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Hirathic: Difference between revisions

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Hirathic (view source)

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|name = Hirathic
|name = Hirathic
|nativename = [[w:Greek alphabet|ΧΙΡΑΘΙΣ]]<br/> hirathis
|nativename = [[w:Greek alphabet|ΧΙΡΑΘΙΣ]]<br/> hirathis
|pronunciation = [χiˈɾaθis]
|pronunciation = χiˈɾaθis
|region = Eurasia
|region = Eurasia
|states =  
|setting = Mediterranean basin
|nation =  
|era = 1000–400 BCE
|speakers = -
|date = 2013
|familycolor = Indo-European
|familycolor = Indo-European
|fam1 = [[w:Indo-European_languages|Indo-European]]
|clcr = qhi
|fam2 = (unclassified) (?)
|script1        = Latn
|iso1 = hi
|script2        = Grek
|iso2 = hi
|creator=User:Chrysophylax
|iso3 = qhi
|script        = [[w:Latin script|Latin]], [[w:Greek alphabet|Greek]]
|agency        =
}}
}}


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===Internal history===
===Internal history===
dev. IE > Balk~Med~Anat? dispers. insul~mount? båda? exp. doric syn aeol++. thrac,illyr,dac, loanvortes(?) paleo-balkan,  
Hirathic is descended from a centum dialect of the Proto-Indo-European language. Not much is known about its origins although there have been attempts to link it with the Illyrian languages, Phrygian, and Greek. While sharing several common sound changes with Greek, it displays many oddities which preclude it from being firmly set in a Hellenic family. What is known is that Hirathic of some sort was spoken around the first millenium BCE to the late fourth century BCE in the Balkans and Southern Italy before being overtaken by Greek and Latin.
periph. centum dial. ~
<!-- dev. IE > Balk~Med~Anat? dispers. insul~mount? båda? exp. doric syn aeol++. thrac,illyr,dac, loanvortes(?) paleo-balkan, periph. centum dial. -->


===Notes on transcription===
<!-- ===Notes on transcription===  
<s>
<s>
Transcribing Hirathic to the Latin alphabet is usually straightforward as Hirathic uses an older variant of the Greek alphabet. The only problem to this is the treatment of Χ, χ.  
Transcribing Hirathic to the Latin alphabet is usually straightforward as Hirathic uses an older variant of the Greek alphabet. The only problem to this is the treatment of Χ, χ.  
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TODO romanization in writing system
TODO romanization in writing system
-->


