Old Valthungian: Difference between revisions
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[[Category: Languages]] | |||
[[Category: Conlangs]] | |||
[[Category: Artlangs]] | |||
[[Category: A posteriori]] | |||
[[Category: Indo-European languages]] | |||
[[Category: Germanic languages]] | |||
[[Category: East Germanic languages]] | |||
[[Category: Valthungian]] | |||
[[Category: Gothic Romance]] | |||
{{Bpnjohnson.info|Old Valthungian|Sou Vladyugutanei Tungou|soʊ̯ ˈwlɑ.ðʊ.ɡʊ.ta.neɪ̯ ˈtʊŋ.ɡoʊ̯|2018|Northern Italy, ca. 800ᴀᴅ‒1200ᴀᴅ|Indo-European|Indo-European|Germanic|East Germanic||||||}} | |||
[[Old Valthungian]] represents a period in the development of the [[Valthungian]] language | |||
lasting from around 800‒1200<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">ad</span> marked mainly | |||
= | by changes to geminates and metathesis of liquids, as well as the introduction of Germanic | ||
ī/j-umlaut and some small but important changes to all of the vowels. Though this is a range | |||
which experienced many changes, the most representative example of “Old Valthungian” is the | |||
of the vowels | language as it is captured in a few surviving texts believed to date to around | ||
of | 950‒975<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">ad</span>. | ||
==Phonology of Old Valthungian ca. 950<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">ad</span>== | |||
Valthungian | |||
{| style=" | ===Consonants=== | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle" | |||
!width=100px| | |||
!width=65px|'''Labial''' | |||
!width=65px|'''Dental''' | |||
!width=65px|'''Alveolar''' | |||
!width=65px|'''Palatal''' | |||
!width=65px|'''Dorsal''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
!'''Plosive''' | |||
|'''p · b'''<br />/p · b/ | |||
|'''t · d'''<br />/t · d/ | |||
| ''' | | | ||
| | |||
|'''k · g'''<br />/k · ɡ/ | |||
| ''' | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
!'''Nasal''' | |||
|''' · m'''<br />/m/ | |||
| | |||
|''' · n'''<br />/n/ | |||
| | |||
|''' · n'''<ref>Before '''g''' or '''k'''</ref><br />[ŋ] | |||
! | |||
| | |||
| | |||
'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
!'''Fricative''' | |||
| ''' | |'''f · bv, fv'''<br />/ɸ · β/ | ||
| | |'''dv · þ'''<br />/ð · θ/ | ||
| ''' | |'''s · z'''<br />/s · ʐ/ | ||
| | |''' · jj'''<br />/ʝ/ | ||
| | |'''h · gy'''<br />/h · ɣ/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
!'''Approximant''' | |||
|''' · v'''<br />/w/ | |||
|''' · l'''<br />/l/ | |||
|''' · r'''<br />/r/ | |||
|''' · j'''<br />/j/ | |||
| ''' | |||
| ''' | |||
| | | | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle" | ||
Line 1,201: | Line 67: | ||
! colspan="2"| '''Long Vowels''' | ! colspan="2"| '''Long Vowels''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! width= | ! width=85px| '''Front''' | ||
! width=65px| '''Back''' | ! width=65px| '''Back''' | ||
! width=65px| '''Front''' | ! width=65px| '''Front''' | ||
Line 1,207: | Line 73: | ||
|- | |- | ||
!'''Close''' | !'''Close''' | ||
|'''i · eu'''<br /> | |'''i · eu'''<br />/ɪ · ʏ/ | ||
|'''u'''<br /> | |'''u'''<br />/ʊ/ | ||
|''' | |'''ij · euv'''<br />/iː · yː/ | ||
|''' | |'''uv'''<br />/uː/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
!'''Mid-Close''' | !'''Mid-Close''' | ||
|''' · y<ref>This was likely a lax near-close vowel, not a | |''' · y<ref>This was likely a lax central near-close vowel, not a front vowel; i.e. [ᵿ], not [ʏ]. It later merged with /y/.</ref>'''<br />/ᵿ/ | ||
| | | | ||
|'''ei · eou'''<br /> | |'''ei · eou'''<br />/eː · øː/ | ||
|'''ou'''<br /> | |'''ou'''<br />/oː/<ref>All of the mid-close long vowels may have been diphthongs, i.e. [eɪ̯], [œʏ̯], and [oʊ̯] – and 〈eou〉 was almost certainly [œʏ̯] – but the spelling of 〈ei〉 and 〈ou〉 is likely related to conventions borrowed from early Romance languages of the time rather than an indication of dipthongisation.</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
!'''Mid-Open''' | !'''Mid-Open''' | ||
|'''e · eo'''<br /> | |'''e, ea<ref>In the standardised orthography, 〈e〉 occurs only where adjacent to /r/ or /h/, while 〈ea〉 is the umlaut of /a/. It is likely they represented the same sounds, though some scholars contend that 〈ea〉 wa a more open [æ].</ref> · eo'''<br />/ɛ · œ/ | ||
|'''o'''<br />[ɔ] | |'''o'''<br />[ɔ] | ||
|'''ae · eao'''<br /> | |'''ae · eao'''<br />/ɛː · œː/ | ||
|'''ao'''<br /> | |'''ao'''<br />/ɔː/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
!'''Open''' | !'''Open''' | ||
|'''a'''<br />/a/ | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|'''aa'''<br />[ | |'''aa'''<br />/ɑː/<ref>All other back vowels seem to have distinguished umlaut forms, but the umlaut of 〈aa〉 is consistently written as 〈ae〉 and was presumably realized as [eː]. In an early version of the Chrysanthi Grammar, 〈eaa〉 was used for this purpose, but later versions have 〈ae〉 exclusively.</ref> | ||
|- | |||
|} | |||
====Syllabic Sonorants==== | |||
In addition to the vowels, certain sonorants may act as syllable nuclei (usually word-finally). | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle" | |||
!width=100px| | |||
!width=65px|'''Labial''' | |||
!width=65px|'''Alveolar''' | |||
!width=65px|'''Palatal''' | |||
!width=65px|'''Dorsal''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
!'''Syllabics''' | |||
|'''m'''<br />/m̩/ | |||
|'''n'''<br />/n̩/ | |||
|'''r'''<br />/r̩/ | |||
|'''l'''<br />/l̩/ | |||
|} | |} | ||
==Orthography of Old Valthungian== | ==Orthography of Old Valthungian== | ||
There is very little extant text in Old Valthungian, and what does exist is quite variable, but this is a “regularlised” version of the orthography used at the time, with notes where there are variants. | There is very little extant text in Old Valthungian, and what does exist is quite variable, but this is a “regularlised” version of the orthography used at the time around 950<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">ad</span>, with notes where there are variants. | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width: | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width: 1100px;" | ||
