Linguifex

Schlaub: Difference between revisions

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[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Lexicon]]<br/>
{{list subpages}}
[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Swadesh list]]<br/>
[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Old]]
 
{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|image =  
|image =  
|imagesize =  
|imagesize =  
|creator = [[User:Praimhín|Praimhín]], [[User:IlL|IlL]]
|creator = [[User:Praimhín|Praimhín]]
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
|nativename = Ntzog Schlaub
|nativename = Wug Schlaub
|pronunciation=  /ⁿz̪o&#804;˧ ɬəʊ˥/
|pronunciation=  /wu&#804;˧ ɬəʊ˥/
|setting = [[Verse:Tricin]]
|setting = [[Verse:Tricin]]
|region = Bjeheond
|region =  
|familycolor=hmong-mien
|familycolor=hmong-mien
|fam1=[[Hlou-Shum languages|Hlou-Shum]]
|fam1=[[Hlou-Shum languages|Hlou-Shum]]
|script=Latin (Fraktur)
|fam2=Hlouic
|script=Hlou featural script (''Schräd Schlaub'')
|iso3=
|iso3=
|notice=IPA
|notice=IPA
}}
}}


'''{{PAGENAME}}''' (English: /(h)loʊ/ ''loh''; natively: ''Ntzog Schlaub'' /ⁿtsʰo&#804;˧ ɬəu˥/; [[Windermere]]: ''brits Ław'') is a [[Bjeheond]]ian tonal language, inspired by Hmong and German. It is the largest of the Hlou-Shum languages.
'''{{PAGENAME}}''' or '''Hlou''' (English: /(h)loʊ/ ''loh'' or homophonous with "hello"; natively: ''Wug Schlaub'' /wu&#804;˧ ɬəu˥/ 'Hlou speech' or 'Hlou thing') is a tonal language inspired by Hmong and German. It is the largest of the [[Hlou-Shum languages]] and the official language of the people of Mpfa Schlaub, a country in Mpfa Wieb.
 
Schlaub liberally uses Easter eggs.


Hlou liberally uses Easter eggs.
==Background==
==Background==
==Todo==
need polysyllabic words that are written as one word (Hmong has some)
Fill Mpfa Schlaub with Jabberwocky/Alice in Wonderland refs: Schleid Zeib, Wäb
On Beyond Zebra reference in forbidden syllables (syllables that do not correspond to any Schlaub word): Jus, Wub, Schwub, Mpfuh, Flud, Glig, Nuh, Schnie, Wön, Ntzad, Flub, Tzäs, Jog, Flön, Ieß, Jäg, Schnruß, Hie


==Diachronics==
==Diachronics==
Line 32: Line 38:


''*ẽ'' > ''ä''; ''*ẽj'' > ''ei''; ''*ẽʔ'' > ''äh''
''*ẽ'' > ''ä''; ''*ẽj'' > ''ei''; ''*ẽʔ'' > ''äh''
Hlou had a vowel shift from the Proto-Hlouic ten vowel system: /a ɛ i ɔ u ã ɛ̃ ĩ ɔ̃ ũ/ by merging /ã ĩ ũ/ with their non-nasalized counterparts, and after that /ɛ̃/ shifted to /ã/


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
===Standard===
===Standard (''Schlaub Bahn'')===
====Vowels====
====Vowels====
Hlou has 6 basic vowel qualities, but also has a number of diphthongs and nasal vowels.
Hlou has 6 basic vowel qualities, but also has a number of diphthongs and nasal vowels.


a e i ie o u ä ö = /a e i ɨ o u ã~ɛ̃ õ/
a e i ie o u ä ö = /a ɛ i ɨ ɔ u ã~ɛ̃ õ/


ah eh ih oh uh äh öh = /aʔ eʔ .../ [only occurs with -Ø, -n tones]
ei au äu = /əi əu əũ/


ei au äu = /əi əu əũ/
ah eh ih ieh oh uh äh öh eih = /aʔ ɛʔ .../ [only occurs with -Ø, -n tones]


====Consonants====
====Consonants====
Standard Hlou has about 65 initials.
Standard Hlou has 70 initials.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|+ '''Hlou initials'''
|+ '''Hlou initials'''
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
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! <small>voiceless</small>
! <small>voiceless</small>
| '''schm''' m̥
| '''schm''' m̥
|  
| '''schml''' m̥ˡ
|  
|  
| '''schn''' n̥
| '''schn''' n̥
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
| '''schnr''' ɳ̊
|  
|  
|  
|  
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| '''nr''' ɳ
| '''nr''' ɳ


|  
| '''nrl''' ɳˡ
|  
|  
|  
|  
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|  
|  
| '''ntr''' ᶯʈʰ
| '''ntr''' ᶯʈʰ
|  
| '''ntrl''' ᶯʈˡʰ
| '''nk''' ᵑkʰ
| '''nk''' ᵑkʰ
| '''nkl''' ᵑkˡʰ
| '''nkl''' ᵑkˡʰ
Line 242: Line 250:
{{PAGENAME}} has 7 tones, indicated by final letters in Schngellstein's orthography.
{{PAGENAME}} has 7 tones, indicated by final letters in Schngellstein's orthography.


