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[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Lexicon]]
{{list subpages}}
 
{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|image =  
|image =  
|imagesize =  
|imagesize =  
|creator = [[User:Praimhín|Praimhín]], [[User:IlL|IlL]]
|creator = [[User:Praimhín|Praimhín]]
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
|nativename = Ntzog Schlaub
|nativename = Wug Schlaub
|pronunciation=  /ⁿz̪o̤˧ ɬəʊ˩˧/
|pronunciation=  /wṳ˧ ɬəʊ˥/
|setting = [[Verse:Tricin]]
|setting = [[Verse:Tricin]]
|region = Bjeheond
|region =  
|familycolor=hmong-mien
|familycolor=hmong-mien
|fam1=[[Hlou-Shum languages|Hlou-Shum]]
|fam1=[[Hlou-Shum languages|Hlou-Shum]]
|script=Latin (Fraktur)
|fam2=Hlouic
|script=Hlou featural script (''Schräd Schlaub'')
|iso3=
|iso3=
|notice=IPA
|notice=IPA
}}
}}


'''{{PAGENAME}}''' (English: /(h)loʊ/ ''loh''; natively: ''Ntzog Schlaub'' /ⁿz̪o̤˧ ɬəʊ˨˦/) is a [[Bjeheond]]ian tonal language, inspired by Hmong and German.
'''{{PAGENAME}}''' or '''Hlou''' (English: /(h)loʊ/ ''loh'' or homophonous with "hello"; natively: ''Wug Schlaub'' /wṳ˧ ɬəu˥/ 'Hlou speech' or 'Hlou thing') is a tonal language inspired by Hmong and German. It is the largest of the [[Hlou-Shum languages]] and the official language of the people of Mpfa Schlaub, a country in Mpfa Wieb.
 
Schlaub liberally uses Easter eggs.


Dahn schaul weg zu Mpfein aus zu Schnod = We speak about love and hate
==Background==


(1PL speak about VN love and VN hate)
==Todo==
need polysyllabic words that are written as one word (Hmong has some)


Are you saving it for me?
Fill Mpfa Schlaub with Jabberwocky/Alice in Wonderland refs: Schleid Zeib, Wäb
=
Zied tsohl ja nun xan ab? (2SG save 3SG.inan for 1SG INTERR)


we love him so we are welcoming him
On Beyond Zebra reference in forbidden syllables (syllables that do not correspond to any Schlaub word): Jus, Wub, Schwub, Mpfuh, Flud, Glig, Nuh, Schnie, Wön, Ntzad, Flub, Tzäs, Jog, Flön, Ieß, Jäg, Schnruß, Hie
= Dahn mpfein so weil dahn nkeiß zu Schleib an so sein (1PL love 3SG.anim CONJ 1PL celebrate VN come GEN 3SG.anim PRES.PROG)


Numbers: die, beid, lähn, schred, kaß, traun, heid, ntzob, glaub, weiß
==Diachronics==
Hlou merged Proto-Hlou-Shum ''ai au'' with ''ei ou'' into ''ei au'' /əɨ əʊ/. Even ''i u'' in some open syllables turned into ''ei au''.


==Background==
Glottal stop finals (''-h'' in Schngellstein's spelling) come from Proto-Hlou-Shum final stops.
As folk etymology has it, the name of the Hlou (''Schlaub'') people comes from the word ''schlaub'' 'temperate', thus 'of the temperate lands'.


==Diachronics==
''*ã'' > ''äu''; ''*ãʔ'' > ''oh''
Hlou merged Proto-Hlou-Shum ''ai au'' with ''ei ou'' into ''ei au'' /əɪ əʊ/. Even ''i u'' in some open syllables turned into ''ei au''.


