Ciètian: Difference between revisions

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[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Wordlist]]<br/>
<!--[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Wordlist]]<br/>
[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Swadesh list]]<br/>
[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Swadesh list]]<br/>
[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Names]]<br/>
[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Names]]<br/>
[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Sandbox]]<br/>
[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Sandbox]]<br/>-->
{{list subpages}}


{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|image =  
|image =  
|imagesize =  
|imagesize =  
|setting = [[Verse:Tricin]]
|setting = [[Verse:Tricin|Tricin]]
|creator= [[User:IlL]]
|creator= User:IlL
|name = {{SUBPAGENAME}}
|name = {{SUBPAGENAME}}
|nativename = i hYekhanav
|nativename = ye Giètem
|pronunciation=   
|pronunciation=   
|region = Talma
|state = Talma
|speakers = 100 million L1 speakers (300 million L2 speakers)
|speakers = 100 million L1 speakers (300 million L2 speakers)
|date = fT 1670<sub>dd</sub> (2676)
|date = fT 1670<sub>dd</sub> (2676)
|familycolor=PfK
|familycolor=PfK
|fam1= [[Proto-Quihum|Quihum]]
|fam1= [[Quame languages|Quame]]
|fam2= [[Talmic languages|Talmic]]
|fam2= [[Talmic languages|Talmic]]
|fam3= Thensaric
|fam3= Thensaric
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}}
}}


'''{{SUBPAGENAME}}''' (natively ''i hYexanav'' /ɪ ˈçɛxənəv/ or ''i γgaaħ hYexanav'' /ɪ ɣaːħ ˈçɛxənəv/) is a minority [[Talmic languages|Talmic language]] (in the Tigolic subbranch of Talmic, which also includes [[Eevo]]). It's inspired by Irish, Arabic, Farsi, Polish, Romanian, Korean, and German.
'''{{SUBPAGENAME}}''' (''CHAIT-i-ən''; natively ''Ciètem, ye Giètem'', from Thensarian ''Centimae'') is a [[Talmic languages|Talmic language]] (in the Tigolic subbranch of Talmic, which also includes [[Eevo]]). It's inspired by Mandarin, German, Occitan, Irish, [[Thedish]], and English (particularly Cockney and Philadelphian).
 
A close relative (sometimes considered a dialect) is [[Páuluòbeng]]. [[Anbirese]], a more distant relative, is still somewhat mutually intelligible.


==Todo==
==Todo==
* should be Ăn Yidiș gib?
*Change orthography
* No case, Welsh grammar
*''netzier'' = chain
*''Nian yirastzuòtzìn!'' = I'm innocent!
*''Srüeil'' = a name (from Sréul)
*''Sgüeila'' = Skella
*Single vs. double negatives: use both
*Single vs. double negatives: use both
*Vdh > lowered vowels - a source of /ɛ: ɔ:/ in addition to Old Eevo ''ae ao''
*need vowel changes from Old Eevo
**a > ea, e > eo, i > iu in certain conditions - what type of pal'n do these new vowels trigger
**a > ea, e > eo, i > iu in certain conditions - what type of pal'n do these new vowels trigger
***e.g. cell 'small' > *cĕoll > chow /tʃow/
***e.g. ''cell'' 'small' > *cĕoll > ''ciel''
**already have eo éu iu íu/iú
**already have eo éu iu íu/iú
*Actually palatalization is NOT as simple as this. y ø a o u vs. i ie vs. ia io iu vs ja jo ju je/ĺa ĺo ĺu ĺe affect consonants differently.
*Actually palatalization is NOT as simple as this. y ø a o u vs. i ie vs. ia io iu vs ja jo ju je/ĺa ĺo ĺu ĺe affect consonants differently.
*Get rid of initial clusters:
**CrV- > CVrV-
**sX- > X- (tensed) (X = plosive)
**sR- > sVR- (R = m, n, ń, ŋ, r)
*non-initial -gh might die
*non-initial -gh might die
*''mee in aavaħ'' (this DEF book) = 'this book'
*''mièn àvath'' (this-DEF book) = 'this book'
*Revise Thensarian declension based on {{SUBPAGENAME}}
*Revise Thensarian declension based on {{SUBPAGENAME}}
*Have a separate schwa phoneme ''a'' /ə/?
*Have a separate schwa phoneme ''a'' /ə/?
*''-ac'' is cognate to Eevo ''-ahd'' (both from Old Eevo ''-aitt'')
*''-atz'' is cognate to Eevo ''-ahd''
*''-z'' is one plural suffix (often used for nouns ending in vowels; from palatalized lenited -dh)
*''-z'' is one plural suffix (often used for nouns ending in vowels; from palatalized lenited -dh)
*''cht'' > ''c'' à la Wenedyk, final slender ''-t'' > ''-cy''
*''cht'' > ''tz'' à la Wenedyk, final slender ''-t'' > ''-cy''
*slender b > j?
*sg palatalizes to /ʃ/ {{angbr|sgi}}
*sk palatalizes to sh
*Words starting with f- are reanalyzed to start with p-: nonstandard dialects don't have this
*Etymological doublets from Tigol absolute-conjunct verb forms.
*Etymological doublets from Tigol absolute-conjunct verb forms.
*Use some Allemañisch tricks (namely st-, sc- > tt-, kk-)
*lianger = dream (< ''leṁar'')
*Slender t > ts
a e i o u á é í ó ú ai ei io iu oi ui ae ao aoi ái éi eó éu ia ío íu iú(i) ói oí ua uai úi uí
 
-> a ia i uo u à iè ì uò ù e ie i ü e ü ai ao è ai ei iao iù ì ì ǜ ǜ ù uì ù è
 
Numbers: cìm, tiħer, nèz, dèv, sel, sdàm, ruìz, lèr, bàr, niaur, yàchim, cnè


==Notes==
==Notes==
Line 57: Line 65:


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
The following describes {{SUBPAGENAME}} as spoken in Ascemmiin.
The following describes {{SUBPAGENAME}} as spoken in Sdiemìn.
===Stress===
===Stress===
Stress is not phonemic and is weight-sensitive. The rule is: the last long vowel is stressed. If there is no long vowel the last syllable is stressed.
Stress is not phonemic and is weight-sensitive. The rule is: the last long vowel is stressed. If there is no long vowel the last syllable is stressed.


In most compound words, primary stress falls on the first member and a secondary stress falls on the second member. Place names are sometimes exceptions to the preceding rule: for example, the element ''-vę'' is always stressed.
In most compound words, primary stress falls on the first member and a secondary stress falls on the second member. Place names are sometimes exceptions to the preceding rule: for example, the element ''-vià'' is always stressed.
 