{|class="bluetable lightbluebg"
{|class="wikitable"
! Orthography
! Orthography
! Tone
! Tone
! Example
! Example
! Suggested approximation
|-
|-
| ∅
| ∅
| mid level / mid checked (33~32)
| mid level (33) / high checked (5)
| ''lau'' /ləu˧/ 'to plant'
| ''lau'' /ləu˧/ 'to plant'
| Vietnamese ''ngang'' / checked ''sắc''
|-
|-
| '''-n'''
| '''-n'''
| low level / low checked (21~11)
| low falling (21) / low checked (1)
| ''laun'' /ləu˨˩/ 'to smile'
| ''laun'' /ləu˨˩/ 'to smile'
| Vietnamese ''huyền'' / checked ''nặng''
|-
|-
| '''-b'''
| '''-b'''
| high level / high falling (55~53)
| high level / high falling (55~53)
| ''Laub'' /ləu˥˧/ 'leaf'
| ''Laub'' /ləu˥˥/ 'leaf'
| Cantonese tone 1
|-
|-
| '''-d'''
| '''-d'''
| dipping / low falling (313~31)
| dipping / mid falling (313~311)
| ''Laud'' /ləu˧˩˧/ 'shoe'
| ''Laud'' /ləu˧˩˧/ 'shoe'
| Hanoi Vietnamese ''hỏi''
|-
|-
| '''-g'''
| '''-g'''
| breathy mid level (33 + breathy)
| breathy mid level (33 + breathy)
| ''laug'' /lə&#804;u˧/ 'to knit'
| ''laug'' /lə&#804;u˧/ 'to knit'
|
|-
|-
| '''-s'''
| '''-s'''
| rising (24)
| rising (24)
| ''laus'' /ləu˨˦/ 'to receive'
| ''laus'' /ləu˨˦/ 'to receive'
| Hanoi Vietnamese non-checked ''sắc''
|-
|-
| '''-ß'''
| '''-ß'''
| broken rising (3ˀ5)
| broken rising (3ˀ5)
| ''Lauß'' /ləu˧ˀ˥/ 'wrinkle'
| ''Lauß'' /ləu˧ˀ˥/ 'wrinkle'
| Hanoi Vietnamese ''ngã''
|}
|}


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Tone split from breathy voice < voiced stops
Tone split from breathy voice < voiced stops


===Bän Ntli dialect===
===''Schlaub Glaß''===
The Bän Ntli /pã˨˩ ⁿtɬʰi˧/ dialect is a non-standard dialect of Hlou.
The Schlaub Glaß dialect is a non-standard dialect of Hlou.
====Vowels====
====Vowels====
a e i o u ä ë ö = /a ɛ i ɔ u ã ɛ̃ ɔ̃/
a e i ie o u ä ö = /a ɛ ɪ i ɔ ʊ ɛ œ/


ah eh ih oh uh äh ëh öh = /aʔ eʔ .../ [only occurs with -Ø, -n tones]
ei au äu = /ai aʊ ɔʏ/


ei ëi au äu = /əi ə̃i əu əũ/
ah eh ih ieh oh uh äh öh eih = /aʔ ɛʔ .../ [only occurs with -Ø, -n, -b tones (the latter written as -hl)]


====Consonants====
====Consonants====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|+ '''Bän Ntli initials'''
|+ '''Schlaub Glaß initials'''
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | Labial
! colspan="2" | Labial
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! <small>voiceless</small>
! <small>voiceless</small>
| '''schm''' m̥
| '''schm''' m̥
|  
| '''schml''' m̥ˡ
|  
|  
| '''schn''' n̥
| '''schn''' n̥
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|  
|  
| '''n''' n
| '''n''' n
| '''nl''' nˡ
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
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| '''k''' kʰ
| '''k''' kʰ
| '''kl''' kˡʰ
| '''kl''' kˡʰ
|  
|
|  
|  
|-
|-
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|  
|  
|  
|  
| '''l''' l
| '''l''' l, '''ł''' ɫ
|  
|  
| '''j''' j
| '''j''' j
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====Tone====
====Tone====
Tones are the same as in standard Hlou, except that the ''d'' and ''g'' tones are merged into ''g''.
Tones are the same as in Schlaub Bahn, except that the ''d'' and ''g'' tones are merged into ''g''.


==Orthography==
==Orthography==
===Traditional logography===
===Traditional logography===
===Schngellstein's alphabet===
===Abugida===
The key feature of Schngellstein's orthography (used in this article) is using final consonant letters for tones, making words easier to learn by using photographic memory.
===''Hrảm Hlóu'' (''Schräd La-Tin Schlaub'')===
 
===Hrảm Hlóu===
This transliteration was created by Praimhín as an alternative to the German-inspired orthography.
This transliteration was created by Praimhín as an alternative to the German-inspired orthography.
====Initials====
====Initials====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|+  
|+  
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
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! <small>voiceless</small>
! <small>voiceless</small>
| '''hm''' m̥
| '''hm''' m̥
|  
| '''hml''' m̥ˡ
|  
|  
| '''hn''' n̥
| '''hn''' n̥
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
| '''hnr''' ɳ̊
|  
|  
|  
|  
Line 664: Line 678:
| '''hr''' ʂ
| '''hr''' ʂ
|  
|  
| '''sw''' ɧ
| '''sg''' ɧ
|  
|  
| '''hw''' ʍ
| '''hw''' ʍ
Line 692: Line 706:
ac ec ic oc uc anc onc /aʔ eʔ iʔ oʔ uʔ/
ac ec ic oc uc anc onc /aʔ eʔ iʔ oʔ uʔ/


====Tones====
===Featural script===
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg"
 
! Orthography
[[File:SchrogHahn_v1.0.png|200px|thumb|right|[[User:H. H. P. M. P. Cole|Cole]]'s featural script for Schlaub.]]
! Tone
! Example
|-
| '''a'''
| mid level / mid checked (33~32)
| ''lou'' /ləu˧/ 'to plant'
|-
| '''à'''
| low level / low checked (21~11)
| ''lòu'' /ləu˨˩/ 'to smile'
|-
| '''á'''
| high level / high falling (53~55)
| ''lóu'' /ləu˥˩/ 'spring (season)'
|-
| '''ả'''
| dipping / low falling (313~31)
| ''lỏu'' /ləu˧˩˧/ 'shoe'
|-
| '''ah'''
| breathy mid level (33 + breathy)
| ''louh'' /lə&#804;u˧/ 'to knit'
|-
| '''ä'''
| rising (24)
| ''löu'' /ləu˨˦/ 'to receive'
|-
| '''ã'''
| broken rising (3ˀ5)
| ''lõu'' /ləu˧ˀ˥/ 'wrinkle'
|}


==Grammar==
==Grammar==
Line 734: Line 717:
:''A wug is drinking water.''
:''A wug is drinking water.''


