Gathrírn: Difference between revisions
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|name = Gathrírn | |name = Gathrírn | ||
|nativename = Gathrírn | |nativename = Gathrírn | ||
|pronunciation = | |pronunciation = gaˈθɾin | ||
| | |created = 2013 | ||
|familycolor = Constructed language | |familycolor = Constructed language | ||
| | |script1 = Latn | ||
|creator = User:Ashucky | |||
| | |||
}} | }} | ||
| Line 58: | Line 48: | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" | ||
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="width: 68px; "| | ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="width: 68px; "| | ||
! colspan="4" | | ! colspan="4" |Labial | ||
! rowspan="2" style="width: 50px; " |Dental | ! rowspan="2" style="width: 50px; " |Dental | ||
! colspan="4" |Alveolar | ! colspan="4" |Alveolar | ||
| Line 158: | Line 148: | ||
| f | | f | ||
| fʲ | | fʲ | ||
| | | ɸ | ||
| f: | | f: | ||
| θ | | θ | ||
| Line 168: | Line 158: | ||
| | | | ||
| x | | x | ||
| | | | ||
| colspan="2" | | | colspan="2" | | ||
| h | | h | ||
| Line 174: | Line 164: | ||
! rowspan="2" |Approximant !! <small>Voiced</small> | ! rowspan="2" |Approximant !! <small>Voiced</small> | ||
| ʋ | | ʋ | ||
| colspan=" | | ʋʲ | ||
| colspan="2" | | |||
| | | | ||
| colspan="4" | | | colspan="4" | | ||
| Line 752: | Line 743: | ||
=== Nouns === | === Nouns === | ||
Nouns in Gathrírn have three numbers (singular, dual, plural) and | Nouns in Gathrírn have three numbers (singular, dual, plural) and five cases (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, locative). There are four declensions. | ||
The basic paradigm of suffixes is regular: | The basic paradigm of suffixes is regular: | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 450px; text-align:center;" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 450px; text-align:center;" | ||
! style="width: | ! style="width: 90px" | Case !! style="width: 90px" | Singular !! style="width: 90px" | Dual !! style="width: 90px" |Plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Nominative | ! Nominative | ||
| Line 1,147: | Line 1,138: | ||
=== Adjectives === | === Adjectives === | ||
Adjectives typically end in one of the four adjectival endings: '''-eg''', '''-it''', '''-in''' (passive participle), or '''-aic''' active participles). The first three types also form comparative and superlative forms but the last types cannot. As expected, adjectives decline and have to agree with the noun in number and case. | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="width: 500px; text-align: center;" | |||
! colspan="6" | Adjectival declension | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="6" | -EG adjectives | |||
|- | |||
! !! style="width: 100px" | Nominative !! style="width: 100px" | Genitive !! style="width: 100px" | Dative !! style="width: 100px" |Accusative !! style="width: 100px" | Locative | |||
|- | |||
! Singular | |||
| -eg || -egri || -engi || -egri || -engi | |||
|- | |||
! Dual | |||
| -eggis || -egris || -engis || -egris || -engis | |||
|- | |||
! Plural | |||
| -eag || -eigri || -jengi || -eigri || -jengi | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="6" | -IT adjectives | |||
|- | |||
! Singular | |||
| -it || -itri || -inti || -idri || -ilti | |||
|- | |||
! Dual | |||
| -ittis || -itris || -intis || -idris || -iltis | |||
|- | |||
! Plural | |||
| -eit || -eitri || -jenti || -eidri || -jelti | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="6" | -IN adjectives | |||
|- | |||
! Singular | |||
| -in || -inri || -inti || -indi || -inli | |||
|- | |||
! Dual | |||
| -inis || -inris || -intis || -indis || -inlis | |||
|- | |||
! Plural | |||
| -ein || -jenri || -jenti || -jendi || -jenli | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="6" | -AIC adjectives | |||
|- | |||