===Intonation===
Pitch accent?
====Word level====
*A stressed short vowel has a high pitch.
*A stressed long vowel or diphthong has a falling pitch but ends in a higher pitch than unstressed vowels.
*Unstressed vowels have low pitch.
====Clause level====
*Pitch drops at the end of a sentence.
<!--
*neutral: level intonation
*questions: rising intonation
*subclauses: dipping intonation
*exclamations: falling intonation
-->


===Consonants===
===Consonants===
{{SUBPAGENAME}} has a large consonant inventory (about 43 consonants).
The Anbiric spirantization had taken place: [[Tigol]] t ṫ d ḋ /tʰ dʰ t d/ had become /θ ð tʰ d/ in Old Anbirese, the "common ancestor" or "areolect" in the Anbiric dialect continuum characterized by this shift.


{| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="text-align:center;"
{{PAGENAME}} has an aspiration distinction in stops; however, the distinction is neutralized in word-final position.
|+ '''{{SUBPAGENAME}} consonants'''
|-
!colspan="2"| !! Labial !! Dental/Alveolar !! Postalv. !! Palatal !! Velar !! Pharyngeal !! Glottal
|-
!rowspan="2"|Nasal
!<small>plain</small>
| '''m''' /m/
| '''n''' /n/
|
| '''ny''' /ɲ/
| '''ŋ''' /ŋ/ || ||
|-
!<small>geminate</small>
| '''mm''' /m:/
| '''nn''' /n:/
|
| '''nny''' /ɲ:/
| '''ŋŋ''' /ŋ:/ || ||
|-
!rowspan="3"|Stop
!<small>plain</small>
| '''p''' /p/
| '''t''' /t/
|
|
| '''k''' /k/ || ||
|-
!<small>tense</small>
| '''pp''' /p˭/
| '''tt''' /t˭/
|
|
| '''kk''' /k˭/ || ||
|-
!<small>lenis</small>
| '''b''' /b/
| '''d''' /d/
|  ||
| '''g''' /g/ || ||
|-
!rowspan="3"|Affricate
!<small>plain</small>
|
| '''c''' /ts/
| '''ch''' /tʃ/
| '''cy''' /tɕ/
| || ||
|-
!<small>tense</small>
|
| '''cc''' /ts˭/
| '''cch''' /tʃ˭/
| '''ccy''' /tɕ˭/
| || ||
|-
!<small>lenis</small>
|
| '''j''' /dz/
| '''jh''' /dʒ/
| '''jy''' /dʑ/ || || ||
|-
!rowspan="2"|Spirant
!<small>unvoiced</small>
| '''f''' /f/
|
| || '''hy''' /ç/
| '''x''' /x/ || '''ħ''' /ħ/ ||
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| '''v''' /v/
| 
| ||
| '''γ''' /ɣ/ || ||
|-
!rowspan="2"|Sibilant
!<small>unvoiced</small>
| 
| '''s''' /s/
| '''sh''' /ʃ/ || '''sy''' /ɕ/ ||
| || '''h''' /h/
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| 
| '''z''' /z/
| '''zh''' /ʒ/ || '''zy''' /ʑ/ ||
| ||
|-
!colspan="2"| Liquid
|
| '''r''' /ɾ/<br/>'''rh''' /r/ ||  ||
| || ||
|-
!colspan="2"| Approximant
| '''w''' /w/ || ||
| '''y''' /j/ ||
|
|
|}


;Notes
*'''c g ch gh''' /k g x ɣ/
*An initial /ʔ/ can be added to null initials (but is not mandatory).
*'''ci/cü gi/gü chi/chü/sgi/sgü''' /tʃ dʒ ʃ/
*Voiceless stops are aspirated syllable-initially; voiced stops devoice after voiceless sounds.
*'''tz dz s z''' /ts dz s z/
* {{SUBPAGENAME}} has a form of Auslautverhärtung: voicing is neutralized for word-final stops but not word-final fricatives.
*'''t d th dh''' /t d ħ ɣ/
*/n, t, d/ are usually dental [n̪, t̪, d̪].
*'''p b f v''' /p b f w/
*/s/ is laminal alveolar [s].
*'''pь bь fь vь''' /pj bj fj vj/
*/ŋ, k, g/ are usually velar [ŋ, k, g].
*'''r rr h m n nь ng l y''' /r r̝ h m n nj ŋ l j/  
*/ŋ, k, g, x, ɣ/ are prevelar before front vowels.
**/l/ is velarized when not followed by /i/, /j/, /y/, or /ɥ/.
*In dialects and classical singing and drama, /w/ is pronounced as [ɫ].
*After a vowel, /ɣ/ colloquially disappears with compensatory lengthening of the vowel if the vowel is short (unless the /ɣ/ begins a stressed syllable.)


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
{{SUBPAGENAME}} has a moderately large vowel system (7 vowel qualities).
Ciètian has the following vowels:
 
*'''i ü u ie üe a'''  /ɪ ʏ ʊ jɛ ɥɛ a/
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="text-align:center;"
*/ɪj ʏɥ ʊw jɛː wɔː ɑː ɒj æː äj äw jäw jæj (ɥ)ɶj ɯː ɤː jɤː ɥɤː wɤː aɯ/
|+ '''{{SUBPAGENAME}} vowels'''
*/ə ɨ~i/
====Monophthongs====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style=""|
! colspan="2" style="" |Front
! colspan="2" style="" |Central
! colspan="2" style="" |Back
|-
|-
! rowspan="3" |
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
! colspan="2" |Front
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
! colspan="2" |Central
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
! colspan="3" |Back
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
|-
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
! colspan="2" style="" |<small>unrounded</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
! style=" " |<small>unrounded</small>
! style=" " |<small>rounded</small>
! style=" " |<small>unrounded</small>
! style=" " |<small>rounded</small>
|-
!style=" "|<small>short</small>
!style=" "|<small>long</small>
!style=" "|<small>short</small>
!style=" "|<small>long</small>
!style=" "|<small>short</small>
!style=" "|<small>long</small>
|-
|-
! style="" |Close
! style="" |Close
| '''i''' /ɪ/
| '''i''' /i/, '''ü''' /y/
| '''ii''' /iː/
| '''ì''' /ɪj/, '''ǜ''' /ʏɥ/
|  
|  
|  
|  
| '''u''' /ʊ/
| '''u''' /u/
| '''uu''' /uː/
| '''ù''' /ʊw/
|-
|-
! style="" |Mid
! style="" |Close-mid
|
|  
|  
| '''ee''' /eː/
| '''e''' /ə/
| [ə]
|  
|  
|  
|  
| '''oo''' /oː/
| /ɯː/
|-
|-
! style="" |Open-mid
! style="" |Mid
| '''e''' /ɛ/
|'''ie, üe''' /ɛ/
| '''ę''' /ɛː/
|'''ià''' /ɛː/
| [ə]
|  
|  
|  
|  
| '''o''' /ɔ/
| '''(u)ò''' /wɔː/
| '''ą''' /ɔː/
|-
|-
! style="" |Open
! style="" |Open
| '''ia''' [æ]
|  
|  
|
| '''a''' /a/  
| '''a''' /a/
| '''aa''' /aː/
|  
|  
|  
|  
| '''à''' /ɑː/
|}
|}
[ɨ(ː) ʉ(ː)] are allophones of /i(ː) y(ː)/ after dental and retroflex sibilants.