:'''''Xan flog Dsied bis Tu Mäb.'''''
:'''''Xan schwei Ntxuhn bis Tu Mäb.'''''
:/ʃa˨˩ flo̤˧ ts̺ɨ˧˩ pi˨˦ tʰu˧mɛ̃˥˩/
:/ʃa˨˩ ʍəi˧ ts̺ɨ˧˩ pi˨˦ tʰu˧mɛ̃˥/
:1SG have home in Tumhan
:1SG have home in Tumhan
:''I live in Tumhan.''
:''I live in Tumhan.''


:'''''Dahn dsaub weg zu Mpfein an zu Schnos.'''''
:'''''Dahn dsaub weg zu Mpfein an zu Schrös.'''''
:/taʔ˩ ts̺əu˦˥ we&#804;˧ s̪u˧ ᵐpɸəi˨˩ a˩ s̪u˧ n̥o˨˥/
:/taʔ˩ ts̺əu˥ we&#804;˧ s̪u˧ ᵐpɸəi˨˩ a˩ s̪u˧ n̥o˨˥/
:1PL speak about VN love and VN hate
:1PL speak about VN love and VN hate
:''We speak about love and hate.''
:''We speak about love and hate.''


:'''''Dahn mpfein so, ab dahn nkeiß Mbob so sein.'''''
:'''''Dahn mpfein so, mplei dahn nkeiß Mbob so sein.'''''
:1PL love 3SG.A CONJ 1PL receive face 3SG.A PRES.PROG
:1PL love 3SG.A thus 1PL receive face 3SG.A PRES.PROG
:''We love him so we are welcoming him.''
:''We love him so we are welcoming him.''


===Pronouns===
===Pronouns===
====Personal====
====Personal====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! Person !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural
! Person !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural
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!Impersonal
!Impersonal
|colspan=3| es
|colspan=3| es
|-
!Reflexive
|colspan=3| schwe
|}
|}


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====Demonstrative====
====Demonstrative====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Correlatives
|+ Correlatives
|-
|-
! !! What !! This !! That !! Any
! !! What !! This !! That !! Yon !! Any
|-
|-
! Pronominal
! Pronominal
|| nab || naus || nein, nin || nan
|| nab || naus || nein || nin || nan
|-
|-
! Place
! Place
|| drab || draus || drein, drin || dran
|| drab || draus || drein || drin || dran
|-
|-
! Manner/Extent
! Manner/Extent
|| rab || raus || rein, rin || ran
|| rab || raus || rein || rin || ran
|}
|}
Other correlatives are formed by using these words with nouns.


Hlou is wh-in-situ:  
Hlou is wh-in-situ:  


*''Naus dzah nab?'' = What is this?  
*''Naus dzah nab?'' (this COP what) = What is this?  
*''Ndob naus dzah nab?'' = Who is this?
*''Ndob naus dzah nab?'' (person this COP what) = Who is this?
*''Zied be drab sein?'' (lit. you to where PROG) = Where are you going?
* ''dla rab?'' 'Why?', ''dla rein'' 'that's why' (Calquing vì sao, vì vậy)
* ''dlä rab nahn schluß...'' 'how to...' (lit. Do how in order to)
* ''dlä rab?'' 'What to do?'


===Prepositions===
===Prepositions===
*be = to; to go
*bis = in, at
*bis = in, at
*dan = without, except
*nre = on
*gan = without
* sä = with; to have
*in = of
*in = of
*je = from
*je = from
*nun = for
*dla = for; because of
*ob = vocative
*ob = vocative
*weg = about
*weg = about
*wi = away from
*wi = away from
*be = to
*schon = ago
*schon = ago
*jaud = between
*tzig = across
*ös = over
*tud = under
*was = perhaps
*des = now
*wag = again
*treib = before


===Auxiliaries===
===Auxiliaries===
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*eh = tag question
*eh = tag question
*da = exclamatory
*da = exclamatory
*eh = negative
*nreh = negative
*doh = prohibitive
*doh = prohibitive
*los = inchoative
*los = inchoative
*man = emphatic
*man = emphatic
*wein = (literary) alas!
*wein = (literary) alas!, woe is...
**wein xan = woe is me
*tag = comparative
*nad = superlative
*zu = verb to noun


===Conjunctions===
===Conjunctions===
*an = and
*an = and
*schaub = or (Finnish tai)
*tei = or
*schweis = or (Finnish vai)
*vei = exclusive or
*leid = but
*leid = but
*von = relative clause
*von = relative clause
*tun = complement clause
*tun = complement clause
*daß = if
*daß = if
*ab = then, so, therefore
*schluß = then, so, therefore
*schluß = so that, in order to
*nahn schluß = so that, in order to
*dsäus = because (lit. reason)


===Nouns===
===Nouns===
ein = definite article
ein = definite article (proper nouns such as ''Wug Schlaub'' do not take it)


wie = specific article
wie = specific article
Line 850: Line 854:
die = indefinite article
die = indefinite article


Words may be pluralized by reduplication: ''Ndob Ndob'' = people. Only animates are pluralized consistently.
Words may be pluralized by reduplication: ''Ndob Ndob'' = people. Uncountable nouns have no plural form.


Polysyllabic words have a null plural:
Polysyllabic words also have a null plural:


:'''''Schniß, ob Blieb-Blas!'''''
:'''''Nkaub, ob Blieb-Blas!'''''
:fly VOC butterfly
:fly VOC butterfly
:''Fly, butterflies!''
:''Fly, butterflies!''
Line 864: Line 868:


===Classifiers===
===Classifiers===
{{PAGENAME}} does not use classifiers, unlike other languages in the region.


===Numerals===
===Numerals===
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100: ''trleh''
100: ''trleh''


1000: ''schöd''
10000: ''schöd''


Numerals come before nouns:
Numerals come before nouns:
Line 877: Line 880:
:3SG.AN son two ten year_of_age
:3SG.AN son two ten year_of_age
:He is 20 years old.
:He is 20 years old.
==="The more... the more..."===
==="The more... the more..."===
:X X SUBJ1, Y Y SUBJ2
:X X SUBJ1, Y Y SUBJ2
:"The more SUBJ X's, the more SUBJ2 Y's."
:"The more SUBJ X's, the more SUBJ2 Y's."