Rimes with glottal stop finals come from Hlou-Shum final stops.
''*ẽ'' > ''ä''; ''*ẽj'' > ''ei''; ''*ẽʔ'' > ''äh''


''ë'' > ''au''; ''ëi'' > ''ei''; ''ëh'' > ''oh''
Hlou had a vowel shift from the Proto-Hlouic ten vowel system: /a ɛ i ɔ u ã ɛ̃ ĩ ɔ̃ ũ/ by merging /ã ĩ ũ/ with their non-nasalized counterparts, and after that /ɛ̃/ shifted to /ã/


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
<poem>
===Standard (''Schlaub Bahn'')===
a e i o u = /a e i o u/
====Vowels====
ä ö = /ã~ẽ õ/
Hlou has 6 basic vowel qualities, but also has a number of diphthongs and nasal vowels.
ah eh ih oh uh äh öh = /aʔ eʔ .../ [only occurs with -Ø, -n, -l tones]
 
ei ie au äu = /əi iə əu əũ əĩ/
a e i ie o u ä ö = /a ɛ i ɨ ɔ u ã~ɛ̃ õ/
initials: p b pf pl bl m mpf ml f v fl /pʰ p pɸ pʰl pl m mɸ ml f v fl/
 
t d tz tl dl n ntz nl /tʰ t ts tʰl tl n ns nl/
ei au äu = /əi əu əũ/
k g kl gl = /kʰ k kʰl kl/
 
z s x sch schr = /s̻ s̺ ʃ ɧ ʂ/
ah eh ih ieh oh uh äh öh eih = /aʔ ɛʔ .../ [only occurs with -Ø, -n tones]
ts nts tx ntx mp mb nt nd nk ng nkl ngl as expected
 
l r j w h = /l ʐ~ɹ j w h/
====Consonants====
tr dr trl drl nr ntr ndr = retroflex versions of t d tl dl n nt nd
Standard Hlou has 70 initials.
schm schn schnr schl schw = voiceless m n nr l w
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
</poem>
|+ '''Hlou initials'''
===Tone===
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
{{PAGENAME}} has 8 tones which are written with final letters:
! colspan="2" | Labial
! rowspan="2" | Lamino-<br/>dental
! colspan="2" | Apico-<br/>alveolar
! rowspan="2" | Post-<br/>alveolar
! colspan="2" | Retroflex
! colspan="2" | Velar
! rowspan="2" | Labio-<br/>velar
! rowspan="2" | Glottal
|-
! <small>plain</small>
! <small>lateral</small>
! <small>plain</small>
! <small>lateral</small>
! <small>plain</small>
! <small>lateral</small>
! <small>plain</small>
! <small>lateral</small>
|-
! rowspan="2" |Nasal
! <small>voiceless</small>
| '''schm''' m̥
| '''schml''' m̥ˡ
|
| '''schn''' n̥
|
|
| '''schnr''' ɳ̊
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! <small>voiced</small>
| '''m''' m
| '''ml''' mˡ
|
| '''n''' n
| '''nl''' nˡ
|
| '''nr''' ɳ
 
| '''nrl''' ɳˡ
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="4" |Plosive
! <small>tenuis</small>
| '''b''' p  
| '''bl''' pˡ
|
| '''d''' t  
| '''dl''' tˡ
|
| '''dr''' ʈ
| '''drl''' ʈˡ
| '''g''' k
| '''gl''' kˡ
|
| |ʔ
|-
! <small>aspirated</small>
| '''p''' pʰ
| '''pl''' pˡʰ
|
| '''t''' tʰ
| '''tl''' tˡʰ
|
| '''tr''' ʈʰ
| '''trl''' ʈˡʰ
| '''k''' kʰ
| '''kl''' kˡʰ
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |<small>prenasalized</small>
| '''mb''' ᵐb
| '''mbl''' ᵐbˡ
|
| '''nd''' ⁿd
|
|
| '''ndr''' ᶯɖ
|
| '''ng''' ᵑɡ
| '''ngl''' ᵑɡˡ
|
|
|-
| '''mp''' ᵐpʰ
| '''mpl''' ᵐpˡʰ
|
| '''nt''' ⁿtʰ
| '''ntl''' ⁿtˡʰ
|
| '''ntr''' ᶯʈʰ
| '''ntrl''' ᶯʈˡʰ
| '''nk''' ᵑkʰ
| '''nkl''' ᵑkˡʰ
|
|
|-
! rowspan="4"|Affricate
! <small>tenuis</small>
|
|
| '''dz''' ts̪
| '''ds''' ts̺
|
| '''dx''' tʃ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! <small>aspirated</small>
| '''pf''' pɸ
|
| '''tz''' ts̪ʰ
| '''ts''' ts̺ʰ
|
| '''tx''' tʃʰ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2"|<small>prenasalized</small>
|
|
| '''ndz''' ⁿdz̪
| '''nds''' ⁿdz̺
|
| '''ndx''' ⁿdʒ
| 
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| '''mpf''' ᵐpɸ
|
| '''ntz''' ⁿts̪ʰ
| '''nts''' ⁿts̺ʰ
|
| '''ntx''' ⁿtʃʰ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Continuant
! <small>voiceless</small>
| '''f''' f
| '''fl''' fˡ
| '''z''' s̪
| '''s''' s̺
| '''schl''' ɬ
| '''x''' ʃ
| '''schr''' ʂ
|
| '''sch''' ɧ~x
|
| '''schw''' ʍ
| '''h''' h
|-
! <small>voiced</small>
| '''v''' v
|
|
|
| '''l''' l
| '''j''' ʒ
| '''r''' ʐ~ɻ
|
|
|
| '''w''' w
|
|}
 