|- | |||
!colspan=5| Letters | |||
|colspan=3 align="left"| The twenty-seven “official” letters of the Old Valthungian alphabet are very similar to the twenty-seven letter of the Gothic alphabet, right down to the order of their numbering. There were, however, many variants, ligatures, digraphs, trigraphs, and Latin and Greek letters thrown into the mix in the few small samples we have of definitive Old Valthungian texts. | |||
|- | |- | ||
!width=65px| Griutungi | !width=65px| Griutungi | ||
!width=65px| IPA | !width=65px| IPA | ||
!width=65px| Old Val. | !width=65px| Old Val. | ||
!width=65px| Roman. | |||
!width=65px| Numeric<br />Value | |||
!width=165px| Variants | !width=165px| Variants | ||
!width=200px| Examples | |||
!width=540px| Notes | !width=540px| Notes | ||
|- | |- | ||
| a | |valign="top"| a | ||
| ɑ | |valign="top"| ɑ | ||
| '''a''' | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-a.png|13px|A]] | ||
|align="left"| | |valign="top"| '''a''' | ||
|align="left"| | |valign="top"| 1 | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |||
|valign="top"| ''r'''a'''ms'' ‘poor’<br />''g'''a'''f'' ‘gave’<br />'''''a'''nþ'''a'''r'' ‘second’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |||
|- | |||
|valign="top"| b | |||
|valign="top"| b | |||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-b.png|13px|B]] | |||
|valign="top"| '''b''' | |||
|valign="top"| 2 | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |||
|valign="top"| '''''b'''radvou'' ‘axe’<br />''krah'''b'''a'' ‘crab’<br />''lam'''b''''' ‘lamb’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |||
|- | |||
|valign="top"| g | |||
|valign="top"| ɡ | |||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-g.png|12px|G]] | |||
|valign="top"| '''g''' | |||
|valign="top"| 3 | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |||
|valign="top"| '''''g'''ibvan'' ‘to give’<br />'''''g'''raþs'' ‘yard’<br />''da'''g'''z'' ‘day’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |||
|- | |||
|valign="top"| d | |||
|valign="top"| d | |||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-d.png|17px|D]] | |||
|valign="top"| '''d''' | |||
|valign="top"| 4 | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |||
|valign="top"| '''''d'''agz'' ‘day’<br />''ah'''d'''i'' ‘egg’<br />''teihun'''d''''' ‘(multiple of) ten’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |||
|- | |||
|valign="top"| e | |||
|valign="top"| ɛ | |||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-e.png|13px|E]] | |||
|valign="top"| '''e''' | |||
|valign="top"| 5 | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| ai | |||
|valign="top"| ''r'''e'''dva'' ‘earth’<br />''t'''e'''hsva'' ‘right-hand’<br />''b'''e'''rja'' ‘ferry’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |||
|- | |||
|valign="top"| kw | |||
|valign="top"| kʷ~kw | |||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-qv.png|23px|QV]] | |||
|valign="top"| '''qv''' | |||
|valign="top"| 6 | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| kv, q, ku, cv, cu | |||
|valign="top"| '''''qv'''ernu'' ‘mill’<br />''in'''qv'''is'' ‘to you both’<br />''ri'''qv'''iza'' ‘darker’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |||
|- | |- | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| z | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| ʐ | ||
|valign="top"| ''' | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-z.png|13px|Z]] | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| a | |valign="top"| '''z''' | ||
|align="left"| | |valign="top"| 7 | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| ȥ | |||
|valign="top"| ''þi'''z'''ae'' ‘to that’<br />''hvi'''z'''a'''z'''ij'' ‘whatever’<br />''i'''z'''ous'' ‘hers’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |valign="top"| h | ||
| | |valign="top"| h~x | ||
| ''' | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-h.png|13px|H]] | ||
|align="left"| | |valign="top"| '''h''' | ||
|align="left"| | |valign="top"| 8 | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |||
|valign="top"| '''''h'''retou'' ‘heart’<br />''te'''h'''un'' ‘ten’<br />''fa'''h''''' ‘glad’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |valign="top"| þ | ||
| | |valign="top"| θ | ||
| ''' | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-th.png|18px|Þ]] | ||
|align="left"| | |valign="top"| '''þ''' | ||
|align="left"| | |valign="top"| 9 | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| th, fh, c<ref>'''c''' for /θ/ is anomalous, only appearing in one extant instance, and is most likely the result of a transcription error, though many have used it (grossly incorrectly) to associate Old Valthungian with the Iberian Goths, positing that this somehow relates to ''ceceo'' in modern Spanish. It absolutely does not, and the Old Valthungian speakers never came within 500 miles of present-day Spain, but facts have never stood in the way of good speculation.</ref> | |||
|valign="top"| '''''þ'''ju'''þ''''' ‘people’<br />''frija'''þ'''vou'' ‘love’<br />''ljugyva'''þ''''' ‘light’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| From the Gothic '''𐌸''', this letter represented [θ] in Old Valthungian as it did in Gothic, but became [v] and was replaced by [[File:OV-hw.png|11px|Þ]] for [θ] in the 11th century. | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |valign="top"| i | ||
| | |valign="top"| i | ||
| ''' | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-i.png|4px|I]] | ||
|valign="top"| '''i''' | |||
|valign="top"| 10 | |||
|align="left"| | |align="left"| | ||
|align="left"| | |valign="top"| '''''i'''gy'''i'''l'' ‘hedgehog’<br />'''''i'''zae'' ‘to her’<br />''þivgy'''i''''' ‘maid’ | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |||
|- | |||
|valign="top"| k | |||
|valign="top"| k | |||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-k.png|13px|K]] | |||
|valign="top"| '''k''' | |||
|valign="top"| 20 | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| c | |||
