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| [[{{PAGENAME}}/Lexicon]]
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| | [[Tsimulh languages/Lexicon|Lexicon of Proto-Tsimulh]]<br/> |
| | [[Tsimulh languages/Swadesh list|Swadesh lists for the Tsimulh languages]]<br/> |
| | [[Tsimulh languages/Sketchbook]] |
| {{Infobox language family | | {{Infobox language family |
| | setting = [[Verse:Tricin|Tricin]] | | | setting = [[Verse:Hmøøh|Hmøøh]] |
| | region = Originally Txapoalli | | | region = Taivíor, Txapoalli, Talma |
| | name = Tsimulh | | | name = Tsimulh |
| | familycolor = tsimulh | | | familycolor = Tsimulh |
| | family = One of Tricin's primary language families | | | family = One of Hmøøh's primary language families |
| | protoname = Proto-Tsimulh | | | protoname = Proto-Tsimulh |
| | child1 = Hetmic | | | child1 = Mustlup |
| | child2 = Idosic | | | child2 = Swuntsim |
| | child3 = Swuntsimic | | | child3 = Twethoic |
| | | child4 = Hetomic |
| }} | | }} |
| | The '''Tsimulh languages''' are a large [[Verse:Tricin|Trician]] language family mainly spoken in [[Verse:Hmøøh/Taivíor|Taivíor]]. |
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| The '''Tsimulh languages''' ([[Eevo]]: ''bo brits Tsimys'', [[Windermere]]: ''fi imbrits Tsimăł'', from [[Sacred Swuntsim]] ''tsiməσ'', 'tribe', pl. of ''ʔiməσ'' 'tribesman') are a [[Verse:Tricin|Trician]] language family mainly spoken in [[Verse:Tricin/Txapoalli|Txapoalli]]. The proto-language is '''Proto-Tsimulh''', which is inspired by Bantu, Old Chinese, and the Salish languages.
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| ==Todo== | | ==Todo== |
| *''-s'': past tense, genitive | | *''-s'': past tense, genitive |
| *''-əσ'': some adjectival suffix | | *''-txʷ'' |
| *''t-...-t'' for abstract nouns | | *''-cid'' |
| *''-iyad'' = augmentative | | *''-dəb'' = augmentative |
| *Reduplication | | *Reduplication |
| *relativizer/relative forms for verbs | | *relativizer/relative forms for verbs |
| *m n > Sf. v dh? (-tsiv in [[Swuntsim]] ~ Tsimulh?)
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| *N.tugəŋ = water (as a liquid) - Sf. ''tüdjo''
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| *k.tugəŋ = body of water - Sf. ''tjtüdjo''
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| *Work on Talman Swuntsim first
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| *Some Tsimulh langs should gain liquids only to lose them again
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| *Might not have ejectives
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| ==Phylogeny== | | ==Phylogeny== |
| *Proto-Tsimulh | | *Proto-Tsimulh |
| **[[Sacred Swuntsim]] | | **[[Mustlup]] |
| ***[[Swuntsim]] (Talman)
| | **[[Swuntsim]] |
| **[[Hetmic]] | | ** Twethoic languages (placeholder name) |
| **[[Pelhyys]] | | *** [[Twetho]] |
| **Idosic
| | *** [[Adatsim]] |
| ***[[Idosian]] (''tsim'' > ''tsam'', ''ido'' > ''izu'')
| | **[[Hetomic]] |
| **Some retroflexy language - get retros from assimilation to uvulars
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| ==Urheimat== | | ==Urheimat== |
| Somewhere in Txapoalli | | Somewhere in Txapoalli |
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| ==Phonology== | | ==Phonology== |
| ===Phonotactics===
| | Tlingit-Lushootseed hybrid gib, liquidless |
| Tsimulh phonotactics is dominated by CV syllables. Coda consonants are only allowed word-finally.
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| ===Consonants=== | | ===Consonants=== |
| A lot of consonants, but no liquids!
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| {| class="bluetable" style=text-align:center | | {| class="bluetable" style=text-align:center |
| |-style="font-size: 90%;" | | |-style="font-size: 90%;" |
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| | ŋ | | | |
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| |- | | |- |
| !rowspan=2| Stop | | !rowspan=3| Stop |
| ! <small>plain</small> | | ! <small>plain</small> |
| | p | | | p |
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| | g | | | g |
| | gʷ | | | gʷ |
| | ɢ | | | |
| | ɢʷ | | | |
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| |- | | |- |
| !rowspan=2| Affricate | | ! <small>ejective</small> |
| | | pʼ |
| | | tʼ |
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| | | kʼ |
| | | kʷʼ |
| | | qʼ |
| | | qʷʼ |
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| | |- |
| | !rowspan=3| Affricate |
| ! <small>plain</small> | | ! <small>plain</small> |
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| | c | | | c |
| | ξ | | | ƛ |
| | | | | č |
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| | z | | | z |
| | | λ |
| | | ž |
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| | |- |
| | ! <small>ejective</small> |
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| | | cʼ |
| | | ƛʼ |
| | | čʼ |
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| | s | | | s |
| | σ | | | ł |
| | | | | š |
| | | | | x |
| | | | | xʷ |
| | | | | x̌ |
| | | | | x̌ʷ |
| | h | | | h |
| |- | | |- |
| !colspan=2| Approximant | | !rowspan=2| Approximant |
| | ! <small>plain</small> |
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| | | | | l |
| | y | | | y |
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| | w | | | w |
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| | |- |
| | ! <small>glottalized</small> |
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| | | lʼ |
| | | yʼ |
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| | | wʼ |
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| |} | | |} |
| | l and l' are actually Eevo L and glottalized Eevo L. |
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| ===Vowels=== | | ===Vowels=== |
| '''i u e a į ų ę ą''' /i u ə a ĩ ũ ə̃ ã/ | | '''i u ə a''' |
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| ===Tone=== | | ===Stress=== |
| Proto-Tsimulh was a tonal language: Every syllable had either high or low tone. The low tone is marked with a grave accent.