:'''''Xan eh zaun Wiß j'ein zu Treig Treig. Lös lös xan, wäud wäud xan läß.'''''
:'''''Xan eh schlaun Wiß j'ein zu Treig Treig. Lös lös xan, wäud wäud xan läß.'''''
:1SG NEG receive understanding from DEF INF happen happen. run run 1SG, become become 1SG fat.
:1SG NEG receive understanding from DEF INF happen happen. run run 1SG, become become 1SG fat.
:''I don't understand what's going on. The more I run, the fatter I get.''
:''I don't understand what's going on. The more I run, the fatter I get.''


===Schm-reduplication===
==="Schm-reduplication"===
Hloh uses schm-reduplication, which works just like schm-reduplication in English, except that the schm-reduplicant is repeated.
Schlaub uses a form of schm-reduplication, which works just like schm-reduplication in English, except that the schm-reduplicant is repeated.


"Leid xan dzah heb die Nöb da!" = but I COP just a noob EXCL
"Leid xan dzah heb die Nöb da!" = but I COP just a noob EXCL
Line 901: Line 905:


==Vocabulary==
==Vocabulary==
Hlou vocabulary is mostly native. Many words can't be related to words in other Hlou-Shum languages, however.
Hlou vocabulary is mostly native.


===Four-character phrases===
===Chengyu===
Hlou, like Chinese, has "4-character phrases".
Hlou, like Chinese, has chengyu or "4-character phrases". They sometimes extend to 6-character phrases by using the Burns stanza.
*''Ntzuh Vöhn Schraus Ndob'' 'the best laid schemes of mice and men aft gang agley' (lit. schemes of mouse and plans of man)
*''Ntzuh Vöhn Schrau Ndob (schnäub hös)'' 'the best laid schemes of mice and men (aft gang agley)' (lit. schemes of mouse and plans of man often fail)
*''Ndleiß Beig Gluhn Schnoh'' 'opulent luxury' (lit. gold, gem, carmine, spice)
*''Nleiß Beig Gluhn Schnoh'' 'opulent luxury' (lit. pure gold, gem, carmine, spice)
*''Schwas kö Schwas sihn'' 'reap what you sow' (lit. [If] rice sprouts, rice results)
**riff on Quacumquasit Pond


==Poetry==
==Poetry==
[Under construction. The poems are gibberish and are meant to illustrate the rhyme scheme.]
[Under construction. The poems are gibberish and are meant to illustrate the rhyme scheme.]
===Rhyme===
In addition to having the same rime, two words must rhyme in tone class in order to be considered to rhyme. -Ø, -b, -n are "flat" (''mla'') tones; -g, -d, -s, -ß and checked tones are "sharp" (''dzäß'') tones.
===Virelai===
===Virelai===
The virelai (Hlou: ???) is a traditional Hlou poetic form.
The virelai (Hlou: ''Traun Ntzob'') is a traditional Hlou poetic form. Although it is called the ''virelai'' in English, it borrows elements (like the rhyme scheme) from the Vietnamese ''lục bát''.


Example [the poem is gibberish]:
Example [the poem is gibberish]:


<poem>
<poem>
''Mpfein schwie ein Ntzäh an Tsub,''
''Mpfein schwie ein Ntzäh an Tsun,''
''Leid wen Bläuß dran, maß Schlub von trlin.''
''Leid wen Bläuß dran, maß Schlub von trlien.''
''Väd mleib weg die Gleiß Schmin,''
''Väd mleib weg die Gleiß Schmieb,''
''Raus ein Pfeg nun schraß Xin taub tlub.''
''Raus ein Pfeg nun schraß Xien taub tlub.''


''Daß zu Mläus ein Zeig Pfaß,''
''Daß zu Mläus ein Zeig Pfaß,''
''blein Eib zu Mböd bis Dlaß,''
''blein Eib zu Mböd bis Dlag,''
''klaub wie raug Mlob weis schraß zied Glub.''
''klaub wie raug Mlob weis schrah zied Glu.''


''Daß zu Ves ein Drläub flein,''
''Daß zu Ves ein Drläub flein,''
''Weg ndso ein Ndxäuß schred nrein,''
''Weg ndso ein Ndxäuß schred nreib,''
''Pfed zag tzau die Vaub dlein raus Schmub.''
''Pfed zag tzau die Vaub dlei raus Schmub.''


''Daß zu Vein Nkaub ein Nlag,''
''Daß zu Vein Nkaub ein Nlas,''
''An zu Nlöb pfeib je Schmag ven Waud,''
''An zu Nlöb pfeib je Schmag ven Wauß,''
''schniß, ob Dlau! dran flän Schaud,''
''schniß, ob Dlau! dran flän Schaug,''
''klöh xan haud wie Trob, haud nun Tsub.''
''klöh xan haud wie Trob, haus nun Tsun.''


''Mpfein schwie ein Ntzäh an Tsub,''
''Mpfein schwie ein Ntzäh an Tsun,''
''Leid wen Bläuß dran, maß Schlub von trlin.''
''Leid wen Bläuß dran, maß Schlub von trlien.''
''Väd mleib weg die Gleiß Schmin,''
''Väd mleib weg die Gleiß Schmieb,''
''Raus ein Pfeg nun schraß Xin taub tlub.''
''Raus ein Pfeg nun schraß Xien taub tlub.''
</poem>
</poem>


===Burns stanza===
===Burns stanza===
A variant of the Burns stanza is another traditional Hlou meter.
A variant of the Burns stanza is another traditional Hlou meter. This excerpt is from a poem by Schweid Täu-Rein.
 