|valign="top"| '''''k'''rots'' ‘short’<br />''tae'''k'''ros'' ‘brother-in-law’<br />''mas'''k''''' ‘mesh, grid’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| Sometimes written as '''kh''' or '''ch''' when aspirated. | |||
|- | |||
|valign="top"| l | |||
|valign="top"| l~ɫ̩ | |||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-l.png|13px|L]] | |||
|valign="top"| '''l''' | |||
|valign="top"| 30 | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |||
|valign="top"| '''''l'''angz'' ‘long’<br />''s'''l'''idva'''l'''ijks'' ‘amazing’<br />''tag'''l''''' ‘tail’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| (Syllabic and non-syllabic sonorants were not differentiated in Old Valthungian.) | |||
|- | |||
|valign="top"| m | |||
|valign="top"| m~m̩ | |||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-m.png|13px|M]] | |||
|valign="top"| '''m''' | |||
|valign="top"| 40 | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |||
|valign="top"| '''''m'''aedv'''m'''s'' ‘gift’<br />'''''m'''ikils'' ‘great’<br />''ogvu'''m'''a'' ‘primary’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| (Syllabic and non-syllabic sonorants were not differentiated in Old Valthungian.) | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |valign="top"| n | ||
| | |valign="top"| n~n̩ | ||
| ''' | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-n.png|13px|N]] | ||
|align="left"| | |valign="top"| '''n''' | ||
|align="left"| | |valign="top"| 50 | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |||
|valign="top"| '''''n'''aoþs'' ‘need’<br />'''''n'''iv'''n'''tehu'''n''''' ‘nineteen’<br />'''''n'''ima'''n''''' ‘to take’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| (Syllabic and non-syllabic sonorants were not differentiated in Old Valthungian.) | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |valign="top"| j | ||
| | |valign="top"| j | ||
| ''' | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-j.png|13px|J]] | ||
|align="left"| | |valign="top"| '''j''' | ||
|align="left"| | |valign="top"| 60 | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| i | |||
|valign="top"| '''''j'''eir'' ‘year’<br />'''''j'''ah'' ‘also’<br />'''''j'''uvs'' ‘you all’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |||
|- | |- | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| o | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| ɔ | ||
|valign="top"| ''' | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-o.png|13px|O]] | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |valign="top"| '''o''' | ||
| | |valign="top"| 70 | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| au | |||
|valign="top"| ''r'''o'''tigraþs'' ‘garden’<br />'''''o'''gyuma'' ‘chief’<br />''vr'''o'''ms'' ‘worm’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |valign="top"| p | ||
| | |valign="top"| p | ||
| ''' | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-p.png|13px|P]] | ||
|align="left"| | |valign="top"| '''p''' | ||
|align="left"| | |valign="top"| 80 | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |||
|valign="top"| '''''p'''aedva'' ‘shirt’<br />'''''p'''ro'''p'''ora'' ‘purple’<br />''slei'''p'''an'' ‘to sleep’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| Sometimes written as '''ph''' when aspirated. | |||
|- | |- | ||
| - | |valign="top"| ī | ||
| | |valign="top"| iː~ij | ||
| ''' | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-ij.png|10px|IJ]] | ||
|align="left"| | |valign="top"| '''ij''' | ||
| | |valign="top"| 90 | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| ī, ei, ij | |||
|valign="top"| '''''ij'''s'' ‘ice’<br />''t'''ij'''þs ‘time’<br />''divp'''ij''''' ‘depth’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| There is only scant evidence that this ligature was used to represent the value of the number ‘90’, and it is disputable whether the evidence in question is actually the 〈ij〉 ligature, or a holdover of the Gothic number 𐍁. | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |valign="top"| r | ||
| | |valign="top"| r~r̩ | ||
| ''' | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-r.png|13px|R]] | ||
|align="left"| | |valign="top"| '''r''' | ||
|align="left"| | |valign="top"| 100 | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |||
|valign="top"| '''''r'''iqvus'' ‘dark’<br />''b'''r'''oudv'''r''''' ‘brother’<br />''ve'''r''''' ‘man’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| (Syllabic and non-syllabic sonorants were not differentiated in Old Valthungian.) | |||
|- | |- | ||
| - | |valign="top"| s | ||
| | |valign="top"| s | ||
| ''' | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-s.png|13px|S]] | ||
|align="left"| | |valign="top"| '''s''' | ||
| | |valign="top"| 200 | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |||
|valign="top"| '''''s'''aovgyila'' ‘sun’<br />'''''s'''eh'''s'''tigju'''s''''' ‘sixty’<br />'''''s'''uv'''s''''' ‘sow’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| - | |valign="top"| t | ||
| | |valign="top"| t | ||
| ''' | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-t.png|13px|T]] | ||
|align="left"| | |valign="top"| '''t''' | ||
| | |valign="top"| 300 | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |||
|valign="top"| '''''t'''ungl'' ‘star’<br />''s'''t'''ivgyi'''t'''i'' ‘patience’<br />'''''t'''rivgyijna'''t''''' ‘wooden’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| Sometimes written as '''th''' when aspirated. | |||
|- | |- | ||
| - | |valign="top"| w | ||
| | |valign="top"| w | ||
| ''' | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-v.png|13px|V]] | ||
|align="left"| | |valign="top"| '''v''' | ||
| | |valign="top"| 400 | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| vv, uu, ƿ | |||
|valign="top"| '''''v'''lidvijs'' ‘wild’<br />''saliþ'''v'''a'' ‘guest room’<br />''s'''v'''ei'' ‘as though’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| - | |valign="top"| f | ||
| | |valign="top"| ɸ~f | ||
| ''' | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-f.png|12px|F]] | ||
|align="left"| | |valign="top"| '''f''' | ||
| | |valign="top"| 500 | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |||