====Tone====
{{PAGENAME}} has 7 tones, indicated by final letters in Schngellstein's orthography.


{|class="wikitable"
{|class="wikitable"
! Orthography
! Tone
! Tone
! Example
! Example
! Suggested approximation
|-
|-
| mid level / mid entering (33)
| ∅
| ''lau'' /ləʊ˧/ 'to plant'
| mid level (33) / high checked (5)
| ''lau'' /ləu˧/ 'to plant'
| Vietnamese ''ngang'' / checked ''sắc''
|-
|-
| low falling / low entering (21~11)
| '''-n'''
| ''Laun'' /ləʊ˨˩/ 'wrinkle'
| low falling (21) / low checked (1)
| ''laun'' /ləu˨˩/ 'to smile'
| Vietnamese ''huyền'' / checked ''nặng''
|-
|-
| high rising / high entering (45~55)
| '''-b'''
| ''Laul'' /ləʊ˦˥/ 'song'
| high level / high falling (55~53)
| ''Laub'' /ləu˥˥/ 'leaf'
| Cantonese tone 1
|-
|-
| low rising (24)
| '''-d'''
| ''Laub'' /ləʊ˨˦/ 'spring (season)'
| dipping / mid falling (313~311)
|-
| ''Laud'' /ləu˧˩˧/ 'shoe'
| peaking / high falling (353~51):
| Hanoi Vietnamese ''hỏi''
| ''Laud'' /ləʊ˧˥˧/ 'shoe'
|-
|-
| '''-g'''
| breathy mid level (33 + breathy)
| breathy mid level (33 + breathy)
| ''laug'' /ləʊ&#804;˧/ 'to knit'
| ''laug'' /lə&#804;u˧/ 'to knit'
|
|-
|-
| dipping (313)
| '''-s'''
| ''Laus'' /ləʊ˧˩˧/ 'anise'
| rising (24)
| ''laus'' /ləu˨˦/ 'to receive'
| Hanoi Vietnamese non-checked ''sắc''
|-
|-
| '''-ß'''
| broken rising (3ˀ5)
| broken rising (3ˀ5)
| ''lauß'' /ləʊ˧ˀ˥/ 'to smile'
| ''Lauß'' /ləu˧ˀ˥/ 'wrinkle'
| Hanoi Vietnamese ''ngã''
|}
|}
Approximate tone frequencies (among non-entering tone syllables): b > s ~ 0 > n > ß ~ g > d
Tone split from breathy voice < voiced stops
===''Schlaub Glaß''===
The Schlaub Glaß dialect is a non-standard dialect of Hlou.
====Vowels====
a e i ie o u ä ö = /a ɛ ɪ i ɔ ʊ ɛ œ/
ei au äu = /ai aʊ ɔʏ/
ah eh ih ieh oh uh äh öh eih = /aʔ ɛʔ .../ [only occurs with -Ø, -n, -b tones (the latter written as -hl)]
====Consonants====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|+ '''Schlaub Glaß initials'''
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | Labial
! rowspan="2" | Lamino-<br/>dental
! colspan="2" | Apico-<br/>alveolar
! rowspan="2" | Post-<br/>alveolar
! rowspan="2" | Palatal
! rowspan="2" | Retroflex
! colspan="2" | Velar
! rowspan="2" | Labio-<br/>velar
! rowspan="2" | Glottal
|-
! <small>plain</small>
! <small>lateral</small>
! <small>plain</small>
! <small>lateral</small>
! <small>plain</small>
! <small>lateral</small>
|-
! rowspan="2" |Nasal
! <small>voiceless</small>
| '''schm''' m̥
| '''schml''' m̥ˡ
|
| '''schn''' n̥
|
|
|
| '''schnr''' ɳ̊
|
|
|
|
|-
! <small>voiced</small>
| '''m''' m
| '''ml''' mˡ
|
| '''n''' n
|
|
|
| '''nr''' ɳ
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="4" |Plosive
! <small>tenuis</small>
| '''b''' p
| '''bl''' pˡ
|
| '''d''' t
| '''dl''' cˡ
|
|
| '''dr''' ʈ
| '''g''' k
| '''gl''' kˡ
|
|ʔ
|-
! <small>aspirated</small>
| '''p''' pʰ
| '''pl''' pˡʰ
|
| '''t''' tʰ
| '''tl''' cˡʰ
|
|
| '''tr''' ʈʰ
| '''k''' kʰ
| '''kl''' kˡʰ
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |<small>prenasalized</small>
| '''mb''' ᵐb
| '''mbl''' ᵐbˡ
|
| '''nd''' ⁿd
| '''ndl''' ᶮɟˡ
|
|
| '''ndr''' ᶯɖ
| '''ng''' ᵑɡ
| '''ngl''' ᵑɡˡ
|
|
|-
| '''mp''' ᵐpʰ
| '''mpl''' ᵐpˡʰ
|
| '''nt''' ⁿtʰ
| '''ntl''' ᶮcˡʰ
|
|
| '''ntr''' ᶯʈʰ
| '''nk''' ᵑkʰ
| '''nkl''' ᵑkˡʰ
|
|
|-
! rowspan="4"|Affricate
! <small>tenuis</small>
| '''bv''' pv
|
| '''dz''' ts̪
| '''ds''' ts̺
|
| '''dx''' tʃ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! <small>aspirated</small>
| '''pf''' pf
|
| '''tz''' ts̪ʰ
| '''ts''' ts̺ʰ
|