<poem>
<poem>
''Tlan hei Drlah Mbaus,''
''Tlad Hei drlah Mbauß,''
''Schles Wig tieß nraus,''
''Xan schnuh zied nraug,''
''xob ndzäu beis schraus''
''Xob Ndzäu beis schraus –''
''jed Vug –''
''Ihn Vug –''
''Ngiß tsahn mpfe Jaus''
''Ngiß Tsahn we jaud''
''schieb Wug!''
''schrieb mbug.''
</poem>
</poem>


==Sample text==
<poem>
===Tower of Babel===
Though [your] body must [become] soil,
:''Bis Ndreib nin ein Xab dzeb flog die Ntzog an die zu Wes meib hin.''
I touch you up close,
:/pi˨˥ ᶯɖəi˥˧ ni˨˩ ʔəi˨˩ ʃa˦˥ ts̪e˥˧ flo&#804;˧ tɨ˧ ⁿts̪ʰo&#804;˧ ʔəu˨˥ tɨ˧ s̪u˧we˦˥ məi˥˧ hi˨˩/
The warm embrace nurturing
:LOC time that DEF world whole have INDEF language CONJ INDEF VN speak common PAST
[The] leaf [of] learning;
:Now the whole world had one language and a common speech.
A garden growing between [us],
[which will] last forever.
</poem>


:''Leid [bis Glied] zu Ndxub an ein Ndob Ndob be Schnähn zug raug die Schwiß bis Xi-Na an [nlub man] drein hin.''
===Holorime===
:/ləi˧˩ pi˨˥ klɨ˧˩ s̪u˧ⁿdʒu˥˧ ʔa˨˩ ʔəi˨˩ ⁿdo˦˥ⁿdo˦˥ wɨ˧ n̥ãʔ˩ s̪u&#804;˧ ɻə&#804;u˧ tɨ˧ ʍi˧ˀ˥ pi˧˩ ʃi˧na˧ ʔəu˧˩ nlu˥˧ma˨˩ ʈəi˨˩ hi˨˩/
Two lines with the same syllables but with different tones
:but [as] VN move GEN DEF human human PREP east 3PL find INDEF plain PREP Shinar CONJ [settle] there PAST
:As people moved eastward, they found a plain in Shinar and settled there.


:''An ein Ndob Ndob tlau be veß, "Ob bus Ngu an nlaß zug [schlög schlög] aus."''
== Phrasebook ==
:/ʔəu˨˥ ʔəi˨˩ ⁿdo˦˥ⁿdo˦˥ tɬʰəu˧ wiə˧ ve˧ˀ˥, "o˥˧ pu˧˩ ᵑɡu˧ ʔəu˧˩ nla˧ˀ˥ s̪u&#804;˧ ɬõ&#804;˧ɬõ&#804;˧ ma˦˥"/
# 'I love you': ''Xan lub zied.'' /ʃa˨˩ lu˥˥ s̪ɨ˧˩˧/
:CONJ DEF human human say PREP one_another, VOC make brick CONJ fire_ceramic 3PL [throughly] COHORT
:They said to each other, "Come, let's make bricks and bake them thoroughly."


:''Zug [raug Mlob] Ngu [bis rohn] Pfaub an Schräh [bis rohn] [Kis Mbeh] hin.''
==Sample texts==
:/s̪u&#804;˧ ɻə&#804;u˧mlo˥˧ ᵑɡu˧ pi˨˥ɻoʔ˩ pɸəu˥˧ ʔəu˧˩ ʂãʔ˥ pi˨˥ɻoʔ˩ kʰi˨˥ᵐbeʔ˧ hi˨˩/
=== A poem ===
:3PL use brick instead_of stone and tar instead_of mortar PAST
<poem>
:They used brick instead of stone, and tar for mortar.
Au xäub xäub
 
Ihn taub taub
:''An zug tlau, "Ob ntsaus die Mbih nun dahn an bis ja die Nkloh von Schmauß [raug man] Ntse aus.''
Zied an xan
:/ʔəu˧˩ s̪u&#804;˧ tɬʰəu˧, "ʔo˥˧ ⁿts̺ʰəu˧˩ tɨ˧ ᵐbiʔ˥ nu˨˩ taʔ˩ ʔəu˧˩ pi˧˩ ʒa˧ tɨ˧ ᵑkʰloʔ˥ vo˨˩ m̥əu˧ˀ˥ ɻə&#804;u˧ma˨˩ ⁿts̺ʰe˧ ma˦˥/
Bluß Ndob Schlaub
:and 3PL say, VOC build INDEF city for 1PL and in it a tower REL top reach DEF sky COHORT
</poem>
:And they said: "Come, let's build a city for ourselves and a tower in it, whose top would reach the sky.
===1 John 3:15===
 
<poem>
:''Rein dahn xau Ntrob nun dahn aus. In dzas es mpeib dahn [dsei dsei] ein Xab dzeb bei."''
Daß Ndob nan schrös ein Nleis schwe, schluß so dzah die Ndob schwad Ndob, an schlag sab tun die Ndob schwad Ndob eh schwei ein Jun mbug bis schwe.
:that_way 1SG grow name for 1SG COHORT. or else IMPERS scatter 1PL all over DEF world whole FUT.
</poem>
:That way we will make a name for ourselves; otherwise we will be scattered over the whole world."
 
:''Leid ein Schwed ba mpfau hin, schluß bleb ein Mbih an ein Nkloh von ein Ndob-Ndob ntsaus sein.''
:but DEF god come down PST, PURP see DEF city and DEF tower REL DEF human human build PROG
:But the {{sc|Lord}} came down to see the city and the tower the people were building.
 
:''Ein Schwed tlau, "Daß die Lad wes Ntzog meib tei dlä nin, ab dxah nan zug schlab txoh hau eh dan Tzuß bei.''
:DEF god say, if one people speak language common have start do this, then thing whatever they plan accomplish NEG without possibility FUT
:The {{sc|Lord}} said, "If as one people speaking the same language they have begun to do this, then nothing they plan to do will be impossible for them.
 
:''"Ob ntros mpfau an schmeiß ndäu ein Ntzog zug aus, schluß zug drlin eh wiß veß bei."''
:"Come, let us go down and confuse their language so they will not understand each other.”
 
:''An ein Schwed mpeib zug je drein dsei dsei ein Xab dzeb, an zug vus ntsaus ein Mbih hin.''
:So the {{sc|Lord}} scattered them from there over all the earth, and they stopped building the city.
 
:''An nun naus ja flog Ntrob Mba-Mbä — dsäus drein ein Schwed hab schmeiß ndäu ein Ntzog an ein Xab dzeb hin.''
:That is why it was called Babel — because there the {{sc|Lord}} confused the language of the whole world.
 