|valign="top"| '''''f'''im'''f''''' ‘five’<br />''svum'''f'''sl'' ‘’<br />''hlae'''f''''' ‘bread’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |valign="top"| kh | ||
| | |valign="top"| kʰ | ||
| ''' | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-x.png|13px|KH]] | ||
|align="left"| | |valign="top"| '''x''' | ||
|align="left"| | |valign="top"| 600 | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| kh, ch, x, χ | |||
|valign="top"| '''''X'''ristus'' ‘Christ’<br />''ev'''x'''aristja'' ‘eucharist’<br />''kate'''x'''ijns'' ‘remembrance’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| This Greek borrowing, which was incorporated into the Gothic alphabet as '''𐍇''', had merged phonologically with '''k''' by the Old Valthungian period, but was occasionally still emphasized with '''h''' or even with the Greek letter '''χ''' in positions which were not naturally aspirated. Indeed, '''h''' was sometimes added to segments which ''were'' naturally aspirated, as also happened with '''p''' and '''t'''. | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |valign="top"| hw | ||
| | |valign="top"| xw | ||
| ''' | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-hw.png|18px|HV]] | ||
|align="left"| | |valign="top"| '''hv''' | ||
|align="left"| | |valign="top"| 700 | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| hv, hw, chv, hu | |||
|valign="top"| '''''hv'''ilftri'' ‘curve’<br />''se'''hv'''an'' ‘to see’<br />''nei'''hv''''' ‘near’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| The Old Valthungian letter most commonly written as [[File:OV-hw.png|11px|HV]], from Gothic '''𐍈''', is transliterated as '''hv''', but later came to represent [θ] during the 11th century. | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |valign="top"| u | ||
| | |valign="top"| u | ||
| ''' | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-u.png|13px|U]] | ||
|align="left"| | |valign="top"| '''u''' | ||
|align="left"| | |valign="top"| 800 | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |||
|valign="top"| '''''u'''lbvand'''u'''s'' ‘rhinocerus’<br />'''''u'''bvils'' ‘evil’<br />'''''u'''nþ'' ‘until’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |valign="top"| j | ||
| | |valign="top"| ʝ | ||
| ''' | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-j2.png|8px|J2]] | ||
|align="left"| | |valign="top"| '''jj''' | ||
|align="left"| | |valign="top"| 900 | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| i, j, ʒ | |||
|valign="top"| ''þri'''jj'''a'' ‘three’<br />''teao'''jj'''an'' ‘to do’<br />''bea'''jj'''ouþs'' ‘both’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | !colspan=5| Ligatures & Polygraphs | ||
|colspan=3 align="left"| Most of these represent single phonemes and might be considered letters in their own right, but were not part of the numbered Gothic alphabet. | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | !width=65px| Griutungi | ||
| | !width=65px| IPA | ||
| | !width=65px| Old Val. | ||
| | !width=65px| Roman. | ||
| | !width=65px| Numeric<br />Value | ||
!width=165px| Variants | |||
!width=200px| Examples | |||
!width=540px| Notes | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |valign="top"| ā | ||
| | |valign="top"| ɑː | ||
| ''' | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-aa.png|28px|AA]] | ||
|align="left"| | |valign="top"| '''aa''' | ||
|align="left"| | |valign="top"| - | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| a, ā | |||
|valign="top"| ''h'''aa'''hs'' ‘shark’<br />''f'''aa'''han'' ‘to capture’<br />''andaþ'''aa'''ht'' ‘rational’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| Long vowels were sometimes indicated by doubling, sometimes with a macron or any of a half dozen other markings, or ignored completely. | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |valign="top"| ǣ | ||
| | |valign="top"| ɛː | ||
| ''' | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-ae.png|28px|AE]] | ||
|align="left"| | |valign="top"| '''ae''' | ||
|align="left"| | |valign="top"| - | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| ai, ee | |||
|valign="top"| ''br'''ae'''þ'' ‘wide’<br />'''''ae'''dvij'' ‘mother’<br />''tw'''ae''''' ‘two’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |valign="top"| ǭ | ||
| | |valign="top"| ɔː | ||
| ''' | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-ao.png|28px|AO]] | ||
|align="left"| | |valign="top"| '''ao''' | ||
| | |valign="top"| - | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| au, oa, oo, ō | |||
|valign="top"| '''''ao'''gyou'' ‘eye’<br />''fr'''ao'''s'' ‘happy’<br />''n'''ao'''huhþan'' ‘still, yet’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |||
|- | |- | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| b | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| β~v | ||
|valign="top"| ''' | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-bv.png|26px|BV]] | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |valign="top"| '''bv''' | ||
| | |valign="top"| - | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| vv | |||
|valign="top"| ''sil'''bv'''a'' ‘self’<br />''ar'''bv'''i'' ‘inheritance’<br />''hlae'''bv'''a'' ‘bread.<span style="font-variant: small-caps>dat</span>’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |valign="top"| g | ||
| | |valign="top"| ɣ | ||
| ''' | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-gy.png|25px|GY]] | ||
|align="left"| | |valign="top"| '''gy''' | ||
|align="left"| | |valign="top"| - | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| y, g | |||
|valign="top"| ''ao'''gy'''ou'' ‘eye’<br />''ba'''gy'''ms'' ‘tree’<br />''i'''gy'''il'' ‘hedgehog’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |valign="top"| d | ||
| | |valign="top"| ð | ||
| ''' | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-ð.png|20px|DY]] | ||
|align="left"| | |valign="top"| '''dv''' | ||
|align="left"| | |valign="top"| - | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| dv, δ | |||