There are also two diphthongs: '''ia''' /iə/ and '''ua''' /uə/.
/ɯː/ is more fully back, unlike [ɨː].
 
Semivowel onglides: '''i ü u''' /j ɥ w/
 
Diphthongs: '''ai au ei ou iou iei üei''' /ɒj æː äj äw jäw jæj ɥɶj/
 
====R-colored vowels====
(No linking R is used.)
*ar, àr /ɔɯ~ɤː/
*er, èr, air, aor /aɯ/
*ir, ìr, iur,  eir, ier, ièr /jəɯ~jɤː/
*or, òr /uɯ~ɯː/
*ür, ǜr /ɥɤː/
*ur, ùr /wɤː/
*final -er = /ɨ/
*final -ier = /i/


===Phonotactics===
===Phonotactics===
Unlike Eevo and Rhythoed, {{SUBPAGENAME}} doesn't like initial clusters. All initial clusters are prohibited except those of the form /Cw/. Geminate nasals are also not allowed word-initially.
Final clusters are allowed, however.


===Loanword phonology===
===Loanword phonology===
Initial /θ/ and /x/ in loans are rendered /t/ and /k/ respectively (cf. German pronounces initial ''ch'' in Greek loans as /k/). Non-initial /θ/ and /x/ become /ħ/ and /x/.
Initial /θ/, /x/ and /h/ in loans are rendered /t/, /k/ and /Ø/ respectively (cf. German pronounces initial ''ch'' in Greek loans as /k/). Non-initial /θ/, /x/, and /h/ become /ħ/, /x/, and /x/.


Stress is usually as in the original language; non-initially stressed words lengthen the stressed vowel. Example: ''bintawisraaw'' /bintəwisˈraːw/ 'republic'.
Stress is usually as in the original language; non-initially stressed words lengthen the stressed vowel. Example: ''bintelesràl'' /pɪnthəɫəsˈɻaːɫ/ 'republic'.


==Morphophonology==
==Morphophonology==
===Mutations===
===Mutations===


{| class="greentable lightgreenbg " style=" text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
|-
|+ '''Consonant mutations'''
|+ '''Consonant mutations'''
|-
|-
!|Root consonant
!|Radical
|''m'' /m/||''p'' /p/||''b'' /b/||''f'' /f/||''t'' /t/||''d'' /d/||''cy'' /tɕ/||''jy'' /dʑ/||''s'' /s/||''sy'' /ɕ/||''sh'' /ʃ/||''k'' /k/||''g'' /g/||''ch'' /tʃ/||''jh'' /dʒ/||''0'' /Ø/, ''y'' /j/
|''m'' /m/||''p'' /pʰ/||''b'' /p/||''f'' /f/||''t'' /tʰ/||''d'' /t/||''q'' /tɕʰ/||''j'' /tɕ/||''s'' /s/||''x'' /ɕ/||''sh'' /ʂ/||''k'' /kʰ/||''g'' /k/||''ch'' /tʂʰ/||''zh'' /tʂ/||''0'' /Ø/, ''y'' /j/
|-
|-
!|Lenited
!|Lenited
|''vm'' /v/ ||''fp'' /f/ ||''vb'' /v/ ||''hf'' /h/||''ħt'' /ħ/||''d'' /d/||''scy'' /ɕ/||''zjy'' /ʑ/||''hs'' /h/||''sy'' /ɕ/||''sh'' /ʃ/||''xk'' /x/||''γg'' /ɣ/||''sch'' /ʃ/||''zjh'' /ʒ/|| add ''h' '' /h/
|''ngm'' /ŋ/ ||''fp'' /f/ ||''vb'' /v/ ||''f'' /f/ ||''ħt'' /ħ/||''tzd'' /ts/||''xq'' /ɕ/||''ξj'' /ʑ/||''hs'' /h/||''x'' /ɕ/||''sh'' /ʂ/||''hk'' /x/||''γg'' /ɣ/||''sch'' /ʂ/||''rzh'' /ɻ/|| add ''h' '' /x/
|-
|-
!|Eclipsed
!|Eclipsed
|''m'' /m/||''bp'' /b/||''mb'' /m/||''vf'' /v/||''dt'' /d/||''nd'' /n/||''jcy'' /dʑ/||''njy'' /ɲ/||''zs'' /z/||''zsy'' /ʑ/||''zsh'' /ʒ/||''gk'' /g/||''ŋg'' /ŋ/||''jch'' /dʑ/||''njh'' /ɲ/|| add ''n' '' /n/
|''m'' /m/||''bp'' /p/||''mb'' /m/||''vf'' /v/||''dt'' /t/||''nd'' /n/||''jq'' /tɕ/||''nj'' /ɲ/||''зs'' /z/||''ξx'' /ʑ/||''rsh'' /ɻ/||''gk'' /k/||''ŋg'' /ŋ/||''jch'' /tʂ/||''njh'' /ɲ/|| add ''n' '' /n/
|}
|}
===Palatalization===
*e/i-palatalization
**l not affected
*ä-palatalization
*ia/io/iu-palatalization
**l softens to /j/
*soft L-palatalization
**k, t > cy
*initial vs. non-initial pal'zn
===Umlaut===
i-umlaut often operates in inflections and derivation:
o oo u uu ua > nonpalatalizing e ee i ii ia
a > somewhat palatalizing e
Generally i-umlaut is triggered by Old Eevo post-tonic -(a)e-, -(a)é-, -(a)i- and -(a)í- if there does not intervene another syllable between the root and these post-tonic vowels. There are sporadic exceptions.