| '''tx''' tʃʰ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2"|<small>prenasalized</small>
| '''mbv''' ᵐbv
|
| '''ndz''' ⁿdz̪
| '''nds''' ⁿdz̺
|
| '''ndx''' ⁿdʒ
| 
|
|
|
|
|-
| '''mpf''' ᵐpf
|
| '''ntz''' ⁿts̪ʰ
| '''nts''' ⁿts̺ʰ
|
| '''ntx''' ⁿtʃʰ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Continuant
! <small>voiceless</small>
| '''f''' f
|
| '''z''' s̪
| '''s''' s̺
| '''schl''' ɬ
| '''x''' ʃ
| '''schj''' ç
| '''schr''' ʂ
| '''sch''' ɧ<br/>'''ch''' x
|
| '''schw''' ʍ
| '''h''' h
|-
! <small>voiced</small>
| '''v''' v
|
|
|
| '''l''' l, '''ł''' ɫ
|
| '''j''' j
| '''r''' ʐ~ɻ
|
|
| '''w''' w
|
|}
====Tone====
Tones are the same as in Schlaub Bahn, except that the ''d'' and ''g'' tones are merged into ''g''.
==Orthography==
===Traditional logography===
===Abugida===
===''Hrảm Hlóu'' (''Schräd La-Tin Schlaub'')===
This transliteration was created by Praimhín as an alternative to the German-inspired orthography.
====Initials====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|+
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | Labial
! rowspan="2" | Lamino-<br/>dental
! colspan="2" | Apico-<br/>alveolar
! rowspan="2" | Post-<br/>alveolar
! colspan="2" | Retroflex
! colspan="2" | Velar
! rowspan="2" | Labio-<br/>velar
! rowspan="2" | Glottal
|-
! <small>plain</small>
! <small>lateral</small>
! <small>plain</small>
! <small>lateral</small>
! <small>plain</small>
! <small>lateral</small>
! <small>plain</small>
! <small>lateral</small>
|-
! rowspan="2" |Nasal
! <small>voiceless</small>
| '''hm''' m̥
| '''hml''' m̥ˡ
|
| '''hn''' n̥
|
|
| '''hnr''' ɳ̊
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! <small>voiced</small>
| '''m''' m
| '''ml''' mˡ
|
| '''n''' n
| '''nl''' nˡ
|
| '''nr''' ɳ
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="4" |Plosive
! <small>tenuis</small>
| '''b''' p
| '''bl''' pˡ
|
| '''d''' t
| '''dl''' tˡ
|
| '''dr''' ʈ
| '''drl''' ʈˡ
| '''g''' k
| '''gl''' kˡ
|
| |ʔ
|-
! <small>aspirated</small>
| '''p''' pʰ
| '''pl''' pˡʰ
|
| '''t''' tʰ
| '''tl''' tˡʰ
|
| '''tr''' ʈʰ
| '''trl''' ʈˡʰ
| '''c''' kʰ
| '''cl''' kˡʰ
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |<small>prenasalized</small>
| '''nb''' ᵐb
| '''nbl''' ᵐbˡ
|
| '''nd''' ⁿd
|
|
| '''ndr''' ᶯɖ
|
| '''ng''' ᵑɡ
| '''ngl''' ᵑɡˡ
|
|
|-
| '''np''' ᵐpʰ
| '''npl''' ᵐpˡʰ
|
| '''nt''' ⁿtʰ
| '''ntl''' ⁿtˡʰ
|
| '''ntr''' ᶯʈʰ
|
| '''nc''' ᵑkʰ
| '''ncl''' ᵑkˡʰ
|
|
|-
! rowspan="4"|Affricate
! <small>tenuis</small>
|
|
| '''ds''' ts̪
| '''dσ''' ts̺
|
| '''dx''' tʃ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! <small>aspirated</small>
| '''φ''' pɸ
|
| '''ts''' ts̪ʰ
| '''tσ''' ts̺ʰ
|
| '''tx''' tʃʰ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2"|<small>prenasalized</small>
|
|
| '''nds''' ⁿdz̪
| '''ndσ''' ⁿdz̺
|
| '''ndx''' ⁿdʒ
| 
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| '''nφ''' ᵐpɸ
|
| '''nts''' ⁿts̪ʰ
| '''ntσ''' ⁿts̺ʰ
|
| '''ntx''' ⁿtʃʰ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Continuant
! <small>voiceless</small>
| '''f''' f
| '''fl''' fˡ
| '''s''' s̪
| '''σ''' s̺
| '''hl''' ɬ
| '''x''' ʃ
| '''hr''' ʂ
|
| '''sg''' ɧ
|
| '''hw''' ʍ
| '''h''' h
|-
! <small>voiced</small>
| '''v''' v
|
|
|
| '''l''' l
| '''j''' ʒ
| '''r''' ʐ~ɻ
|
|
|
| '''w''' w
|
|}
====Vowels====
a e i o u ei ou /a e i o u əi əu/
am om oum /ã~ɛ̃ õ ə̃u/
ac ec ic oc uc anc onc /aʔ eʔ iʔ oʔ uʔ/
===Featural script===
[[File:SchrogHahn_v1.0.png|200px|thumb|right|[[User:H. H. P. M. P. Cole|Cole]]'s featural script for Schlaub.]]