|valign="top"| ''ae'''dv'''ij'' ‘mother’<br />''dala'''dv'''a'' ‘down’<br />''þju'''dv'''ij'' ‘meaning’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| Though '''dv''' is used here for transcription, a letter derived from the Gothic letter ''dags'' (but resembling '''ϫ''', the Coptic ''gangia'') was more often used. | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |valign="top"| - | ||
| | |valign="top"| ɛ~æ | ||
| ''' | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-ea.png|40px|EA]] | ||
|align="left"| | |valign="top"| '''ea''' | ||
|align="left"| | |valign="top"| - | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| e, ai, ae | |||
|valign="top"| ''s'''ea'''tjan'' ‘to set’<br />''Mbr'''ea'''jja'' ‘Maria’<br />'''''ea'''kijt'' ‘vinegar’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| This was used for the umlauted form of short '''a''' (Griutungi and Gothic '''a'''). | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |valign="top"| - | ||
| | |valign="top"| œː | ||
| ''' | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-eao.png|40px|EAO]] | ||
|align="left"| | |valign="top"| '''eao''' | ||
|align="left"| | |valign="top"| - | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| eoa, eō, eoo | |||
|valign="top"| '''''eao'''dvijs'' ‘desert’<br />''f'''eao'''djan'' ‘to feed’<br />''h'''eao'''hij'' ‘height’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| This was used for the umlauted form of '''ao''' (Griutungi '''ǭ''', Gothic '''au'''). | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |valign="top"| ē | ||
| | |valign="top"| eː~ei̯ | ||
| ''' | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-ei.png|18px|EI]] | ||
|align="left"| | |valign="top"| '''ei''' | ||
| | |valign="top"| - | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| ē, ee, ej | |||
|valign="top"| ''m'''ei'''na'' ‘moon’<br />'''''ei'''maeti'' ‘ant’<br />''sw'''ei''''' ‘such, thus’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |valign="top"| - | ||
| | |valign="top"| œ | ||
| ''' | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-eo.png|25px|EO]] | ||
|align="left"| | |valign="top"| '''eo''' | ||
|align="left"| | |valign="top"| - | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| oe, ø | |||
|valign="top"| ''vr'''eo'''kjan'' ‘to work’<br />''r'''eo'''kjus'' ‘jug’<br />''d'''eo'''htrjus'' ‘daughters’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| This was used for the umlauted form of '''o''' (Griutungi '''o''', Gothic '''au'''). | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |valign="top"| - | ||
| | |valign="top"| øː~øu̯ | ||
| ''' | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-eou.png|40px|EOU]] | ||
|align="left"| | |valign="top"| '''eou''' | ||
|align="left"| | |valign="top"| - | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| eoo, eō, ooe | |||
|valign="top"| ''afm'''eou'''dvij'' ‘disagreement’<br />''m'''eou'''gyjis'' ‘girls’<br />''d'''eou'''mjan'' ‘to judge’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| This was used for the umlauted form of '''oo''' (Griutungi and Gothic '''ō'''). | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |valign="top"| - | ||
| | |valign="top"| y | ||
| ''' | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-eu.png|28px|EU]] | ||
|align="left"| | |valign="top"| '''eu''' | ||
|align="left"| | |valign="top"| - | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| y, ue | |||
|valign="top"| ''f'''eu'''tlijns'' ‘fulfillment’<br />''s'''eu'''ndij'' ‘health’<br />'''''eu'''nkja'' ‘ounce’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| This was used for the umlauted form of '''u'''. | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |valign="top"| - | ||
| | |valign="top"| yː | ||
| ''' | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-euv.png|42px|EUV]] | ||
|align="left"| | |valign="top"| '''euv''' | ||
|align="left"| | |valign="top"| - | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| yy, uue, euu, eeu | |||
|valign="top"| ''h'''euv'''hjan'' ‘to hoard’<br />''s'''euv'''tijs'' ‘gentle’<br />''l'''euv'''kjan'' ‘to latch’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| This was used for the umlauted form of '''uv''' (Griutungi and Gothic '''ū'''). | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |valign="top"| iu | ||
| | |valign="top"| iw | ||
| ''' | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-ju.png|23px|JU]] | ||
|align="left"| | |valign="top"| '''iv''' | ||
| | |valign="top"| - | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| iu, ju, jv | |||
|valign="top"| '''''iv'''qv'' ‘up’<br />''kn'''iv''''' ‘knee’<br />''þ'''iv'''fs'' ‘thief’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |valign="top"| ng | ||
| | |valign="top"| ŋɡ | ||
| ''' | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-ng.png|26px|NG]] | ||
|align="left"| | |valign="top"| '''ng''' | ||
|align="left"| | |valign="top"| 53 | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| gg | |||
|valign="top"| ''si'''ng'''van'' ‘to sing’<br />''ga'''ng'''an'' ‘to go’<br />''wi'''ng'''z'' ‘wing’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| Sometimes written with '''g''' instead of '''n''' in a reflection of the Gothic. | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |valign="top"| nk | ||
| | |valign="top"| ŋk | ||
| ''' | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-nk.png|27px|NK]] | ||
|align="left"| | |valign="top"| '''nk''' | ||
|align="left"| | |valign="top"| - | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| gk, gc | |||
|valign="top"| ''dri'''nk'''an'' ‘to drink’<br />''a'''nk'''e'' ‘lower leg’<br />''u'''nk'''is'' ‘to us’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| Sometimes written with '''g''' instead of '''n''' in a reflection of the Gothic. | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |valign="top"| nkw | ||
| | |valign="top"| ŋkw | ||
| ''' | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-nqv.png|38px|NQV]] | ||
|align="left"| | |valign="top"| '''nqv''' | ||
|align="left"| Sometimes written | |valign="top"| 56 | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| gq, gqv, nq, nkv, ncu... | |||