| | Penultimate. |
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| ==Morphology== | | ==Morphology== |
| ===Nouns===
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| ====Noun classes====
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| Proto-Tsimulh had a noun class system like the Bantu languages. There were 12 noun classes, which are numbered as follows:
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| #''ʔə́-'', pl. ''cə́-'' = humans, spirits
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| #''bú-'', pl. ''də́-'' = animals and other things (such as weather phenomena and organs) that move on their own
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| #''pà-'', pl. ''pí-'' = plants and mushrooms; things that grow, food
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| #''sə̀-'', pl. ''sì-'' = collections or large things
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| #''sù-'', pl. ''σə́-'' = roughly round, compact objects
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| #''má-'', pl. ''wə́-'' = long objects; tools, instruments, devices, food item
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| #''kə̀-'', pl. ''bí-'' = places, locations, slots
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| #''gú-'', pl. ''nə̀-'' = various... including fluids (powder, water, liquids, fire, light, waves, wind, ...)
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| #''σí-'', pl. ''wí-'' = time periods; events; things that are temporary (e.g. ice)
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| #''tì-'' = abstractions, manner, way
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| #''t’ímə̀-'' = infinitives, verbal nouns
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| #''pə̀dá-'' = -ness, -hood
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| In Proto-Tsimulh, verbs and determiners agreed with their head nouns in number and noun class. The descendant Tsimulh languages can be divided into 5 types depending on the type of agreement system they have:
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| *Type A: Traditional, strictly formal (e.g. Sacred Swuntsim)
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| *Type B: Traditional with general animate concords (e.g. Hetmic; Pelhyys)
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| *Type C: Animacy-based SG/PL-marking (e.g. Talman Swuntsim)
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| *Type D: SG/PL-marking only (e.g. Idosian)
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| *Type E: No concords at all (e.g. [retroflexy tsimulh language])
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| ====Cases====
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| *Nominative: ''-0''
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| *Genitive: ''-s''
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| ====Possession====
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| (Same as verbal concord affixes)
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| *I = ''kʷə-''
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| *you (sg) = ''xʷə-''
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| *we = ''wə-''
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| *you (pl) = ''cu-''
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| *Noun class prefixes:
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| #''ʔə́-'', pl. ''cə́-'' = humans, spirits
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| #''bú-'', pl. ''də́-'' = animals and other things that move on their own
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| #''pà-'', pl. ''xə̀-'' = plants and mushrooms; things that grow
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| #''sə̀-'', pl. ''dú-'' = collections or large things: ''scʼaσ'' 'forest'
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| #''sù-'', pl. ''σə́-'' = roughly round, compact objects
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| #''má-'', pl. ''wə́-'' = long objects; tools, instruments, devices
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| #''kə̀-'', pl. ''yí-'' = places, locations, slots
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| #''gú-'', pl. ''nə̀-'' = various... including fluids (powder, water, liquids, fire, light, waves, wind, ...)
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| #''σí-'', pl. ''wí-'' = time periods; events; things that are temporary (e.g. ice)
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| #''tì-'' = abstractions, manner, way
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| #''t’ímə̀-'' = infinitives, verbal nouns
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| #''pə̀dá-'' = -ness, -hood
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| ===Verbs===
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| ====Noun class prefixes====
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| TODO: Some of the class markers should be different from class markers on nouns.
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| *I = ''kʷə-''
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| *you (sg) = ''xʷə-''
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| *we = ''wə-''
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| *you (pl) = ''cu-''
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| *Noun class prefixes:
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| #''ʔə́-'', pl. ''cə́-'' = humans, spirits
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| #''bú-'', pl. ''də́-'' = animals and other things that move on their own
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| #''pà-'', pl. ''xə̀-'' = plants and mushrooms; things that grow
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| #''sə̀-'', pl. ''dú-'' = collections or large things: ''scʼaσ'' 'forest'
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| #''sù-'', pl. ''σə́-'' = roughly round, compact objects
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| #''má-'', pl. ''wə́-'' = long objects; tools, instruments, devices
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| #''kə̀-'', pl. ''yí-'' = places, locations, slots
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| #''gú-'', pl. ''nə̀-'' = various... including fluids (powder, water, liquids, fire, light, waves, wind, ...)
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| #''σí-'', pl. ''wí-'' = time periods; events; things that are temporary (e.g. ice)
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| #''tì-'' = abstractions, manner, way
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| #''t’ím-'' = infinitives, verbal nouns
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| #''pə̀dá-'' = -ness, -hood
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| ====Tense affixes====
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| Some verbal infix, like {{angbr|''n''}}
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| Tenses:
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| *present
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| *recent past
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| *remote past
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| *irrealis (can be used alone or with a modal particle in daughter languages): ''dę-''
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| ====Evidentiality====
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| ===Numbers===
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| The numerals 1-9 inflected for noun class; 10 and higher units did not.
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| (Sacred Swuntsim)
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| 1: *-an
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| 2: *-xʷiš
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| 3: *-ʔiyəm
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| 4: *-udzuq
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| 5: *-t'uŋ
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| 6: *-čayədz
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| 7: *-buč'əŋ
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| 8: *-gwiməʔ
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| 9: *-anay
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| 10: *-kʷ'in
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| [[Category:Tsimulh languages|*]][[Category:Language families]] | | [[Category:Naquic languages|*]][[Category:Language families]] |