==Grammar==
==Grammar==
Hlou is analytic and SVO, and is head-initial:
:'''''Die Wug mpes Nän sein.'''''
:/tɨ˧ wu&#804;˧ ᵐpʰe˨˦ nɛ̃˨˩ s̺əi˨˩/
:INDEF bird_species drink water PROG
:''A wug is drinking water.''
:'''''Xan schwei Ntxuhn bis Tu Mäb.'''''
:/ʃa˨˩ ʍəi˧ ts̺ɨ˧˩ pi˨˦ tʰu˧mɛ̃˥/
:1SG have home in Tumhan
:''I live in Tumhan.''
:'''''Dahn dsaub weg zu Mpfein an zu Schrös.'''''
:/taʔ˩ ts̺əu˥ we&#804;˧ s̪u˧ ᵐpɸəi˨˩ a˩ s̪u˧ n̥o˨˥/
:1PL speak about VN love and VN hate
:''We speak about love and hate.''
:'''''Dahn mpfein so, mplei dahn nkeiß Mbob so sein.'''''
:1PL love 3SG.A thus 1PL receive face 3SG.A PRES.PROG
:''We love him so we are welcoming him.''
===Pronouns===
===Pronouns===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
====Personal====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! Person !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural
! Person !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural
Line 99: Line 741:
|-
|-
! 2
! 2
|| zied|| jen|| schlag
|| zied|| jen || schlag
|-
|-
! 3
! 3
|| so (animate)<br/>ja (inanimate)|| eib|| zug
|| so (animate)<br/>ja (inanimate)|| nleib|| zug
|-
!2, 3 (respectful)
|colspan=3| Sie
|-
!Impersonal
|colspan=3| es
|-
!Reflexive
|colspan=3| schwe
|}
 