|valign="top"| ''i'''nqv'''ar'' ‘your’<br />''hri'''nkv'''an'' ‘to gather’<br />''sa'''nkv'''us'' ‘sunset’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| Sometimes written with '''g''' instead of '''n''' in a reflection of the Gothic. | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |valign="top"| ō | ||
| | |valign="top"| oː~ou̯ | ||
| ''' | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-ou.png|28px|OU]] | ||
|align="left"| | |valign="top"| '''ou''' | ||
|align="left"| | |valign="top"| - | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| oo, ō, o, ov | |||
|valign="top"| '''''ou'''s'' ‘river-mouth’<br />''s'''ou'''gila'' ‘sun’<br />''t'''ou''''' ‘to, toward’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| ū | |valign="top"| ū | ||
| uː | |valign="top"| uː | ||
| ''' | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-uv.png|28px|UV]] | ||
|align="left"| ū, u, uv | |valign="top"| '''uv''' | ||
|align="left"| | |valign="top"| - | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| ū, u, uu | |||
|valign="top"| '''''uv'''htvou'' ‘pre-dawn’<br />''þ'''uv'''sundi'' ‘thousand’<br />''h'''uv'''s'' ‘shed’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |valign="top"| f | ||
| | |valign="top"| β~v | ||
| ''' | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-fv.png|28px|FV]] | ||
|align="left"| | |valign="top"| '''fv''' | ||
|align="left"| | |valign="top"| - | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| f, v, bv | |||
|valign="top"| ''u'''fv'''ar'' ‘over’<br />''ae'''fv'''rs'' ‘terrifying’<br />''vladvu'''fv'''ni'' ‘violence’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |||
|- | |- | ||
|valign="top"| y | |valign="top"| y | ||
|valign="top"| ʏ | |valign="top"| ʏ~ᵿ | ||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-y.png|13px|Y]] | |||
|valign="top"| '''y''' | |valign="top"| '''y''' | ||
|valign="top"| 400 | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| y, i, u, ui | |align="left" valign="top"| y, i, u, ui | ||
|align="left"| It is likely that this was still a separate phoneme in Old Valthungian from the umlaut of '''u''', though some of the means of transcription overlapped a bit. This phoneme was used only in borrowings from the Greek, and after the Old Valthungian period, these two phonemes had completely merged. | |valign="top"| ''s'''y'''nagyovgyei'' ‘synagogue’<br />''h'''y'''hsopus'' ‘hyssop’<br />''þ'''y'''mjam'' ‘incense’ | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| It is likely that this was still a separate phoneme in Old Valthungian from the umlaut of '''u''', though some of the means of transcription overlapped a bit. This phoneme was used only in borrowings from the Greek, and after the Old Valthungian period, these two phonemes had completely merged.<br />Our intermediate transcription shows '''ÿ''' for the letter representing Gothic '''𐍅'''/'''w''' from Greek '''υ'''. The exact pronunciation is unknown, but it seems likely that it was differentiated from '''eu''' (the i-umlaut of /u/) in Old Valthungian. These two sounds had merged by the Middle Valthungian period. Numerically, it was equivalent to Gothic '''𐍅''' (400). | |||
|} | |} | ||
==An Old Valthungian Text== | |||
Though there are very few extant Old Valthungian texts, obnoxiously large numbers of the Pater Noster text have been discovered. Here's one now: | |||
[[File:OV Pater noster.png|Pater Noster in Old Valthungian ca. 952<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">ad</span>]] | |||
ahta unsar þuv in himinam vijhnae namou þijn | |||
qvimae þivdyinahsus þijns vredyae vilja þijns | |||
svei in himina jah an redyae hlaef unsaran | |||
þan sintijnan gif uns hipma dagya jah afleit | |||
uns þeatij skulans sijjaem svasvei jah vijs | |||
afleitam þaem skulam unsaraem jah nij bringaes | |||
uns in fraestubvnjae ak leaosij uns af þapma | |||
ubvilin untei þijna ist þivdyangradyi jah mahts | |||
jah vludyus in aejugyins · ahmein | |||
. |
Latest revision as of 04:08, 27 February 2024
This article is private. The author requests that you do not make changes to this project without approval. By all means, please help fix spelling, grammar and organisation problems, thank you. |
Old Valthungian | |
---|---|
Sou Vladyugutanei Tungou | |
Pronunciation | [soʊ̯ ˈwlɑ.ðʊ.ɡʊ.ta.neɪ̯ ˈtʊŋ.ɡoʊ̯] |
Created by | BenJamin P. Johnson,
creator of: curator of: |
Date | 2018 |
Setting | Northern Italy, ca. 800ᴀᴅ‒1200ᴀᴅ |
Indo-European
|
Old Valthungian represents a period in the development of the Valthungian language lasting from around 800‒1200ad marked mainly by changes to geminates and metathesis of liquids, as well as the introduction of Germanic ī/j-umlaut and some small but important changes to all of the vowels. Though this is a range which experienced many changes, the most representative example of “Old Valthungian” is the language as it is captured in a few surviving texts believed to date to around 950‒975ad.
Phonology of Old Valthungian ca. 950ad
Consonants
Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Dorsal | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Plosive | p · b /p · b/ |
t · d /t · d/ |
k · g /k · ɡ/ | ||
Nasal | · m /m/ |
· n /n/ |
· n[1] [ŋ] | ||
Fricative | f · bv, fv /ɸ · β/ |
dv · þ /ð · θ/ |
s · z /s · ʐ/ |
· jj /ʝ/ |
h · gy /h · ɣ/ |
Approximant | · v /w/ |
· l /l/ |
· r /r/ |
· j /j/ |
Vowels
Short Vowels | Long Vowels | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Front | Back | Front | Back | ||
Close | i · eu /ɪ · ʏ/ |
u /ʊ/ |
ij · euv /iː · yː/ |
uv /uː/ | |
Mid-Close | · y[2] /ᵿ/ |
ei · eou /eː · øː/ |
ou /oː/[3] | ||
Mid-Open | e, ea[4] · eo /ɛ · œ/ |
o [ɔ] |
ae · eao /ɛː · œː/ |
ao /ɔː/ | |
Open | a /a/ |
aa /ɑː/[5] |
Syllabic Sonorants
In addition to the vowels, certain sonorants may act as syllable nuclei (usually word-finally).
Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Dorsal | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Syllabics | m /m̩/ |
n /n̩/ |
r /r̩/ |
l /l̩/ |
Orthography of Old Valthungian
There is very little extant text in Old Valthungian, and what does exist is quite variable, but this is a “regularlised” version of the orthography used at the time around 950ad, with notes where there are variants.
