Gender==== | |||
There are two [[w:Grammatical gender|gender]]s in the Hrasic language, the [[w:animacy|animate]] ({{sc|an}}) and inanimate ({{sc|inan}}). The animate gender includes only living animals and insects, as well as supernaturals like spirits and deities. The inanimate gender mainly denotes non-living objects, abstractions as well as flowers and microorganisms. | |||
In the 3 person singular personal pronouns, the animate splits into a feminine ({{sc|f.an}}) and masculine ({{sc|m.an}}) animate gender. | |||
====Case==== | |||
There are 7 [[w:grammatical case|grammatical case]]s in Hrasú. Most of these are rather common to the [[w:Indo-European languages|Indo-European languages]]. | |||
{| class="browntable lightbrownbg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 600px; text-align: center;" | |||
|+'''Hrasic cases''' | |||
! colspan="6"|Cases and usage | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2"|Case | |||
! colspan="2"|Usage | |||
! colspan="2"|Example | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" rowspan="4"|Nominative | |||
| colspan="2"|The independent form of nouns; the lemma. | |||
| colspan="2"|The '''dog''' | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="2"|Subject of high-control intransitive verbs; without a patient. | |||
| colspan="2"|The '''dog '''bites. | | colspan="2"|The '''dog '''bites. | ||
|- | |- | ||
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In the animate gender ({{sc|an}}), most of the times the collective goes unmarked. Nouns in this class are called "animate unmarked collectives" ({{sc|unm.an}}). | In the animate gender ({{sc|an}}), most of the times the collective goes unmarked. Nouns in this class are called "animate unmarked collectives" ({{sc|unm.an}}). | ||
{{col-begin}} | {{col-begin}} | ||
{{col-2}} | {{col-n|2}} | ||
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;" | {| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;" | ||
|+ | |+ | ||
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| colspan="2"|''Pigs; several'' | | colspan="2"|''Pigs; several'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
{{Col-2}} | {{Col-n|2}} | ||
{| class="browntable lightbrownbg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 375px; text-align: center;" | {| class="browntable lightbrownbg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 375px; text-align: center;" | ||
|+'''Declension of ''nara''''' | |+'''Declension of ''nara''''' | ||
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Not all animates have a marked singulative, however. The second class of animate nouns ({{sc|ma.an}}) has a marked collective instead. | Not all animates have a marked singulative, however. The second class of animate nouns ({{sc|ma.an}}) has a marked collective instead. | ||
{{col-begin}} | {{col-begin}} | ||
{{col-2}} | {{col-n|2}} | ||
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;" | {| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;" | ||
|+ | |+ | ||
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| colspan="2"|''Men; several'' | | colspan="2"|''Men; several'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
{{Col-2}} | {{Col-n|2}} | ||
{| class="browntable lightbrownbg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 375px; text-align: center;" | {| class="browntable lightbrownbg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 375px; text-align: center;" | ||
|+'''Declension of ''máng''''' | |+'''Declension of ''máng''''' | ||
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The first class of inanimates ({{sc|unm.inan}}) has an unmarked collective. Nouns in this class are often [[w:collective nouns|collective nouns]]. | The first class of inanimates ({{sc|unm.inan}}) has an unmarked collective. Nouns in this class are often [[w:collective nouns|collective nouns]]. | ||
{{Col-begin}} | {{Col-begin}} | ||
{{Col-2}} | {{Col-n|2}} | ||
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;" | {| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;" | ||
|+ | |+ | ||
Line 1,045: | Line 1,112: | ||
| colspan="2"|''Several grains of wheat'' | | colspan="2"|''Several grains of wheat'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
{{Col-2}} | {{Col-n|2}} | ||
{| class="browntable lightbrownbg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 375px; text-align: center;" | {| class="browntable lightbrownbg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 375px; text-align: center;" | ||
|+'''Declension of ''pana''''' | |+'''Declension of ''pana''''' | ||
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Amongst the second class of inanimate nouns ({{sc|ma.inan}}), the singulative most often goes unmarked, just like the second class of animates. | Amongst the second class of inanimate nouns ({{sc|ma.inan}}), the singulative most often goes unmarked, just like the second class of animates. | ||
{{Col-begin}} | {{Col-begin}} | ||
{{ | {{col-n|2}} | ||
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;" | {| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;" | ||
|+ | |+ | ||
Line 1,150: | Line 1,217: | ||
| colspan="2"|''Boxes; several'' | | colspan="2"|''Boxes; several'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
{{ | {{col-n|2}} | ||
{| class="browntable lightbrownbg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 375px; text-align: center;" | {| class="browntable lightbrownbg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 375px; text-align: center;" | ||
|+'''Declension of ''hrasú''''' | |+'''Declension of ''hrasú''''' | ||
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====Passive==== | ====Passive==== | ||
The passive is a conjugation in the passive voice.In a clause with passive voice, the grammatical subject expresses the theme or [[w:patient (grammar)|patient]] of the main verb – that is, the person or thing that undergoes the action or has its state changed. | The passive is a conjugation in the passive voice. In a clause with passive voice, the grammatical subject expresses the theme or [[w:patient (grammar)|patient]] of the main verb – that is, the person or thing that undergoes the action or has its state changed. | ||
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| colspan="4"|''Reduplication'' | | colspan="4"|''Reduplication'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
====Reciprocal==== | ====Reciprocal==== | ||
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*''Men gyáng-tum ác ráráchu bhángi, dánin huéng-tu tugángi at.'' | *''Men gyáng-tum ác ráráchu bhángi, dánin huéng-tu tugángi at.'' | ||
[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:A priori]] | [[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:A priori]][[Category:User:Waahlis]] |