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
The phonology of Hirathic is relatively simple with 15 distinctive consonants and six vowels with distinctive length. This table represents the pronunciation of the widespread dialect spoken in the Balkan Peninsula in the 6th century BCE. It is a direct continuation of phonemes found in Proto-Indo-European as modified by regular sound changes and as such have cognates in many European languages like English, Greek, or Lithuanian.
===Consonants===
===Consonants===
TODO
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Hirathic consonants
|+ Hirathic consonants
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! &nbsp;
! &nbsp;
! [[w:bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
! [[w:bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
! [[w:interdental consonant|Dental]]
! [[w:labiodental consonant|Labiodental]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! [[w:dental consonant|Dental]]
! [[w:palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! [[w:alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! [[w:velar consonant|Velar]]
! [[w:velar consonant|Velar]]
! [[w:labial–velar consonant|Labial–velar]]
! [[w:uvular consonant|Uvular]]
|-
|-
! [[w:nasal stop|Nasal]]
! [[w:Nasal stop|Nasal]]
| {{IPA|m}}
|{{IPA|m}}
|
|
|{{IPA|n}}
|
|
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|n}}
|
|
| ({{IPA|ŋ}})
| ({{IPA|ŋʷ}})
|-
|-
! [[w:Plosive|Plosive]]
! [[w:Plosive|Plosive]]
| {{IPA|p}}&nbsp;&nbsp;{{IPA|b}}
|{{IPA|p}} {{IPA|pʰ}} {{IPA|b}}
| {{IPA|t}}&nbsp;&nbsp;{{IPA|d}}
| colspan="2" |
|
|
| style="text-align:center;"|{{IPA|k}}&nbsp;&nbsp;{{IPA|ɡ}}
|{{IPA|t}} {{IPA|d}}
| style="text-align:center;"|{{IPA|kʷ}}&nbsp;&nbsp;{{IPA|ɡʷ}}
|
|-
|{{IPA|k}} {{IPA|g}}
! [[w:fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| {{IPA|ɸ}}&nbsp;&nbsp;({{IPA|β}})
| {{IPA|θ}}&nbsp;&nbsp;({{IPA|ð}})
| {{IPA|s}}
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|z}}
|
|
| {{IPA|h}}&nbsp;&nbsp;({{IPA|ɣ}})
| {{IPA|hʷ}}
|-
|-
![[w:trill consonant|Trill]]
! [[w:Fricative|Fricative]]
|
|
|{{IPA|v}}
|{{IPA|θ}}
|{{IPA|s}}
|
|
| {{IPA|r}}
|{{IPA|χ}}
|-
! [[w:trill consonant|Trill]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|{{IPA|r}}
![[w:approximant consonant|Approximant]]
|
|
|
|
| colspan="2" |
| {{IPA|j}}
|
| {{IPA|w}}
|-
|-
![[w:lateral consonant|Lateral]]
! [[w:Lateral approximant|Lateral approximant]]
|
|
|
|
| colspan="2" |  {{IPA|l}}
|
|
|{{IPA|l}}
|
|
|
|
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===Vowels===
===Vowels===
TODO
The common dialect of Hirathic distinguishes three heights (a-e-i), front and back (e-o, y-u), roundedness (i-y), and length (e - e:) in its vowel system. This is very similar to other older Indo-European languages. Cognates of the vowels are found in many European languages, even in English, e.g., ''y'''o'''ke'' and Hirathic ''th'''u'''gon'', both reflecting common Proto-Indo-European ''*y'''u'''góm''
{| class="nounderlines" cellspacing="0px" cellpadding=0 style="text-align:center; background:transparent;"
|- style="text-align:center; font-size:smaller;"
||
| style="width:60px;" | '''Front'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Near-front'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Central'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Near-back'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Back'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Close'''
| style="height:210px;" colspan=5 rowspan=7 | <div style="position:relative;width:300px;height:210px;">[[Image:Blank vowel trapezoid.svg|300px]]<div style="background:transparent; position:absolute; top:0px; left:0px;">
{| style="position:relative; width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:transparent;"
|-
| style="width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:transparent;" |
 
<!-- CLOSE VOWELS -->
<div style="position:absolute; left:5%; width:2.33em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
i y</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:82%; width:3em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">u</div>
 
<!-- NEAR-CLOSE VOWELS -->
<div style="position:absolute; left:29%; width:2.33em; top:16%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(ɪ)</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:47.5%; width:2.66em; top:16%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(ɪ̈)</div>
 
<!-- CLOSE-MID VOWELS -->
<div style="position:absolute; left:16%; width:2.66em; top:30%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(e)</div>
 
<!-- MID VOWELS -->
<div style="position:absolute; left:24.4%; width:2.33em; top:44%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
e̞</div>
 
<div style="position:absolute; left:83%; width:2.66em; top:44%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">o̞</div>
 
<!-- OPEN-MID VOWELS -->


<!-- NEAR-OPEN VOWELS -->


<!-- OPEN VOWELS -->
{| class="IPA wikitable"
<div style="position:absolute; left:43%; width:2.66em; top:86%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
a</div>
<!-- <div style="position:absolute; left:83.8%; width:2.66em; top:86%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(ɑ)</div>-->
|}
</div></div>
|-
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Near‑close'''
!
!colspan=2 |[[wikipedia:Front vowel|Front]]
![[wikipedia:Back vowel|Back]]
|-
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Close‑mid'''
! &nbsp;
|-
!<small>[[wikipedia:Roundedness|unrounded]]
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Mid'''
!colspan=2|<small>[[wikipedia:roundedness|rounded]]
|-
|- align=center
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Open‑mid'''
! [[wikipedia:Close vowel|Close]]
|-
|ι
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Near‑open'''
i
|-
|υ υι
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Open'''
y
|υ ευ
u u:
|- align=center
![[wikipedia:Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
|ε
e
|
|ο
o
|- align=center
![[wikipedia:Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
|η
ɛː
|
|ω
ɔː
|- align=center
![[wikipedia:Open vowel|Open]]
| colspan=3|α
a aː
|}
|}
<!-- What sounds does your language use? -->
<!-- You might want to replace "sounds" with Phonology, Phonotactics and so on -->
<!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:
-->
===Phonotactics===
===Phonotactics===
===Stress===
===Stress===
==Grammar==
==Grammar==
{{main|Hirathic grammar}}
{{main|Hirathic grammar}}
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===Nouns===
===Nouns===
{|  class="graytable"
|-
!!!singular!!dual!!plural
|-
!nominative
| || ||
|-
!vocative
| || ||
|-
!accusative
| || ||
|-
!genitive
| || ||
|-
!ablative
| || ||
|-
!dative
| || ||
|-
!instrumental
| || ||
|-
!locative
| || ||
|-
|}