Letters | The twenty-seven “official” letters of the Old Valthungian alphabet are very similar to the twenty-seven letter of the Gothic alphabet, right down to the order of their numbering. There were, however, many variants, ligatures, digraphs, trigraphs, and Latin and Greek letters thrown into the mix in the few small samples we have of definitive Old Valthungian texts. | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Griutungi | IPA | Old Val. | Roman. | Numeric Value |
Variants | Examples | Notes |
a | ɑ | a | 1 | rams ‘poor’ gaf ‘gave’ anþar ‘second’ |
|||
b | b | b | 2 | bradvou ‘axe’ krahba ‘crab’ lamb ‘lamb’ |
|||
g | ɡ | g | 3 | gibvan ‘to give’ graþs ‘yard’ dagz ‘day’ |
|||
d | d | d | 4 | dagz ‘day’ ahdi ‘egg’ teihund ‘(multiple of) ten’ |
|||
e | ɛ | e | 5 | ai | redva ‘earth’ tehsva ‘right-hand’ berja ‘ferry’ |
||
kw | kʷ~kw | qv | 6 | kv, q, ku, cv, cu | qvernu ‘mill’ inqvis ‘to you both’ riqviza ‘darker’ |
||
z | ʐ | z | 7 | ȥ | þizae ‘to that’ hvizazij ‘whatever’ izous ‘hers’ |
||
h | h~x | h | 8 | hretou ‘heart’ tehun ‘ten’ fah ‘glad’ |
|||
þ | θ | þ | 9 | th, fh, c[6] | þjuþ ‘people’ frijaþvou ‘love’ ljugyvaþ ‘light’ |
From the Gothic 𐌸, this letter represented [θ] in Old Valthungian as it did in Gothic, but became [v] and was replaced by for [θ] in the 11th century. | |
i | i | i | 10 | igyil ‘hedgehog’ izae ‘to her’ þivgyi ‘maid’ |
|||
k | k | k | 20 | c | krots ‘short’ taekros ‘brother-in-law’ mask ‘mesh, grid’ |
Sometimes written as kh or ch when aspirated. | |
l | l~ɫ̩ | l | 30 | langz ‘long’ slidvalijks ‘amazing’ tagl ‘tail’ |
(Syllabic and non-syllabic sonorants were not differentiated in Old Valthungian.) | ||
m | m~m̩ | m | 40 | maedvms ‘gift’ mikils ‘great’ ogvuma ‘primary’ |
(Syllabic and non-syllabic sonorants were not differentiated in Old Valthungian.) | ||
n | n~n̩ | n | 50 | naoþs ‘need’ nivntehun ‘nineteen’ niman ‘to take’ |
(Syllabic and non-syllabic sonorants were not differentiated in Old Valthungian.) | ||
j | j | j | 60 | i | jeir ‘year’ jah ‘also’ juvs ‘you all’ |
||
o | ɔ | o | 70 | au | rotigraþs ‘garden’ ogyuma ‘chief’ vroms ‘worm’ |
||
p | p | p | 80 | paedva ‘shirt’ propora ‘purple’ sleipan ‘to sleep’ |
Sometimes written as ph when aspirated. | ||
ī | iː~ij | ij | 90 | ī, ei, ij | ijs ‘ice’ tijþs ‘time’ divpij ‘depth’ |
There is only scant evidence that this ligature was used to represent the value of the number ‘90’, and it is disputable whether the evidence in question is actually the 〈ij〉 ligature, or a holdover of the Gothic number 𐍁. | |
r | r~r̩ | r | 100 | riqvus ‘dark’ broudvr ‘brother’ ver ‘man’ |
(Syllabic and non-syllabic sonorants were not differentiated in Old Valthungian.) | ||
s | s | s | 200 | saovgyila ‘sun’ sehstigjus ‘sixty’ suvs ‘sow’ |
|||
t | t | t | 300 | tungl ‘star’ stivgyiti ‘patience’ trivgyijnat ‘wooden’ |
Sometimes written as th when aspirated. | ||
w | w | v | 400 | vv, uu, ƿ | vlidvijs ‘wild’ saliþva ‘guest room’ svei ‘as though’ |
||
f | ɸ~f | f | 500 | fimf ‘five’ svumfsl ‘’ hlaef ‘bread’ |
|||
kh | kʰ | x | 600 | kh, ch, x, χ | Xristus ‘Christ’ evxaristja ‘eucharist’ katexijns ‘remembrance’ |
This Greek borrowing, which was incorporated into the Gothic alphabet as 𐍇, had merged phonologically with k by the Old Valthungian period, but was occasionally still emphasized with h or even with the Greek letter χ in positions which were not naturally aspirated. Indeed, h was sometimes added to segments which were naturally aspirated, as also happened with p and t. | |
hw | xw | hv | 700 | hv, hw, chv, hu | hvilftri ‘curve’ sehvan ‘to see’ neihv ‘near’ |
The Old Valthungian letter most commonly written as , from Gothic 𐍈, is transliterated as hv, but later came to represent [θ] during the 11th century. | |
u | u | u | 800 | ulbvandus ‘rhinocerus’ ubvils ‘evil’ unþ ‘until’ |
|||
j | ʝ | jj | 900 | i, j, ʒ | þrijja ‘three’ teaojjan ‘to do’ beajjouþs ‘both’ |
||
Ligatures & Polygraphs | Most of these represent single phonemes and might be considered letters in their own right, but were not part of the numbered Gothic alphabet. | ||||||
Griutungi | IPA | Old Val. | Roman. | Numeric Value |
Variants | Examples | Notes |
ā | ɑː | aa | - | a, ā | haahs ‘shark’ faahan ‘to capture’ andaþaaht ‘rational’ |
Long vowels were sometimes indicated by doubling, sometimes with a macron or any of a half dozen other markings, or ignored completely. | |
ǣ | ɛː | ae | - | ai, ee | braeþ ‘wide’ aedvij ‘mother’ twae ‘two’ |
||
ǭ | ɔː | ao | - | au, oa, oo, ō | aogyou ‘eye’ fraos ‘happy’ naohuhþan ‘still, yet’ |
||
b | β~v | bv | - | vv | silbva ‘self’ arbvi ‘inheritance’ hlaebva ‘bread.dat’ |
||
g | ɣ | gy | - | y, g | aogyou ‘eye’ bagyms ‘tree’ igyil ‘hedgehog’ |
||
d | ð | dv | - | dv, δ | aedvij ‘mother’ daladva ‘down’ þjudvij ‘meaning’ |