:''Je drein ein Schwed mpeib zug dsei dsei ein Xab dzeb hin.''
:From there the {{sc|Lord}} scattered them over the face of the whole earth.
[[Category:Hlou-Shum languages]]
[[Category:Hlou-Shum languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]

Latest revision as of 00:32, 1 July 2025

Pages with the prefix 'Schlaub' in the and 'Talk' namespaces:

Schlaub
Wug Schlaub
Pronunciation[/wṳ˧ ɬəʊ˥/]
Created byPraimhín
SettingVerse:Tricin
Hlou-Shum
  • Hlouic
    • Schlaub
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Schlaub or Hlou (English: /(h)loʊ/ loh or homophonous with "hello"; natively: Wug Schlaub /wṳ˧ ɬəu˥/ 'Hlou speech' or 'Hlou thing') is a tonal language inspired by Hmong and German. It is the largest of the Hlou-Shum languages and the official language of the people of Mpfa Schlaub, a country in Mpfa Wieb.

Schlaub liberally uses Easter eggs.

Background

Todo

need polysyllabic words that are written as one word (Hmong has some)

Fill Mpfa Schlaub with Jabberwocky/Alice in Wonderland refs: Schleid Zeib, Wäb

On Beyond Zebra reference in forbidden syllables (syllables that do not correspond to any Schlaub word): Jus, Wub, Schwub, Mpfuh, Flud, Glig, Nuh, Schnie, Wön, Ntzad, Flub, Tzäs, Jog, Flön, Ieß, Jäg, Schnruß, Hie

Diachronics

Hlou merged Proto-Hlou-Shum ai au with ei ou into ei au /əɨ əʊ/. Even i u in some open syllables turned into ei au.

Glottal stop finals (-h in Schngellstein's spelling) come from Proto-Hlou-Shum final stops.

*ã > äu; *ãʔ > oh

*ẽ > ä; *ẽj > ei; *ẽʔ > äh

Hlou had a vowel shift from the Proto-Hlouic ten vowel system: /a ɛ i ɔ u ã ɛ̃ ĩ ɔ̃ ũ/ by merging /ã ĩ ũ/ with their non-nasalized counterparts, and after that /ɛ̃/ shifted to /ã/

Phonology

Standard (Schlaub Bahn)

Vowels

Hlou has 6 basic vowel qualities, but also has a number of diphthongs and nasal vowels.

a e i ie o u ä ö = /a ɛ i ɨ ɔ u ã~ɛ̃ õ/

ei au äu = /əi əu əũ/

ah eh ih ieh oh uh äh öh eih = /aʔ ɛʔ .../ [only occurs with -Ø, -n tones]

Consonants

Standard Hlou has 70 initials.

Hlou initials
Labial Lamino-
dental 		Apico-
alveolar 		Post-
alveolar 		Retroflex Velar Labio-
velar 		Glottal
plain lateral plain lateral plain lateral plain lateral
Nasal voiceless schm m̥ schml m̥ˡ schn n̥ schnr ɳ̊
voiced m m ml mˡ n n nl nˡ nr ɳ nrl ɳˡ
Plosive tenuis b p bl pˡ d t dl tˡ dr ʈ drl ʈˡ g k gl kˡ ʔ
aspirated p pʰ pl pˡʰ t tʰ tl tˡʰ tr ʈʰ trl ʈˡʰ k kʰ kl kˡʰ
prenasalized mb ᵐb mbl ᵐbˡ nd ⁿd ndr ᶯɖ ng ᵑɡ ngl ᵑɡˡ
mp ᵐpʰ mpl ᵐpˡʰ nt ⁿtʰ ntl ⁿtˡʰ ntr ᶯʈʰ ntrl ᶯʈˡʰ nk ᵑkʰ nkl ᵑkˡʰ
Affricate tenuis dz ts̪ ds ts̺ dx tʃ
aspirated pf pɸ tz ts̪ʰ ts ts̺ʰ tx tʃʰ
prenasalized ndz ⁿdz̪ nds ⁿdz̺ ndx ⁿdʒ
mpf ᵐpɸ ntz ⁿts̪ʰ nts ⁿts̺ʰ ntx ⁿtʃʰ
Continuant voiceless f f fl fˡ z s̪ s s̺ schl ɬ x ʃ schr ʂ sch ɧ~x schw ʍ h h
voiced v v l l j ʒ r ʐ~ɻ w w

Tone

Schlaub has 7 tones, indicated by final letters in Schngellstein's orthography.

Orthography Tone Example Suggested approximation
∅ mid level (33) / high checked (5) lau /ləu˧/ 'to plant' Vietnamese ngang / checked sắc
-n low falling (21) / low checked (1) laun /ləu˨˩/ 'to smile' Vietnamese huyền / checked nặng
-b high level / high falling (55~53) Laub /ləu˥˥/ 'leaf' Cantonese tone 1
-d dipping / mid falling (313~311) Laud /ləu˧˩˧/ 'shoe' Hanoi Vietnamese hỏi
-g breathy mid level (33 + breathy) laug /lə̤u˧/ 'to knit'
-s rising (24) laus /ləu˨˦/ 'to receive' Hanoi Vietnamese non-checked sắc
-ß broken rising (3ˀ5) Lauß /ləu˧ˀ˥/ 'wrinkle' Hanoi Vietnamese ngã

Approximate tone frequencies (among non-entering tone syllables): b > s ~ 0 > n > ß ~ g > d

Tone split from breathy voice < voiced stops

Schlaub Glaß

The Schlaub Glaß dialect is a non-standard dialect of Hlou.