==Dialectology==
==Dialectology==
Line 290: Line 198:
===Common dialectal features===
===Common dialectal features===
*/x ɣ/ realized as uvular [χ ʁ]
*/x ɣ/ realized as uvular [χ ʁ]
*Native words in f- retained
*h from Tigol h = /h/; h from Tigol ch = /x/; ħ is consistently /ħ/
 
===Dialect 1===
Something closer to my old Yekhanese (i.e. more Sorbian/Persian-ish)
:'''''Nyav baa gew gkar asŋea gasaan ak ascii nea woŋŋacy ak nea vmarozh. Nyav ar·seciin nea na vmiishiin ak i n'astorŋax, ak nya ar hu wa poda baraaħanar nea na weesycy na syarbacy.'''''
:/ɲəv baː gɛw gaɾ əsˈŋɛː gəˈsaːn ək əsˈtsiː nɛː ˈwoŋːətɕ ək nɛː vəˈɾɔʒ. ɲəv əɾsɛˈtsiːn nɛ nə viːˈʃiːn ək i nəstɔɾˈŋax, ək ɲə ˈaɾ hu wə pɔˈda bəˈraːħənəɾ nɛː nə ˈweːɕtɕ nə ɕəɾˈbatɕ./


==Morphology==
==Morphology==
===Pronouns===
===Pronouns===
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg " style=" text-align: center;"
Anbirese but with more politeness distinctions
|-
!|
!I!!you (sg.)!!he!!she!!it!!we (exc.)!!we (inc.)!!you (pl.)!!they!!you (semi-polite)!!you (polite)
|-
!|Emphatic
|''gonin''||''gonas''||''gonu''||''gonyi''||''gona''||''gonav''||''gonid''||''gonax''||''gonar''||''gonax''||''gonawaa''
|-
!|Genitive
|''naa''||''fiar''||''hu''||''hi''||''he''||''aav''||''geed''||''seed''||''haar''||''seed''||''waa''
|-
!|Accusative
|''moon''||''moos''||''moov''||''mooy''||''moo''||''moom''||''meed''||''moox''||''moor''||''moox''||''mowaa''
|}
====Politeness====
Modern {{SUBPAGENAME}} has three levels of politeness in pronouns:
*''gonas, moos'' (sg.) is used for family members, friends, pets, inanimates, deities, and among blue-collar workers. It is becoming more common among young people.
*''gonalaa, mowaa'' is used as a polite second-person pronoun (for both singular and plural) for strangers or persons in positions of authority. It is still considered acceptable for some professions, such as superiors in military or schoolteachers, to refer to their counterparts with the familiar pronouns ''gonas'' and ''gonax'', although nowadays using ''gonawaa'' is becoming more common.
*''gonax'' is roughly intermediate in formality between ''gonas'' and ''gonawaa''. The pronoun ''gonax'' is used when an apprentice addresses their master, when university students address professors or when professors address students. In universities and some schools students use ''gonax'' for each other. (In vocational schools ''gonawaa'' is used for student-instructor conversation.) Strangers on the Internet and books intended for a general audience also use ''gonax''.
**In archaic {{SUBPAGENAME}}, ''gonax'' is used as a polite pronoun for persons of higher class (say nobles or royalty), or among the upper class.
 
===Nouns===
===Nouns===
Standard {{SUBPAGENAME}} nouns are quite conservative: they have three genders (masculine, feminine and neuter), three numbers (singular, plural and collective), and three states (nominative, genitive and construct). Collective nouns take singular agreement with verbs and adjectives. Regiolects usually have less noun declension.
Standard {{SUBPAGENAME}} nouns are quite conservative: they have three genders (masculine, feminine and neuter), three numbers (singular, plural and collective), and three states (nominative, genitive and construct). Collective nouns take singular agreement with verbs and adjectives. Regiolects usually have more tone and less noun declension.


*The nominative singular, nominative plural, and genitive singular must be memorized for every noun. Feminine plurals tend to end in ''-r''.
*The nominative singular, nominative plural, and genitive singular must be memorized for every noun. Feminine plurals tend to end in ''-r''.
*The genitive plural is formed by affixing ''-ny'' to the genitive singular.
*The genitive plural is formed by affixing ''-enı'' to the genitive singular.
*The singular construct is formed by affixing ''-aħ'' to the nominative singular.  
*The singular construct is formed by affixing ''-aħ'' to the nominative singular.  
*The plural construct is formed by affixing ''-u'' to the nominative singular if the nominative singular ends in a consonant, and ''-v'' to the nominative singular if it ends in a vowel.
*The plural construct is formed by affixing ''-u'' to the nominative singular if the nominative singular ends in a consonant, and ''-v'' to the nominative singular if it ends in a vowel.
====The article====
====The article====
The article inflects and triggers mutation based on number and gender.
The article inflects and triggers mutation based on number, case and gender.


The singular definite article ''i'' and ''i<sup>N</sup>'' changes to ''in'' (with no mutation) before a noun starting with a V. For example:  
The singular definite article ''ye'' and ''ye<sup>N</sup>'' changes to ''yen'' (with no mutation) before a noun starting with a vowel or a semivowel. For example:  
*''*i<sup>N</sup> uar'' > ''in uar'' (masculine) 'the sense (nominative)';
*''*ye<sup>N</sup> ùr'' > ''yen ùr'' /jən ˈwɤː/ (masculine) 'the sense (nominative)';
*''*i aavaħ'' > ''in aavaħ'' (neuter) 'the book (nominative)'.
*''*ye àvaz'' > ''yen àvaz'' /jən ˈaːvəz/ (neuter) 'the book (nominative)'.
But:
But:
*''i h'yowm'' (feminine) 'the star (nominative)'.
*''ye<sup>L</sup> astzuòtz'' > ''ye h'astzuòtz'' /jə xasˈtswɔːts/ (feminine) 'the guilt (nominative)'.


Collective nouns are by nature definite, and the collective of a noun is formed by using the collective article before the singular form.
Collective nouns are by nature definite, and the collective of a noun is formed by using the collective article before the singular form.