===Adjectives===
===Adjectives===
===Verbs===
===Verbs===
Verbs are highly inflected in Hirathic, similar to many other older Indo-European languages such as Latin, Sanskrit, Old Irish, or Old Church Slavonic.  A student of any of the aforementioned languages will surely recognise many similarities between them and Hirathic. Like their relatives, the Hirathic verbs inflect or conjugate for person (1<sup>st</sup>, 2<sup>nd</sup>, 3<sup>rd</sup>), number (singular, plural), tense, aspect, voice, and mood.
====Tense====
Hirathic has three primary time distinctions: the present ({{sc|pres}}), the past ({{sc|past}}), and the future ({{sc|fut}}). While the present and the past are inherited straight from Proto-Indo-European, the origin of the future tense, formed by affixing '''-s''' to the stem, is probably a shared innovation from Late PIE, cf. Latin [[wiktionary:faxo|faxo]].
====Aspect====
Verbs are innately either perfect ({{sc|perf}}) or imperfective({{sc|ipfv}}) in aspect. To switch between these two aspects, most verbs demand a suffixation or a stem vowel change. Some verbs that have a bound preposition usually belong to a specific aspect, e.g., {{term|εχσειμι}} (''ekseimmi'') is perfective, derived from the union of the preposition {{term|εχς}} ‘out’ and {{term|ειμι}} ‘I go’, an imperfective verb, while the verb {{term|αθακαουθωμι}} (''āthākā́outhōmi'') ‘I listen anew, repeatedly’ is imperfective, a situation not unlike the modern Slavic verbal system.
====Mood====
====Voice====
===Syntax===
===Syntax===
===Compounding===
===Compounding===
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Some examples:  
Some examples:  


: {{c|χαφταψ}} ''χaphtaps'' 'warlord', from '''xaphdáph''' of the same meaning.
: {{term|χαφταψ}} ''χaphtaps'' 'warlord', from '''xaphdáph''' of the same meaning.
: {{c|δαϝοτυς}} ''davotus'' 'priest of a particular god', from '''dáwátus''' 'lighter of the flame'
: {{term|δαϝοτυς}} ''davotus'' 'priest of a particular god', from '''dáwátus''' 'lighter of the flame'
: {{c|φεθαχς}} ''phethax'' 'axe-bearer, bodyguard', from '''fexa''' 'axe'
: {{term|φεθαχς}} ''phethax'' 'axe-bearer, bodyguard', from '''fexa''' 'axe'
: {{c|nωθη}} ''nōthē'' 'the Ocean', from '''nōthē''' of the same meaning.
: {{term|nωθη}} ''nōthē'' 'the Ocean', from '''nōthē''' of the same meaning.
: {{c|θηθυψ}} ''thēthups'' 'temple', from '''sēdhuf''' of the same meaning.
: {{term|θηθυψ}} ''thēthups'' 'temple', from '''sēdhuf''' of the same meaning.
: {{c|ϝυχοτυς}} ''vuχotus'' 'orator', from '''wuhkotus''' 'who makes speech'.
: {{term|ϝυχοτυς}} ''vuχotus'' 'orator', from '''wuhkotus''' 'who makes speech'.
: {{c|ϝυναχς}} ''vunax'' 'poet', from '''wuhnako''' 'who has speech as a profession', from '''wuhko''' + infix '''-na-''' 'profession'
: {{term|ϝυναχς}} ''vunax'' 'poet', from '''wuhnako''' 'who has speech as a profession', from '''wuhko''' + infix '''-na-''' 'profession'
: {{c|νωναθηι}} ''nōnathēi'' 'fisherman' from '''nōnathē''' 'who has the sea as a profession', from '''nōthē''' + infix '''-na-''' 'profession'
: {{term|νωναθηι}} ''nōnathēi'' 'fisherman' from '''nōnathē''' 'who has the sea as a profession', from '''nōthē''' + infix '''-na-''' 'profession'


==Language sample==
==Language sample==
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