Hlou has no passive voice; the impersonal ''es'' is used instead. For example, ''Es nlaß Ngu hin.'' (IMPERS fire_ceramic brick PST) means 'A brick was baked.' or 'Bricks were baked.'
 
====Demonstrative====
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Correlatives
|-
! !! What !! This !! That !! Yon !! Any
|-
! Pronominal
|| nab || naus || nein || nin || nan
|-
! Place
|| drab || draus || drein || drin || dran
|-
! Manner/Extent
|| rab || raus || rein || rin || ran
|}
|}
Other correlatives are formed by using these words with nouns.


''Sie'' = polite pronoun (all persons and numbers)
Hlou is wh-in-situ:


Demonstratives:
*''Naus dzah nab?'' (this COP what) = What is this?
*naus, nab, nein, nan: what, this, that, anything
*''Ndob naus dzah nab?'' (person this COP what) = Who is this?
*draus, drab, drein, dran: where, here, there, anywhere
*''Zied be drab sein?'' (lit. you to where PROG) = Where are you going?
*raus, rab, rein, ran: how/to what extent, like this/this much, like that/that much, any way/to any extent
* ''dla rab?'' 'Why?', ''dla rein'' 'that's why' (Calquing vì sao, vì vậy)
* ''dlä rab nahn schluß...'' 'how to...' (lit. Do how in order to)
* ''dlä rab?'' 'What to do?'


===Prepositions===
===Prepositions===
*an = of
*be = to; to go
*bis = in, at
*bis = in, at
*nre = on
*gan = without
* sä = with; to have
*in = of
*je = from
*je = from
*nun = for
*dla = for; because of
*ob = vocative
*ob = vocative
*weg = about
*weg = about
*wie = to
*wi = away from
*wen = like
*schon = ago
*jaud = between
*tzig = across
*ös = over
*tud = under
*was = perhaps
*des = now
*wag = again
*treib = before
 
===Auxiliaries===
*hab = causative
*bleib = deliberately
*vein = accidentally
 
:'''''Xan bleib schäd Nduß hin.'''''
:''I deliberately dropped the glass.''
 
:'''''Xan vein schäd Nduß hin.'''''
:''I accidentally dropped the glass.''


===Particles===
===Particles===
*sein = present progressive
*sein = present progressive
**Present progressive can also be formed by reduplicating the verb
*hin = past
*hin = past
*bei = future
*bei = future
*ihn = imperative
*aus = cohortative
*mal = cohortative
*es = question
*ab = interrogative (sentence final)
*eh = tag question
**eh = tag question (sentence final)
*da = exclamatory
*da = exclamatory
*viel = softening
*nreh = negative
*eh = negative
*doh = prohibitive
*schon = prohibitive
*los = inchoative
*los = inchoative
*wohl = emphatic
*man = emphatic
*wein = (literary) alas!, woe is...
*tag = comparative
*nad = superlative
*zu = verb to noun


===Conjunctions===
===Conjunctions===
*aus = and
*an = and
*in = or
*tei = or
*vei = exclusive or
*leid = but
*leid = but
*von = relative clause
*von = relative clause
*tun = complement clause
*tun = complement clause
*daß = if
*daß = if
*weil = then, so, therefore
*schluß = then, so, therefore
*bloß = because
*nahn schluß = so that, in order to
*dsäus = because (lit. reason)


===Nouns===
===Nouns===
ein = definite article
ein = definite article (proper nouns such as ''Wug Schlaub'' do not take it)
 
wie = specific article


die = indefinite article
die = indefinite article


Words are pluralized by reduplication.
Words may be pluralized by reduplication: ''Ndob Ndob'' = people. Uncountable nouns have no plural form.
 