! Singular | |||
| -aic || -aicri || -aicwi || -aicri || -aicwi | |||
|- | |||
! Dual | |||
| -aicis || -aicris || -aicwis || -aicris || -aicwis | |||
|- | |||
! Plural | |||
| -auc || -oaci || -oacwi || -oacri || -oacwi | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
==== Comparative and superlative ==== | |||
The comparative and superlative degrees are as follows: | |||
* '''-eg:''' | |||
** -eim | |||
** -ied | |||
* '''-it:''' | |||
** -yst | |||
** -yft | |||
* '''-in:''' | |||
** -yrn | |||
** -ynd | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="width: 500px; text-align: center;" | |||
! colspan="6" | Comparative and superlative | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="6" | -EG comparative | |||
|- | |||
! !! style="width: 100px" | Nominative !! style="width: 100px" | Genitive !! style="width: 100px" | Dative !! style="width: 100px" |Accusative !! style="width: 100px" | Locative | |||
|- | |||
! Singular | |||
| -eim || -eimri || -eimni || -eimri || -eimli | |||
|- | |||
! Dual | |||
| -eimis || -eimris || -eimnis || -eimris || -eimlis | |||
|- | |||
! Plural | |||
| -oim || -oemri || -oemni || -oemri || -oemli | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="6" | -EG superlative | |||
|- | |||
! Singular | |||
| -eid || -eidre || -jende || -eidre || -jeldi | |||
|- | |||
! Dual | |||
| -eidis || -eidres || -jendes || -eidres || -jeldes | |||
|- | |||
! Plural | |||
| -oid || -oedre || -oende || -oedre || -oelde | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
Additionally, the '''elative degree''' is formed by adding the prefix '''nae-''' in front of the adjective in its basic form. | |||
=== Pronouns === | === Pronouns === | ||
=== Verbs === | === Verbs === | ||
Verbs are inflected for three persons and three numbers in five moods and several tenses. | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="width: 790px; text-align: center;" | |||
! colspan="11" | Verbal conjugation: affirmative | |||
|- | |||
! style="width: 80px" | !! style="width: 80px" | !! style="width: 70px" | 1sg !! style="width: 70px" | 2sg !! style="width: 70px" | 3sg !! style="width: 70px" | 1du !! style="width: 70px" | 2du !! style="width: 70px" | 3du !! style="width: 70px" | 1pl !! style="width: 70px" | 2pl !! style="width: 70px" | 3pl | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="4" | Indicative !! Present | |||
| -e || er || -i || -eth || -en || -ejh || -ed(e) || -end(e) || -est | |||
|- | |||
! Preterite | |||
| -is || -irh || -a || -if || -im || -ic || -ift || -inz(i) || -adh(i) | |||
|- | |||
! Imperfect | |||
| -ini || -iri || -ina || -ínf || -imi || -ighi || -int || -inja || -inda | |||
|- | |||
! Future | |||
| -u || -om || -o || -us || -úms || -ur || -ud(a) || -ond(a) || -os | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" | Conditional | |||
| -foi || -foen || -fai || -faes || -forh || -feajh || -foit || -fwin || -fodh(i) | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" | Imperative | |||
| - || -o || - || colspan="2" | -on || - || colspan="2" | -or || - | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="4" | Impersonal<br>indicative !! Present | |||
| colspan="3" | -ei || colspan="3" | -eis || colspan="3" | -endi | |||
|- | |||
! Preterite | |||
| colspan="3" | -ia || colspan="3" | -ian || colspan="3" | -ialh | |||
|- | |||
! Imperfect | |||
| colspan="3" | -írni || colspan="3" | -inge || colspan="3" | -idhe | |||
|- | |||
! Future | |||
| colspan="3" | -ust || colspan="3" | -uma || colspan="3" | -uvi | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" | Impersonal conditional | |||
| colspan="3" | -fau || colspan="3" | -fois || colspan="3" | -feth | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="width: 790px; text-align: center;" | |||
! colspan="11" | Verbal conjugation: negative | |||