Vowels

a e i ie o u ä ö = /a ɛ ɪ i ɔ ʊ ɛ œ/

ei au äu = /ai aʊ ɔʏ/

ah eh ih ieh oh uh äh öh eih = /aʔ ɛʔ .../ [only occurs with -Ø, -n, -b tones (the latter written as -hl)]

Consonants

Schlaub Glaß initials
Labial Lamino-
dental 		Apico-
alveolar 		Post-
alveolar 		Palatal Retroflex Velar Labio-
velar 		Glottal
plain lateral plain lateral plain lateral
Nasal voiceless schm m̥ schml m̥ˡ schn n̥ schnr ɳ̊
voiced m m ml mˡ n n nr ɳ
Plosive tenuis b p bl pˡ d t dl cˡ dr ʈ g k gl kˡ ʔ
aspirated p pʰ pl pˡʰ t tʰ tl cˡʰ tr ʈʰ k kʰ kl kˡʰ
prenasalized mb ᵐb mbl ᵐbˡ nd ⁿd ndl ᶮɟˡ ndr ᶯɖ ng ᵑɡ ngl ᵑɡˡ
mp ᵐpʰ mpl ᵐpˡʰ nt ⁿtʰ ntl ᶮcˡʰ ntr ᶯʈʰ nk ᵑkʰ nkl ᵑkˡʰ
Affricate tenuis bv pv dz ts̪ ds ts̺ dx tʃ
aspirated pf pf tz ts̪ʰ ts ts̺ʰ tx tʃʰ
prenasalized mbv ᵐbv ndz ⁿdz̪ nds ⁿdz̺ ndx ⁿdʒ
mpf ᵐpf ntz ⁿts̪ʰ nts ⁿts̺ʰ ntx ⁿtʃʰ
Continuant voiceless f f z s̪ s s̺ schl ɬ x ʃ schj ç schr ʂ sch ɧ
ch x 		schw ʍ h h
voiced v v l l, ł ɫ j j r ʐ~ɻ w w

Tone

Tones are the same as in Schlaub Bahn, except that the d and g tones are merged into g.

Orthography

Traditional logography

Abugida

Hrảm Hlóu (Schräd La-Tin Schlaub)

This transliteration was created by Praimhín as an alternative to the German-inspired orthography.

Initials

Labial Lamino-
dental 		Apico-
alveolar 		Post-
alveolar 		Retroflex Velar Labio-
velar 		Glottal
plain lateral plain lateral plain lateral plain lateral
Nasal voiceless hm m̥ hml m̥ˡ hn n̥ hnr ɳ̊
voiced m m ml mˡ n n nl nˡ nr ɳ
Plosive tenuis b p bl pˡ d t dl tˡ dr ʈ drl ʈˡ g k gl kˡ ʔ
aspirated p pʰ pl pˡʰ t tʰ tl tˡʰ tr ʈʰ trl ʈˡʰ c kʰ cl kˡʰ
prenasalized nb ᵐb nbl ᵐbˡ nd ⁿd ndr ᶯɖ ng ᵑɡ ngl ᵑɡˡ
np ᵐpʰ npl ᵐpˡʰ nt ⁿtʰ ntl ⁿtˡʰ ntr ᶯʈʰ nc ᵑkʰ ncl ᵑkˡʰ
Affricate tenuis ds ts̪ dσ ts̺ dx tʃ
aspirated φ pɸ ts ts̪ʰ tσ ts̺ʰ tx tʃʰ
prenasalized nds ⁿdz̪ ndσ ⁿdz̺ ndx ⁿdʒ
nφ ᵐpɸ nts ⁿts̪ʰ ntσ ⁿts̺ʰ ntx ⁿtʃʰ
Continuant voiceless f f fl fˡ s s̪ σ s̺ hl ɬ x ʃ hr ʂ sg ɧ hw ʍ h h
voiced v v l l j ʒ r ʐ~ɻ w w

Vowels

a e i o u ei ou /a e i o u əi əu/

am om oum /ã~ɛ̃ õ ə̃u/

ac ec ic oc uc anc onc /aʔ eʔ iʔ oʔ uʔ/

Featural script

 
Cole's featural script for Schlaub.

Grammar

Hlou is analytic and SVO, and is head-initial:

Die Wug mpes Nän sein.
/tɨ˧ wṳ˧ ᵐpʰe˨˦ nɛ̃˨˩ s̺əi˨˩/
INDEF bird_species drink water PROG
A wug is drinking water.
Xan schwei Ntxuhn bis Tu Mäb.
/ʃa˨˩ ʍəi˧ ts̺ɨ˧˩ pi˨˦ tʰu˧mɛ̃˥/
1SG have home in Tumhan
I live in Tumhan.
Dahn dsaub weg zu Mpfein an zu Schrös.
/taʔ˩ ts̺əu˥ we̤˧ s̪u˧ ᵐpɸəi˨˩ a˩ s̪u˧ n̥o˨˥/
1PL speak about VN love and VN hate
We speak about love and hate.
Dahn mpfein so, mplei dahn nkeiß Mbob so sein.
1PL love 3SG.A thus 1PL receive face 3SG.A PRES.PROG
We love him so we are welcoming him.

Pronouns

Personal

Person Singular Dual Plural
1 xan bluß dahn
2 zied jen schlag
3 so (animate)
ja (inanimate)		 nleib zug
2, 3 (respectful) Sie
Impersonal es
Reflexive schwe

Hlou has no passive voice; the impersonal es is used instead. For example, Es nlaß Ngu hin. (IMPERS fire_ceramic brick PST) means 'A brick was baked.' or 'Bricks were baked.'

Demonstrative

Correlatives
What This That Yon Any
Pronominal nab naus nein nin nan
Place drab draus drein drin dran
Manner/Extent rab raus rein rin ran

Other correlatives are formed by using these words with nouns.

Hlou is wh-in-situ:

  • Naus dzah nab? (this COP what) = What is this?
  • Ndob naus dzah nab? (person this COP what) = Who is this?
  • Zied be drab sein? (lit. you to where PROG) = Where are you going?
  • dla rab? 'Why?', dla rein 'that's why' (Calquing vì sao, vì vậy)
  • dlä rab nahn schluß... 'how to...' (lit. Do how in order to)
  • dlä rab? 'What to do?'

Prepositions

  • be = to; to go
  • bis = in, at
  • nre = on
  • gan = without
  • sä = with; to have
  • in = of
  • je = from
  • dla = for; because of
  • ob = vocative
  • weg = about
  • wi = away from
  • schon = ago
  • jaud = between
  • tzig = across
  • ös = over
  • tud = under
  • was = perhaps
  • des = now
  • wag = again
  • treib = before

Auxiliaries

  • hab = causative
  • bleib = deliberately
  • vein = accidentally
Xan bleib schäd Nduß hin.
I deliberately dropped the glass.
Xan vein schäd Nduß hin.
I accidentally dropped the glass.