Polysyllabic words also have a null plural:
 
:'''''Nkaub, ob Blieb-Blas!'''''
:fly VOC butterfly
:''Fly, butterflies!''
 
===Verbs and adjectives===
Adverbs can be formed from verbs via reduplication.
 
''ntsien'' = slow; ''ntsien ntsien'' 'slowly'


===Classifiers===
===Classifiers===
{{PAGENAME}} does not use classifiers, unlike other languages in the region.


===Numerals===
===Numerals===
Line 162: Line 874:
100: ''trleh''
100: ''trleh''


1000: ''schöd''
10000: ''schöd''


===Schm-reduplication===
Numerals come before nouns:
Hloh uses schm-reduplication, which works just like schm-reduplication in English, except that the schm-reduplicant is often repeated.
:'''''So ploß beid weiß Sen.'''''
:3SG.AN son two ten year_of_age
:He is 20 years old.


"Leid xan zahl heb die Nöl da!" = but I COP just a noob EXCL
==="The more... the more..."===
"Nöl schmöl Nöl schmöl, zied mbuh ngäs man wohl!" = noob schmoob noob schmoob you can make_it EMPH
:X X SUBJ1, Y Y SUBJ2
:"The more SUBJ X's, the more SUBJ2 Y's."
 
:'''''Xan eh schlaun Wiß j'ein zu Treig Treig. Lös lös xan, wäud wäud xan läß.'''''
:1SG NEG receive understanding from DEF INF happen happen. run run 1SG, become become 1SG fat.
:''I don't understand what's going on. The more I run, the fatter I get.''
 
==="Schm-reduplication"===
Schlaub uses a form of schm-reduplication, which works just like schm-reduplication in English, except that the schm-reduplicant is repeated.
 
"Leid xan dzah heb die Nöb da!" = but I COP just a noob EXCL
 
"Nöb schmöb schmöb, zied mbuh ngäs man!" = noob schmoob schmoob you can make_it EMPH


===Fossilized morphology===
===Fossilized morphology===
*PHS ''s-''
*PHS ''s-''
**''Schlähn'' 'tribe' < ''lähn'' 'three'
**''Schlähn'' 'tribe' < ''lähn'' 'three'
**''schlaub'' 'temperate' < ''Laub'' 'spring'
**''Schlaub'' 'year' < ''Laub'' 'leaf'
**''Schwiß'' 'plain' < ''biß'' 'flat'
*PHS ''-ʔ'' (reflected by tone change)
*PHS ''-ʔ'' (reflected by tone change)
**''-∅'' > ''-b'': ''Laub'' 'spring' < ''lau'' 'to plant'
**''-g'' > ''-d'': ''Lied'' 'art song' < ''lieg'' 'to tell a lie; (''obsolete'') to express'
**''-g'' > ''-d'': ''Lied'' 'art song' < ''lieg'' 'to tell a lie; (''obsolete'') to express'


==Tower of Babel==
==Vocabulary==
Now the whole world had one language and a common speech.
Hlou vocabulary is mostly native.


Bis Ndreib ein Schal tzeg flug die Ntzog aus die zu Wel meid hin.
===Chengyu===
Hlou, like Chinese, has chengyu or "4-character phrases". They sometimes extend to 6-character phrases by using the Burns stanza.
*''Ntzuh Vöhn Schrau Ndob (schnäub hös)'' 'the best laid schemes of mice and men (aft gang agley)' (lit. schemes of mouse and plans of man often fail)
*''Nleiß Beig Gluhn Schnoh'' 'opulent luxury' (lit. pure gold, gem, carmine, spice)
*''Schwas kö Schwas sihn'' 'reap what you sow' (lit. [If] rice sprouts, rice results)
**riff on Quacumquasit Pond


LOC present DEF world whole have INDEF language CONJ INDEF VN speak common PAST
==Poetry==
[Under construction. The poems are gibberish and are meant to illustrate the rhyme scheme.]
===Rhyme===
In addition to having the same rime, two words must rhyme in tone class in order to be considered to rhyme. -Ø, -b, -n are "flat" (''mla'') tones; -g, -d, -s, -ß and checked tones are "sharp" (''dzäß'') tones.