|- | |||
! style="width: 80px" | !! style="width: 80px" | !! style="width: 70px" | 1sg !! style="width: 70px" | 2sg !! style="width: 70px" | 3sg !! style="width: 70px" | 1du !! style="width: 70px" | 2du !! style="width: 70px" | 3du !! style="width: 70px" | 1pl !! style="width: 70px" | 2pl !! style="width: 70px" | 3pl | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="5" | Indicative !! Negation | |||
| '''wei''' || '''war''' || '''wai''' || '''wath''' || '''wan''' || '''was''' || '''wat''' || '''want''' || '''wast''' | |||
|- | |||
! Present | |||
| colspan="9" | -e | |||
|- | |||
! Preterite | |||
| colspan="9" | -i | |||
|- | |||
! Imperfect | |||
| colspan="9" | -in | |||
|- | |||
! Future | |||
| colspan="9" | -u | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" | Conditional | |||
| colspan="9" | -foa | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" | Imperative !! Negation | |||
| rowspan="2" | - || '''ale''' || rowspan="2" | - || colspan="2" | '''alan''' || rowspan="2" | - || colspan="2" | '''alat''' || rowspan="2" | - | |||
|- | |||
! | |||
| -o || colspan="2" | -o || colspan="2" | -o | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="5" | Impersonal<br>indicative !! Negation | |||
| colspan="3" | '''wen''' || colspan="3" | '''wes''' || colspan="3" | '''went''' | |||
|- | |||
! Present | |||
| colspan="9" | -ea | |||
|- | |||
! Preterite | |||
| colspan="9" | -ae | |||
|- | |||
! Imperfect | |||
| colspan="9" | -oe | |||
|- | |||
! Future | |||
| colspan="9" | -ue | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" | Impersonal conditional | |||
| colspan="9" | -fye | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
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<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --> | <!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --> | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Languages]][[Category:A priori]] | ||
Latest revision as of 11:52, 6 July 2021
| Gathrírn | |
|---|---|
| Gathrírn | |
| Pronunciation | [gaˈθɾin] |
| Created by | Ashucky |
| Date | 2013 |
Gathrírn is an a priori language inspired by Celtic languages. As such, it features extensive vowel and consonant mutations, as well as a relatively complex inflectional system. Its phonetic system is also remarkable in having up to four varieties of one phoneme.
Background
Phonology
Consonants
| Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plain | Palat. | Labial. | Gemin. | Plain | Palat. | Labial. | Gemin. | Plain | Labial. | Plain | Palat. | Labial. | Gemin. | ||||
| Nasal | Voiced | m | mʲ | mʷ | m: | n | nʷ | n: | ɲ | ŋ | |||||||
| Voiceless | m̥ | n̥ | |||||||||||||||
| Plosive | Voiced | b | bʲ | bʷ | b: | d | dʷ | d: | ɟ | g | gʷ | g: | |||||
| Voiceless | p | pʲ | pʷ | p: | t | tʷ | t: | c | k | kʷ | k: | ||||||
| Fricative | Voiced | ð | z | zʷ | ʑ | ɣ | |||||||||||
| Voiceless | f | fʲ | ɸ | f: | θ | s | sʷ | s: | ɕ | x | h | ||||||
| Approximant | Voiced | ʋ | ʋʲ | j | ɥ | w | |||||||||||
| Voiceless | j̊ | ʍ | |||||||||||||||
| Trill | Voiceless | r̥ | r̥ʷ | ||||||||||||||
| Flap or tap | Voiced | ɾ | ɾʲ | ɾʷ | |||||||||||||
| Lateral app. | Voiced | l | lʷ | l: | ʎ | ||||||||||||
| Voiceless | l̥ | l̥ʷ | |||||||||||||||
Vowels
| Front | Near-front | Central | Near-back | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i y | u | |||
| Near-close | ʏ | ʊ | |||
| Close-mid | e ø | o | |||
| Mid | ə | ||||
| Open-mid | ɛ | ɔ | |||
| Near-open | æ | ||||
| Open | a |
Phonotactics
Orthography
Grammar
Morphology
Mutations
Consonant mutations
Similar to Cletic languages, nouns in Gathrírn undergo several types of mutations. There are six consonant-initial mutations: fricativisation, palatalisation, labialisation, voicing, devoicing, and nasalisation or mixed type. Word-final consonants also change.