The nominative case is used for the subject; the genitive case is used for direct objects and objects of prepositions.
*The nominative case is used for the subject
*The accusative case is used for direct objects and after certain prepositions
*The dative cade is used after certain prepositions
*The genitive case is used for possession


To be revised:
Todo: accusative and dative
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="text-align:center;"  
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="text-align:center;"  
|+ '''Definite article'''
|+ '''Definite article'''
! rowspan=2 | || colspan="3" | singular || colspan="3" | plural || colspan=3 | collective
! rowspan=2 | || colspan="3" | singular || colspan="3" | plural  
|-
|-
! m. || f. || n. || m. || f. || n. || m. || f. || n.
! m. || f. || n. || m. || f. || n.  
|-
|-
! nom.
! nom.
| ''i<sup>N</sup>'' || ''i<sup>L</sup>'' || ''i''  || ''na'' || ''nar'' || ''na<sup>N</sup>'' || ''ba<sup>N</sup>'' || ''ba<sup>L</sup>'' || ''ba''
| ''ye<sup>N</sup>'' || ''ye<sup>L</sup>'' || ''ye''  || ''na'' || ''ner'' || ''na<sup>N</sup>''
|-
! Example
| ''ye mpràn'' || ''ye gkàtz'' || ''ye hazier''  || ''na pràn'' || ''ner kàtzer'' || ''na nghazier''
|-
! acc.
| ''ye<sup>L</sup>'' || ''ye'' || ''ye''  || ''na'' || ''ner'' || ''na<sup>N</sup>''
|-
! Example
| ''ye mpràn'' || ''ye kàtz'' || ''ye hazier''  || ''na pràn'' || ''ner kàtzer'' || ''na nghazier''
|-
! dat.
| ''yi<sup>N</sup>'' || ''na<sup>L</sup>'' || ''yi''  || ''na'' || ''na'' || ''na''
|-
! Example
| ''yi mpràn'' || ''ye gkàtz'' || ''yi hazier''  || ''na pràn'' || ''na kàtzer'' || ''na hazier''
|-
|-
! gen.
! gen.
| ''na<sup>L</sup>'' || ''na<sup>L</sup>'' || ''i<sup>N</sup>'' || ''na'' || ''na'' || ''na'' || ''ba<sup>L</sup>'' || ''ba<sup>L</sup>'' || ''ba<sup>N</sup>''
| ''na<sup>L</sup>'' || ''na<sup>L</sup>'' || ''na<sup>L</sup>'' || ''nanı'' || ''nanı'' || ''nanı''
|-
! Example
| ''na bprànı'' || ''na gkàtzan'' || ''n'γazra'' || ''nanı prànenı'' || ''nanı kàtzenı'' || ''nanı hazrienı''
|}
|}


===Adjectives===
===Adjectives===
Attributive adjectives must agree with nouns in gender, number and case. Adjectives have fewer principal parts than nouns, namely just the nominative singular and genitive singular = nominative masculine/neuter plural. The feminine plural always ends in ''-ar'', and the genitive plural always ends in ''-ny''.
Attributive adjectives must agree with nouns in gender, number and case. Adjectives have the same principal parts as nouns. The feminine plural always ends in ''-er'', and the genitive plural always ends in ''-enı''.


{| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="text-align:center;"  
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="text-align:center;"  
|+ Attributive forms of ''chow, chow, chowa'' 'small'
|+ Attributive forms of ''cial'' 'small'
! rowspan=2 | || colspan="3" | singular, collective || colspan="3" | plural  
! rowspan=2 | || colspan="3" | singular || colspan="3" | plural  
|-
|-
! m. || f. || n. || m. || f. || n.  
! m. || f. || n. || m. || f. || n.  
|-
|-
! nom.
! nom.
| ''jchow'' || ''schow'' || ''chow''  || ''chowa'' || ''chowar'' || ''jchowa''  
| ''jcial'' || ''xcial'' || ''cial''  || ''ciala'' || ''cialer'' || ''jciala''  
|-
|-
! gen.
! gen.
| ''schowa'' || ''jchowa'' || ''jchowa'' || ''chowany'' || ''chowany'' || ''chowany''  
| ''jciele'' || ''jciele'' || ''jciele'' || ''cialenı'' || ''cialenı'' || ''cialenı''  
|}
|}


===Verbs===
===Verbs===
Modern {{PAGENAME}} has a closed class of about 20-30 auxiliaries which are conjugated for tense and person. The main verb is used as a verbal noun. (Verbal nouns do not decline.) Example:
====Finite verb inflection====
All forms of a {{PAGENAME}} verb are formed from four principal parts:
 
#the present absolute stem
#the imperative stem
#the past stem
#the bare infinitive stem
 
The forms of a {{PAGENAME}} verb are the following:
*Present tense: PRESENT + ''-ig'', negative ''θri'' + IMPERATIVE
*Subjunctive (after preverbs): also IMPERATIVE
*Future tense: ''aeb'' + IMPERATIVE
*Past tense: PAST + ''-in''; induces split-ergativity
*Imperative: IMPERATIVE
*''-eod'' infinitive: PRESENT + -eod
*bare infinitive: INFINITIVE
 
There is no aspect distinction.
 
====Other forms====
*The active participle in ''-ig'' is used to modify a noun. As such it is used as a relative form for the subject.
*The ''-et'' infinitive:
**is used with modal verbs.
*The ''-eγ'' infinitive:
**with ''zi'' 'in', indicates "while the action is taking place" or, when possessed, "while POSSESSOR is VERBing"
**with ''ar'' 'on', indicates "upon/as soon as the action is taking place" or, when possessed,  "upon the POSSESSOR's VERBing"
**with ''nai'' 'by', indicates that the verb's action serves a purpose: "by VERBing"
*The bare infinitive:
**with ''zi'' 'in', indicates the progressive.
**with ''jel'' 'from', indicates (from just having been VERB-ing)
**with ''ħrù'' 'next to', indicates "intends to VERB" or "about to VERB"
**with ''asd'' 'without', indicates "without VERBing"
**(nonstandard) with ''ħand'' 'after', indicates that the action just happened.
 
====Split-ergativity====
{{PAGENAME}} has split-ergativity: past tense verbs display ergative alignment, and non-past tense verbs have accusative alignment.
 
That is, the subject is marked with the preposition ''u'' for transitive verbs, and is unmarked for intransitive verbs. In the case of transitive verbs, the ergative marking occurs regardless of whether or not there is a direct object.


:'''''Nyan garhiav wan dtarsiad ikaan xkarhii.'''''
Examples:
:[ɲan gaˈriəv wən daɾˈsiət iˈkaːn xəˈr̝iː]
{{col-begin}}
:PRES.1SG go.VN to-DEF.GEN.SG.N school.GEN.SG every.F day.GEN.SG
{{col-break}}
:''I go to school every day.''
'''Transitive verbs'''
:''Xabin '''u''' na.''
:eat.PRET ERG 1SG
:'I have eaten.'