As people moved eastward, they found a plain in Shinar and settled there.
===Virelai===
The virelai (Hlou: ''Traun Ntzob'') is a traditional Hlou poetic form. Although it is called the ''virelai'' in English, it borrows elements (like the rhyme scheme) from the Vietnamese ''lục bát''.


Leid [bis Glied] zu Ntrub an ein Zëhl wie Schlähn zug raug die Schwiß bis Xi-Na aus [ntlub man] drein hin.
Example [the poem is gibberish]:


but [as] VN move GEN DEF people PREP east 3PL find INDEF plain PREP Shinar CONJ [settle] there PAST
<poem>
''Mpfein schwie ein Ntzäh an Tsun,''
''Leid wen Bläuß dran, maß Schlub von trlien.''
''Väd mleib weg die Gleiß Schmieb,''
''Raus ein Pfeg nun schraß Xien taub tlub.''


They said to each other, "Come, let's make bricks and bake them thoroughly."
''Daß zu Mläus ein Zeig Pfaß,''
''blein Eib zu Mböd bis Dlag,''
''klaub wie raug Mlob weis schrah zied Glu.''


Aus ein Zohl tlau wie veß, "Ob bus Ngu aus nlaß zug [schlög schlög] mal."
''Daß zu Ves ein Drläub flein,''
''Weg ndso ein Ndxäuß schred nreib,''
''Pfed zag tzau die Vaub dlei raus Schmub.''


CONJ DEF people say PREP one_another, VOC make brick CONJ fire_ceramic 3PL [throughly] COHORT
''Daß zu Vein Nkaub ein Nlas,''
''An zu Nlöb pfeib je Schmag ven Wauß,''
''schniß, ob Dlau! dran flän Schaug,''
''klöh xan haud wie Trob, haus nun Tsun.''


They used brick instead of stone, and tar for mortar.
''Mpfein schwie ein Ntzäh an Tsun,''
''Leid wen Bläuß dran, maß Schlub von trlien.''
''Väd mleib weg die Gleiß Schmieb,''
''Raus ein Pfeg nun schraß Xien taub tlub.''
</poem>


Zug [raug Mlob] Ngu [bis rohn] Pfaub aus Schrähl [bis rohn] [Kis Mbeh] hin.
===Burns stanza===
A variant of the Burns stanza is another traditional Hlou meter. This excerpt is from a poem by Schweid Täu-Rein.


3PL use brick instead_of stone and tar instead_of mortar PAST
<poem>
''Tlad Hei drlah Mbauß,''
''Xan schnuh zied nraug,''
''Xob Ndzäu beis schraus –''
''Ihn Vug –''
''Ngiß Tsahn we jaud''
''schrieb mbug.''
</poem>


And they said: "Come, let's build a city for ourselves and a tower in it, whose top would reach the sky.
<poem>
Though [your] body must [become] soil,
I touch you up close,
The warm embrace nurturing
[The] leaf [of] learning;
A garden growing between [us],
[which will] last forever.
</poem>


Aus zug tlau, "Ob saud die Mbihl nun dahn aus bis ja die Nklohl von Schnraub [raug man] Ntse mal."
===Holorime===
Two lines with the same syllables but with different tones


and 3PL say, VOC build INDEF city for 1PL and in it a tower REL top reach DEF sky COHORT
== Phrasebook ==
# 'I love you': ''Xan lub zied.'' /ʃa˨˩ lu˥˥ s̪ɨ˧˩˧/
 
==Sample texts==
=== A poem ===
<poem>
Au xäub xäub
Ihn taub taub
Zied an xan
Bluß Ndob Schlaub
</poem>
===1 John 3:15===
<poem>
Daß Ndob nan schrös ein Nleis schwe, schluß so dzah die Ndob schwad Ndob, an schlag sab tun die Ndob schwad Ndob eh schwei ein Jun mbug bis schwe.
</poem>
[[Category:Hlou-Shum languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
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