| Consonant-initial mutations | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unmutated | Fricativisation | Palatalisation | Labialisation | Voicing | Devoicing | Nasalisation |
| b | bh [ʋ] | bj | bw | - | bp [p] | mb [m] |
| bl | bhl [ʋl] | - | - | - | bpl [pl] | mbl [ml] |
| br | bhr [ʋɾ] | - | - | - | bpr [pɾ] | mbr [mɾ] |
| d | dh [ð] | dj [ɟ] | dw | - | dh [ð] | nd [n] |
| dr | dhr | - | - | - | dhr | - |
| dv | dhv | - | - | - | dhv | - |
| f | - | fj | fw | fv | - | nf |
| fl | - | - | - | fvl | - | - |
| g | gh [ɣ] | gj [ɟ] | gw | / | gk [k] | ng [ŋ] |
| gl | ghl | glj [ʑʎ] | / | / | gkl | ngl |
| gr | ghr | / | / | / | gkr | ngr |
| j | jw [ɥ] | / | w | / | jh [j̊] | nj |
| k | kh [x] | kj [c] | kw | kg [g] | / | kh [x] |
| kl | khl | klj [ɕʎ] | / | kgl | / | khl |
| kr | khr | / | / | kgr | / | khr |
| h | / | hj [xʲ] | hw [ʍ] | gh [ɣ] | / | kh |
| hw | / | jw [ɥ] | / | w | / | w |
| l | / | lj | lw | / | lh | / |
| m | mh [v] | mlj | mw | / | / | / |
| ml | mhl | / | / | / | / | / |
| mr | mhr | / | / | / | / | / |
| mn | mhn | mnj | / | / | / | / |
| n | / | nj | nw | / | / | / |
| p | ph [f] | pj | pw | pb [b] | / | ph [f] |
| pl | phl | / | / | pbl | / | phl |
| pr | phr | / | / | pbr | / | phr |
| r | / | rj | rw | / | rh | / |
| rh | rr [r] | rr | rhw [r̥ʷ] | rr | / | rr |
| lh | ll [l] | ll | lhw [l̥ʷ] | ll | / | ll |
| s | sh [h] | sj [ɕ] | sw | sz [z] | / | / |
| t | th [θ] | tj [c] | tw | td [d] | th [θ] | th |
| tl | thl | tlj [ɕʎ] | / | tdl | thl | thl |
| tr | thr | / | / | tdr | thr | thr |
| tv | / | / | / | tdv | tsv [sʋ] | / |
| tf | / | tjf [ɕf] | / | tfv [dʋ] | tsf [sf] | / |
| z | zh [ɣ] | zj [ʑ] | zw | / | zs [s] | / |
| w | / | jw [ɥ] | / | / | wh [ʍ] | jw [ɥ] |
| th | / | / | / | dh [ð] | / | / |
| sk | shk [xk] | skj [ɕc] | / | / | / | / |
| st | sht [xt] | stj [ɕc] | / | / | / | / |
| vowel | c' | - | w' | - | l' | c' |
| Consonant-final mutations | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unmutated | Mutated | |||||
| b | bb | |||||
| c | c | |||||
| d | dd | |||||
| dh | d | |||||
| f | p | |||||
| ft | ft | |||||
| g | gg | |||||
| j | j | |||||
| jh | jj | |||||
| js | sj | |||||
| jz | zj | |||||
| k | kk | |||||
| kh | kh | |||||
| l | l | |||||
| lf | lf | |||||
| ld | ld | |||||
| lj | lj | |||||
| lh | ll | |||||
| ls | ll | |||||
| lt | lt | |||||
| lv | lv | |||||
| lz | lj | |||||
| m | m | |||||
| mh | mm | |||||
| ms | ms | |||||
| n | n | |||||
| nd | nd | |||||
| nf | ff | |||||
| nh | nn | |||||
| nj | nj | |||||
| ns | ss | |||||
| nt | nt | |||||
| nz | nj | |||||
| p | pp | |||||
| r | r | |||||
| rd | d | |||||
| rdh | dh | |||||
| rh | rr | |||||
| rn | n | |||||
| rs | sj | |||||
| rt | tt | |||||
| rth | th | |||||
| rz | zj | |||||
| s | s | |||||
| st | st | |||||
| t | tt | |||||
| v | b | |||||
| z | z | |||||
Vowel mutations
Vowel mutations apply when declining nouns.