{| class="greentable lightgreenbg " style=" text-align: center;"
:''Xabin '''u''' na n sáeng.''
|-
:eat.PRET ERG 1SG DEF bread
!|
:'I have eaten the bread.'
!I!!thou!!he!!she!!it!!we (exc.)!!we (inc.)!!you (pl., semi-polite)!!you (polite)!!they!!one (impersonal)
 
|-
:''A tjéobrjeong '''u''' na n kéolsjang χa.''
!|present<sup>1</sup>
:but leave.PRET ERG 1SG DEF glh_schanng there
|''nyan''||''nyer''||''nyav''||''nyas''||''nya''||''nyam''||''nyad''||''nyax''||''nyaw''||''nyaħ''||''nyar''
:'But I left the ''glh schanng'' (kefir-soaked Bjeheondian salad) there.'
|-
{{col-break}}
!|past
'''Intransitive verbs'''
|''kon''||''ker''||''kov''||''kos''||''ko''||''kom''||''kod''||''kox''||''koo''||''koħ''||''kor''
:''Eoseong eo már.''
|-
:die.PRET DEF tree/PL
!|future
:'The trees died.'
|''pon''||''per''||''pov''||''pos''||''po''||''pom''||''pod''||''pox''||''poo''||''poħ''||''por''
 
|}
:''Farjeogin meo nóγeol χaltan.''
:return.PRET 1PL.EXC.POSS dog/PL at_last
:'Our dogs finally returned.'
{{col-end}}


<sup>1</sup> from Old Eevo ''ar.nédh'' 'to dwell at'. (The verb acquired a meaning like Vietnamese ''ở'' 'be at' which then turned into a progressive construction with a verbal noun.)
====Strong verbs====
As in Germanic, some Anbirese verbs form the past tense and the ''-eod'' infinitive by using ablaut.


===Prepositions===
===Prepositions===
If the prepositional object is a pronoun, the genitive form of the pronoun is used: ''wa naa'' = to me, for me.
If the prepositional object is a pronoun, the genitive form of the pronoun is used: ''la nà'' = to me, for me.
===Numbers===
ngic, cìm, tiħer, nèig, dèib, selь, sdàm, ruìz, lèr, bàr, ngiaor, yàxim, knè
 
===Derivational morphology===
===Derivational morphology===
*''yir-'' = un-, non-
*''yir-'' = un-, non-
**yirascooc, yirascooc (f) 'innocence', from ''ascooc'' (f) 'guilt'
**yirstzuòtz, yirstzuòtz (f) 'innocence', from ''stzuòtz'' (f) 'guilt'
*''-gaan, -gaany, -gaany'' = -able?
*''-gàn, -gànь, -gànь'' = -able?
*''-ax, -asy, -axa'' (n) = verbal noun
*''-ah, -ax, -aha'' (n) = verbal noun
*Unstressed initial prefixes are separated by an interpunct (·)
*Unstressed initial prefixes are separated by an interpunct (·)
**''ar·'' is an applicative
**''ar·'' is an applicative
Line 402: Line 363:
==Sample texts==
==Sample texts==
===UDHR===
===UDHR===
:'''''Nyav baa gew gkar asŋę gasaan ak ascii nę woŋŋacy ak nę vmarozh. Nyav ar·seciin nę na vmiishiin ak i n'astorŋax, ak nya ar hu wa poda baraaħanar nę na weesycy na syarbacy.'''''
:'''''Niam pà cil ghar sngèi casàn ac sdeħèid nai lòngatz ac nai marrenь. Niam amsetzìn nai mìsrìnen ac ye as·torngegen, ac niam ar ham la foza cràdener nai ghiegòren ri ziarbetzen.'''''
:/ɲəv baː gɛw gaɾ əsˈŋɛː gəˈsaːn ək əsˈtsiː nɛː ˈwoŋːətɕ ək nɛː vəˈɾɔʒ. ɲəv əɾsɛˈtsiːn nɛ nə viːˈʃiːn ək i nəstɔɾˈŋax, ək ɲə ˈaɾ hu wə pɔˈda bəˈraːħənəɾ nɛː nə ˈweːɕtɕ nə ɕəɾˈbatɕ./
:/nʲəm pɑː tʃəɫ ɣɤː sŋaɪ ˈkasɑːn ək sdəˈħait nɒ ɫawŋəts ək nɒ mar̝ənʲ. nʲəm ˈamsətsiːn nɒ ˈmiːsʲɾʲiːnən ək jə əsˈtʊɯŋəgən, ək nʲəm əɾ ham ɫə ˈfɔzə kɾɑːdənɨ nɒ zjəgʊɯn ɾɪ zʲɤːbətsən/
:''All humans are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.''
:''All humans are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.''


Latest revision as of 22:01, 18 November 2023

Pages with the prefix 'Ciètian' in the and 'Talk' namespaces:

Talk:
Ciètian
ye Giètem
Created byIlL
SettingTricin
Native toTalma
Native speakers100 million L1 speakers (300 million L2 speakers) (fT 1670dd (2676))
Quame
  • Talmic
    • Thensaric
      • Tigolic
        • Ciètian
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Ciètian (CHAIT-i-ən; natively Ciètem, ye Giètem, from Thensarian Centimae) is a Talmic language (in the Tigolic subbranch of Talmic, which also includes Eevo). It's inspired by Mandarin, German, Occitan, Irish, Thedish, and English (particularly Cockney and Philadelphian).

A close relative (sometimes considered a dialect) is Páuluòbeng. Anbirese, a more distant relative, is still somewhat mutually intelligible.

Todo

  • should be Ăn Yidiș gib?
  • Change orthography
  • No case, Welsh grammar
  • netzier = chain
  • Nian yirastzuòtzìn! = I'm innocent!
  • Srüeil = a name (from Sréul)
  • Sgüeila = Skella
  • Single vs. double negatives: use both
    • a > ea, e > eo, i > iu in certain conditions - what type of pal'n do these new vowels trigger
      • e.g. cell 'small' > *cĕoll > ciel
    • already have eo éu iu íu/iú
  • Actually palatalization is NOT as simple as this. y ø a o u vs. i ie vs. ia io iu vs ja jo ju je/ĺa ĺo ĺu ĺe affect consonants differently.
  • non-initial -gh might die
  • mièn àvath (this-DEF book) = 'this book'
  • Revise Thensarian declension based on Ciètian
  • Have a separate schwa phoneme a /ə/?
  • -atz is cognate to Eevo -ahd
  • -z is one plural suffix (often used for nouns ending in vowels; from palatalized lenited -dh)
  • cht > tz à la Wenedyk, final slender -t > -cy
  • sg palatalizes to /ʃ/ ⟨sgi⟩
  • Etymological doublets from Tigol absolute-conjunct verb forms.
  • lianger = dream (< leṁar)
  • Slender t > ts

a e i o u á é í ó ú ai ei io iu oi ui ae ao aoi ái éi eó éu ia ío íu iú(i) ói oí ua uai úi uí

-> a ia i uo u à iè ì uò ù e ie i ü e ü ai ao è ai ei iao iù ì ì ǜ ǜ ù uì ù è

Numbers: cìm, tiħer, nèz, dèv, sel, sdàm, ruìz, lèr, bàr, niaur, yàchim, cnè

Notes

Symbols

  • L - lenition/aspiration
  • N - eclipsis

Phonology

The following describes Ciètian as spoken in Sdiemìn.