Particles

  • sein = present progressive
    • Present progressive can also be formed by reduplicating the verb
  • hin = past
  • bei = future
  • aus = cohortative
  • es = question
  • eh = tag question
  • da = exclamatory
  • nreh = negative
  • doh = prohibitive
  • los = inchoative
  • man = emphatic
  • wein = (literary) alas!, woe is...
  • tag = comparative
  • nad = superlative
  • zu = verb to noun

Conjunctions

  • an = and
  • tei = or
  • vei = exclusive or
  • leid = but
  • von = relative clause
  • tun = complement clause
  • daß = if
  • schluß = then, so, therefore
  • nahn schluß = so that, in order to
  • dsäus = because (lit. reason)

Nouns

ein = definite article (proper nouns such as Wug Schlaub do not take it)

wie = specific article

die = indefinite article

Words may be pluralized by reduplication: Ndob Ndob = people. Uncountable nouns have no plural form.

Polysyllabic words also have a null plural:

Nkaub, ob Blieb-Blas!
fly VOC butterfly
Fly, butterflies!

Verbs and adjectives

Adverbs can be formed from verbs via reduplication.

ntsien = slow; ntsien ntsien 'slowly'

Classifiers

Numerals

1-10: die, beid, lähn, schred, kaß, traun, heid, ntzob, glaub, weiß

100: trleh

10000: schöd

Numerals come before nouns:

So ploß beid weiß Sen.
3SG.AN son two ten year_of_age
He is 20 years old.

"The more... the more..."

X X SUBJ1, Y Y SUBJ2
"The more SUBJ X's, the more SUBJ2 Y's."
Xan eh schlaun Wiß j'ein zu Treig Treig. Lös lös xan, wäud wäud xan läß.
1SG NEG receive understanding from DEF INF happen happen. run run 1SG, become become 1SG fat.
I don't understand what's going on. The more I run, the fatter I get.

"Schm-reduplication"

Schlaub uses a form of schm-reduplication, which works just like schm-reduplication in English, except that the schm-reduplicant is repeated.

"Leid xan dzah heb die Nöb da!" = but I COP just a noob EXCL

"Nöb schmöb schmöb, zied mbuh ngäs man!" = noob schmoob schmoob you can make_it EMPH

Fossilized morphology

  • PHS s-
    • Schlähn 'tribe' < lähn 'three'
    • Schlaub 'year' < Laub 'leaf'
    • Schwiß 'plain' < biß 'flat'
  • PHS -ʔ (reflected by tone change)
    • -g > -d: Lied 'art song' < lieg 'to tell a lie; (obsolete) to express'

Vocabulary

Hlou vocabulary is mostly native.

Chengyu

Hlou, like Chinese, has chengyu or "4-character phrases". They sometimes extend to 6-character phrases by using the Burns stanza.

  • Ntzuh Vöhn Schrau Ndob (schnäub hös) 'the best laid schemes of mice and men (aft gang agley)' (lit. schemes of mouse and plans of man often fail)
  • Nleiß Beig Gluhn Schnoh 'opulent luxury' (lit. pure gold, gem, carmine, spice)
  • Schwas kö Schwas sihn 'reap what you sow' (lit. [If] rice sprouts, rice results)
    • riff on Quacumquasit Pond

Poetry

[Under construction. The poems are gibberish and are meant to illustrate the rhyme scheme.]

Rhyme

In addition to having the same rime, two words must rhyme in tone class in order to be considered to rhyme. -Ø, -b, -n are "flat" (mla) tones; -g, -d, -s, -ß and checked tones are "sharp" (dzäß) tones.

Virelai

The virelai (Hlou: Traun Ntzob) is a traditional Hlou poetic form. Although it is called the virelai in English, it borrows elements (like the rhyme scheme) from the Vietnamese lục bát.

Example [the poem is gibberish]:

Mpfein schwie ein Ntzäh an Tsun,
Leid wen Bläuß dran, maß Schlub von trlien.
Väd mleib weg die Gleiß Schmieb,
Raus ein Pfeg nun schraß Xien taub tlub.

Daß zu Mläus ein Zeig Pfaß,
blein Eib zu Mböd bis Dlag,
klaub wie raug Mlob weis schrah zied Glu.

Daß zu Ves ein Drläub flein,
Weg ndso ein Ndxäuß schred nreib,
Pfed zag tzau die Vaub dlei raus Schmub.

Daß zu Vein Nkaub ein Nlas,
An zu Nlöb pfeib je Schmag ven Wauß,
schniß, ob Dlau! dran flän Schaug,
klöh xan haud wie Trob, haus nun Tsun.

Mpfein schwie ein Ntzäh an Tsun,
Leid wen Bläuß dran, maß Schlub von trlien.
Väd mleib weg die Gleiß Schmieb,
Raus ein Pfeg nun schraß Xien taub tlub.

Burns stanza

A variant of the Burns stanza is another traditional Hlou meter. This excerpt is from a poem by Schweid Täu-Rein.

Tlad Hei drlah Mbauß,
Xan schnuh zied nraug,
Xob Ndzäu beis schraus –
Ihn Vug –
Ngiß Tsahn we jaud
schrieb mbug.

Though [your] body must [become] soil,
I touch you up close,
The warm embrace nurturing
[The] leaf [of] learning;
A garden growing between [us],
[which will] last forever.

Holorime

Two lines with the same syllables but with different tones

Phrasebook

  1. 'I love you': Xan lub zied. /ʃa˨˩ lu˥˥ s̪ɨ˧˩˧/

Sample texts

A poem

Au xäub xäub
Ihn taub taub
Zied an xan
Bluß Ndob Schlaub

1 John 3:15

Daß Ndob nan schrös ein Nleis schwe, schluß so dzah die Ndob schwad Ndob, an schlag sab tun die Ndob schwad Ndob eh schwei ein Jun mbug bis schwe.

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