Though dv is used here for transcription, a letter derived from the Gothic letter dags (but resembling ϫ, the Coptic gangia) was more often used. | |
- | ɛ~æ | EA | ea | - | e, ai, ae | seatjan ‘to set’ Mbreajja ‘Maria’ eakijt ‘vinegar’ |
This was used for the umlauted form of short a (Griutungi and Gothic a). |
- | œː | eao | - | eoa, eō, eoo | eaodvijs ‘desert’ feaodjan ‘to feed’ heaohij ‘height’ |
This was used for the umlauted form of ao (Griutungi ǭ, Gothic au). | |
ē | eː~ei̯ | ei | - | ē, ee, ej | meina ‘moon’ eimaeti ‘ant’ swei ‘such, thus’ |
||
- | œ | eo | - | oe, ø | vreokjan ‘to work’ reokjus ‘jug’ deohtrjus ‘daughters’ |
This was used for the umlauted form of o (Griutungi o, Gothic au). | |
- | øː~øu̯ | eou | - | eoo, eō, ooe | afmeoudvij ‘disagreement’ meougyjis ‘girls’ deoumjan ‘to judge’ |
This was used for the umlauted form of oo (Griutungi and Gothic ō). | |
- | y | eu | - | y, ue | feutlijns ‘fulfillment’ seundij ‘health’ eunkja ‘ounce’ |
This was used for the umlauted form of u. | |
- | yː | euv | - | yy, uue, euu, eeu | heuvhjan ‘to hoard’ seuvtijs ‘gentle’ leuvkjan ‘to latch’ |
This was used for the umlauted form of uv (Griutungi and Gothic ū). | |
iu | iw | iv | - | iu, ju, jv | ivqv ‘up’ kniv ‘knee’ þivfs ‘thief’ |
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ng | ŋɡ | ng | 53 | gg | singvan ‘to sing’ gangan ‘to go’ wingz ‘wing’ |
Sometimes written with g instead of n in a reflection of the Gothic. | |
nk | ŋk | nk | - | gk, gc | drinkan ‘to drink’ anke ‘lower leg’ unkis ‘to us’ |
Sometimes written with g instead of n in a reflection of the Gothic. | |
nkw | ŋkw | nqv | 56 | gq, gqv, nq, nkv, ncu... | inqvar ‘your’ hrinkvan ‘to gather’ sankvus ‘sunset’ |
Sometimes written with g instead of n in a reflection of the Gothic. | |
ō | oː~ou̯ | ou | - | oo, ō, o, ov | ous ‘river-mouth’ sougila ‘sun’ tou ‘to, toward’ |
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ū | uː | uv | - | ū, u, uu | uvhtvou ‘pre-dawn’ þuvsundi ‘thousand’ huvs ‘shed’ |
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f | β~v | FV | fv | - | f, v, bv | ufvar ‘over’ aefvrs ‘terrifying’ vladvufvni ‘violence’ |
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y | ʏ~ᵿ | y | 400 | y, i, u, ui | synagyovgyei ‘synagogue’ hyhsopus ‘hyssop’ þymjam ‘incense’ |
It is likely that this was still a separate phoneme in Old Valthungian from the umlaut of u, though some of the means of transcription overlapped a bit. This phoneme was used only in borrowings from the Greek, and after the Old Valthungian period, these two phonemes had completely merged. Our intermediate transcription shows ÿ for the letter representing Gothic 𐍅/w from Greek υ. The exact pronunciation is unknown, but it seems likely that it was differentiated from eu (the i-umlaut of /u/) in Old Valthungian. These two sounds had merged by the Middle Valthungian period. Numerically, it was equivalent to Gothic 𐍅 (400). |
An Old Valthungian Text
Though there are very few extant Old Valthungian texts, obnoxiously large numbers of the Pater Noster text have been discovered. Here's one now:
ahta unsar þuv in himinam vijhnae namou þijn qvimae þivdyinahsus þijns vredyae vilja þijns svei in himina jah an redyae hlaef unsaran þan sintijnan gif uns hipma dagya jah afleit uns þeatij skulans sijjaem svasvei jah vijs afleitam þaem skulam unsaraem jah nij bringaes uns in fraestubvnjae ak leaosij uns af þapma ubvilin untei þijna ist þivdyangradyi jah mahts jah vludyus in aejugyins · ahmein
.
- ^ Before g or k
- ^ This was likely a lax central near-close vowel, not a front vowel; i.e. [ᵿ], not [ʏ]. It later merged with /y/.
- ^ All of the mid-close long vowels may have been diphthongs, i.e. [eɪ̯], [œʏ̯], and [oʊ̯] – and 〈eou〉 was almost certainly [œʏ̯] – but the spelling of 〈ei〉 and 〈ou〉 is likely related to conventions borrowed from early Romance languages of the time rather than an indication of dipthongisation.
- ^ In the standardised orthography, 〈e〉 occurs only where adjacent to /r/ or /h/, while 〈ea〉 is the umlaut of /a/. It is likely they represented the same sounds, though some scholars contend that 〈ea〉 wa a more open [æ].
- ^ All other back vowels seem to have distinguished umlaut forms, but the umlaut of 〈aa〉 is consistently written as 〈ae〉 and was presumably realized as [eː]. In an early version of the Chrysanthi Grammar, 〈eaa〉 was used for this purpose, but later versions have 〈ae〉 exclusively.
- ^ c for /θ/ is anomalous, only appearing in one extant instance, and is most likely the result of a transcription error, though many have used it (grossly incorrectly) to associate Old Valthungian with the Iberian Goths, positing that this somehow relates to ceceo in modern Spanish. It absolutely does not, and the Old Valthungian speakers never came within 500 miles of present-day Spain, but facts have never stood in the way of good speculation.