Stress

Stress is not phonemic and is weight-sensitive. The rule is: the last long vowel is stressed. If there is no long vowel the last syllable is stressed.

In most compound words, primary stress falls on the first member and a secondary stress falls on the second member. Place names are sometimes exceptions to the preceding rule: for example, the element -vià is always stressed.

Intonation

Pitch accent?

Word level

  • A stressed short vowel has a high pitch.
  • A stressed long vowel or diphthong has a falling pitch but ends in a higher pitch than unstressed vowels.
  • Unstressed vowels have low pitch.

Clause level

  • Pitch drops at the end of a sentence.

Consonants

The Anbiric spirantization had taken place: Tigol t ṫ d ḋ /tʰ dʰ t d/ had become /θ ð tʰ d/ in Old Anbirese, the "common ancestor" or "areolect" in the Anbiric dialect continuum characterized by this shift.

Ciètian has an aspiration distinction in stops; however, the distinction is neutralized in word-final position.

  • c g ch gh /k g x ɣ/
  • ci/cü gi/gü chi/chü/sgi/sgü /tʃ dʒ ʃ/
  • tz dz s z /ts dz s z/
  • t d th dh /t d ħ ɣ/
  • p b f v /p b f w/
  • pь bь fь vь /pj bj fj vj/
  • r rr h m n nь ng l y /r r̝ h m n nj ŋ l j/
    • /l/ is velarized when not followed by /i/, /j/, /y/, or /ɥ/.

Vowels

Ciètian has the following vowels:

  • i ü u ie üe a /ɪ ʏ ʊ jɛ ɥɛ a/
  • /ɪj ʏɥ ʊw jɛː wɔː ɑː ɒj æː äj äw jäw jæj (ɥ)ɶj ɯː ɤː jɤː ɥɤː wɤː aɯ/
  • /ə ɨ~i/

Monophthongs

Front Central Back
short long short long short long
Close i /i/, ü /y/ ì /ɪj/, ǜ /ʏɥ/ u /u/ ù /ʊw/
Close-mid e /ə/ /ɯː/
Mid ie, üe /ɛ/ ià /ɛː/ [ə] (u)ò /wɔː/
Open ia [æ] a /a/ à /ɑː/

[ɨ(ː) ʉ(ː)] are allophones of /i(ː) y(ː)/ after dental and retroflex sibilants.

/ɯː/ is more fully back, unlike [ɨː].

Semivowel onglides: i ü u /j ɥ w/

Diphthongs: ai au ei ou iou iei üei /ɒj æː äj äw jäw jæj ɥɶj/

R-colored vowels

(No linking R is used.)

  • ar, àr /ɔɯ~ɤː/
  • er, èr, air, aor /aɯ/
  • ir, ìr, iur, eir, ier, ièr /jəɯ~jɤː/
  • or, òr /uɯ~ɯː/
  • ür, ǜr /ɥɤː/
  • ur, ùr /wɤː/
  • final -er = /ɨ/
  • final -ier = /i/

Phonotactics

Loanword phonology

Initial /θ/, /x/ and /h/ in loans are rendered /t/, /k/ and /Ø/ respectively (cf. German pronounces initial ch in Greek loans as /k/). Non-initial /θ/, /x/, and /h/ become /ħ/, /x/, and /x/.

Stress is usually as in the original language; non-initially stressed words lengthen the stressed vowel. Example: bintelesràl /pɪnthəɫəsˈɻaːɫ/ 'republic'.

Morphophonology

Mutations

Consonant mutations
Radical m /m/ p /pʰ/ b /p/ f /f/ t /tʰ/ d /t/ q /tɕʰ/ j /tɕ/ s /s/ x /ɕ/ sh /ʂ/ k /kʰ/ g /k/ ch /tʂʰ/ zh /tʂ/ 0 /Ø/, y /j/
Lenited ngm /ŋ/ fp /f/ vb /v/ f /f/ ħt /ħ/ tzd /ts/ xq /ɕ/ ξj /ʑ/ hs /h/ x /ɕ/ sh /ʂ/ hk /x/ γg /ɣ/ sch /ʂ/ rzh /ɻ/ add h' /x/
Eclipsed m /m/ bp /p/ mb /m/ vf /v/ dt /t/ nd /n/ jq /tɕ/ nj /ɲ/ зs /z/ ξx /ʑ/ rsh /ɻ/ gk /k/ ŋg /ŋ/ jch /tʂ/ njh /ɲ/ add n' /n/

Dialectology

Ciètian is subject to a fair amount of accent and dialect variation.

Common dialectal features

  • /x ɣ/ realized as uvular [χ ʁ]
  • h from Tigol h = /h/; h from Tigol ch = /x/; ħ is consistently /ħ/

Dialect 1

Something closer to my old Yekhanese (i.e. more Sorbian/Persian-ish)

Nyav baa gew gkar asŋea gasaan ak ascii nea woŋŋacy ak nea vmarozh. Nyav ar·seciin nea na vmiishiin ak i n'astorŋax, ak nya ar hu wa poda baraaħanar nea na weesycy na syarbacy.
/ɲəv baː gɛw gaɾ əsˈŋɛː gəˈsaːn ək əsˈtsiː nɛː ˈwoŋːətɕ ək nɛː vəˈɾɔʒ. ɲəv əɾsɛˈtsiːn nɛ nə viːˈʃiːn ək i nəstɔɾˈŋax, ək ɲə ˈaɾ hu wə pɔˈda bəˈraːħənəɾ nɛː nə ˈweːɕtɕ nə ɕəɾˈbatɕ./

Morphology

Pronouns

Anbirese but with more politeness distinctions

Nouns

Standard Ciètian nouns are quite conservative: they have three genders (masculine, feminine and neuter), three numbers (singular, plural and collective), and three states (nominative, genitive and construct). Collective nouns take singular agreement with verbs and adjectives. Regiolects usually have more tone and less noun declension.

  • The nominative singular, nominative plural, and genitive singular must be memorized for every noun. Feminine plurals tend to end in -r.
  • The genitive plural is formed by affixing -enı to the genitive singular.
  • The singular construct is formed by affixing -aħ to the nominative singular.
  • The plural construct is formed by affixing -u to the nominative singular if the nominative singular ends in a consonant, and -v to the nominative singular if it ends in a vowel.

The article

The article inflects and triggers mutation based on number, case and gender.

The singular definite article ye and yeN changes to yen (with no mutation) before a noun starting with a vowel or a semivowel. For example:

  • *yeN ùr > yen ùr /jən ˈwɤː/ (masculine) 'the sense (nominative)';
  • *ye àvaz > yen àvaz /jən ˈaːvəz/ (neuter) 'the book (nominative)'.

But:

  • yeL astzuòtz > ye h'astzuòtz /jə xasˈtswɔːts/ (feminine) 'the guilt (nominative)'.

Collective nouns are by nature definite, and the collective of a noun is formed by using the collective article before the singular form.

  • The nominative case is used for the subject
  • The accusative case is used for direct objects and after certain prepositions
  • The dative cade is used after certain prepositions
  • The genitive case is used for possession

Todo: accusative and dative

Definite article
singular plural
m. f. n. m. f. n.
nom. yeN yeL ye na ner naN
Example ye mpràn ye gkàtz ye hazier na pràn ner kàtzer na nghazier
acc. yeL ye ye na ner naN
Example ye mpràn ye kàtz ye hazier na pràn ner kàtzer na nghazier
dat. yiN naL yi na na na
Example yi mpràn ye gkàtz yi hazier na pràn na kàtzer na hazier
gen. naL naL naL nanı nanı nanı
Example na bprànı na gkàtzan n'γazra nanı prànenı nanı kàtzenı nanı hazrienı

Adjectives

Attributive adjectives must agree with nouns in gender, number and case. Adjectives have the same principal parts as nouns. The feminine plural always ends in -er, and the genitive plural always ends in -enı.

Attributive forms of cial 'small'
singular plural
m. f. n. m. f. n.
nom. jcial xcial cial ciala cialer jciala
gen. jciele jciele jciele cialenı cialenı cialenı

Verbs

Finite verb inflection

All forms of a Ciètian verb are formed from four principal parts:

  1. the present absolute stem
  2. the imperative stem
  3. the past stem
  4. the bare infinitive stem

The forms of a Ciètian verb are the following:

  • Present tense: PRESENT + -ig, negative θri + IMPERATIVE
  • Subjunctive (after preverbs): also IMPERATIVE
  • Future tense: aeb + IMPERATIVE
  • Past tense: PAST + -in; induces split-ergativity
  • Imperative: IMPERATIVE
  • -eod infinitive: PRESENT + -eod
  • bare infinitive: INFINITIVE

There is no aspect distinction.

Other forms

  • The active participle in -ig is used to modify a noun. As such it is used as a relative form for the subject.
  • The -et infinitive:
    • is used with modal verbs.
  • The -eγ infinitive:
    • with zi 'in', indicates "while the action is taking place" or, when possessed, "while POSSESSOR is VERBing"
    • with ar 'on', indicates "upon/as soon as the action is taking place" or, when possessed, "upon the POSSESSOR's VERBing"
    • with nai 'by', indicates that the verb's action serves a purpose: "by VERBing"
  • The bare infinitive:
    • with zi 'in', indicates the progressive.
    • with jel 'from', indicates (from just having been VERB-ing)
    • with ħrù 'next to', indicates "intends to VERB" or "about to VERB"
    • with asd 'without', indicates "without VERBing"
    • (nonstandard) with ħand 'after', indicates that the action just happened.

Split-ergativity

Ciètian has split-ergativity: past tense verbs display ergative alignment, and non-past tense verbs have accusative alignment.

That is, the subject is marked with the preposition u for transitive verbs, and is unmarked for intransitive verbs. In the case of transitive verbs, the ergative marking occurs regardless of whether or not there is a direct object.

Examples:

Transitive verbs

Xabin u na.
eat.PRET ERG 1SG
'I have eaten.'
Xabin u na n sáeng.
eat.PRET ERG 1SG DEF bread
'I have eaten the bread.'
A tjéobrjeong u na n kéolsjang χa.
but leave.PRET ERG 1SG DEF glh_schanng there
'But I left the glh schanng (kefir-soaked Bjeheondian salad) there.'

Intransitive verbs

Eoseong eo már.
die.PRET DEF tree/PL
'The trees died.'
Farjeogin meo nóγeol χaltan.
return.PRET 1PL.EXC.POSS dog/PL at_last
'Our dogs finally returned.'


Strong verbs

As in Germanic, some Anbirese verbs form the past tense and the -eod infinitive by using ablaut.

Prepositions

If the prepositional object is a pronoun, the genitive form of the pronoun is used: la nà = to me, for me.

Numbers

ngic, cìm, tiħer, nèig, dèib, selь, sdàm, ruìz, lèr, bàr, ngiaor, yàxim, knè

Derivational morphology

  • yir- = un-, non-
    • yirstzuòtz, yirstzuòtz (f) 'innocence', from stzuòtz (f) 'guilt'
  • -gàn, -gànь, -gànь = -able?
  • -ah, -ax, -aha (n) = verbal noun
  • Unstressed initial prefixes are separated by an interpunct (·)
    • ar· is an applicative

Sample texts

UDHR

Niam pà cil ghar sngèi casàn ac sdeħèid nai lòngatz ac nai marrenь. Niam amsetzìn nai mìsrìnen ac ye as·torngegen, ac niam ar ham la foza cràdener nai ghiegòren ri ziarbetzen.
/nʲəm pɑː tʃəɫ ɣɤː sŋaɪ ˈkasɑːn ək sdəˈħait nɒ ɫawŋəts ək nɒ mar̝ənʲ. nʲəm ˈamsətsiːn nɒ ˈmiːsʲɾʲiːnən ək jə əsˈtʊɯŋəgən, ək nʲəm əɾ ham ɫə ˈfɔzə kɾɑːdənɨ nɒ zjəgʊɯn ɾɪ zʲɤːbətsən/
All humans are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
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