| Vowel mutations | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unmutated | E-PLURAL | Unmutated | O-PLURAL | ||
| Primary | Secondary | Primary | Secondary | ||
| NON-FINAL | |||||
| a | e | ea | a | au | ae |
| e | i | ie | e | au | ae |
| i | ei | ea | i | ie | ea |
| o | oi | oe | o | o | oe |
| u | y | ye | u | oa | ue |
| y | y | ye | y | u | ue |
| ONE FINAL CONSONANT or VOWEL | |||||
| a | ai | ai | a | ae | au |
| e | ea | ae | e | ea | ei |
| i | ei | ei | i | ea | ei |
| o | oe | oe | o | oe | oi |
| u | ou | oi | u | oa | ou |
| y | ye | oe | y | ue | ui |
| ai | au | oa | ai | ae | au |
| ei | oi | oe | ei | ou | ui |
| oa | o | oe | oa | au | au |
| NASAL + PLOSIVE or FRICATIVE | |||||
| a | ae | ai | a | ae | ai |
| e | ea | ei | e | ea | ei |
| i | ei | ei | i | ie | ai |
| o | oe | oe | o | oe | oi |
| u | ye | oe | u | oa | oi |
| y | ye | oe | y | ye | ui |
| LIQUID + PLOSIVE or FRICATIVE | |||||
| a | ae | ei | a | ae | ei |
| e | ea | ei | e | ie | ei |
| i | ea | ei | i | ie | ei |
| o | oe | oi | o | ie | ei |
| u | ye | oi | u | ue | ui |
| y | ye | oi | y | ue | ui |
Nouns
Nouns in Gathrírn have three numbers (singular, dual, plural) and five cases (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, locative). There are four declensions.
The basic paradigm of suffixes is regular:
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | -Ø | -is | -(Vmut.)-Ø |
| Genitive | -ur | -urh | -(Vmut.)-ur |
| Dative | -en | -enh | -(Vmut.)-en |
| Accusative | -er | -erh | -(Vmut.)-er |
| Locative | -on | -olh | -(Vmut.)-on |
First declension
| First declension: vowel-final | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| SINGULAR | ||||
| Nominative | Genitive | Dative | Accusative | Locative |
| -a | -aur | -aen | -aer | -ael |
| -e | -eir | -ean | -ear | -eil |
| -i | -uir | -ien | -air | -iel |
| -o | -oir | -oen | -oar | -oel |
| -u | -uer | -uin | -uir | -uil |
| -y | -yer | -yen | -yer | -yel |
| DUAL | ||||
| -ais | -warh | -aenh | -aerh | -aelh |
| -eis | -jerh | -eanh | -earh | -jelh |
| -ies | -wirh | -ienh | -jarh | -ielh |
| -ois | -jorh | -oenh | -oarh | -oelh |
| -uis | -uerh | -winh | -wirh | -wilh |
| -yes | -yerh | -yenh | -yerh | -yelh |
| PLURAL | ||||
| -ai | -air | -ain | -air | -ail |
| -ie | -ier | -ien | -ier | -iel |
| -ei | -eir | -ein | -eir | -eil |
| -oe | -oer | -oen | -oer | -oel |
| -ou | -our | -oun | -our | -oul |
| -ye | -yer | -yen | -yer | -yel |
Second declension
| First declension: one final consonant | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| SINGULAR | ||||
| Nominative | Genitive | Dative | Accusative | Locative |
| -aC | -aCur | -aCen | -aCer | -aCon |
| -eC | -eCur | -eCen | -eCer | -eCon |
| -iC | -iCur | -iCen | -iCer | -iCon |
| -oC | -oCur | -oCen | -oCer | -oCon |
| -uC | -uCur | -uCen | -uCer | -uCon |
| -yC | -yCyr | -yCin | -yCyr | -yCin |
| -aiC | -aiCur | -aiCen | -aiCer | -aiCon |
| -eiC | -eiCur | -eiCen | -eiCer | -eiCon |
| -oaC | -oaCoer | -oaCean | -oaCear | -oaCoen |
| DUAL | ||||
| -aCis | -aCurh | -aCenh | -aCerh | -aColh |
| -eCis | -eCurh | -eCenh | -eCerh | -eColh |
| -iCis | -iCurh | -iCenh | -iCerh | -iColh |
| -oCis | -oCurh | -oCenh | -oCerh | -oColh |
| -uCis | -uCurh | -uCenh | -uCerh | -uColh |
| -yCis | -yCyrh | -yCinh | -yCyrh | -yCilh |
| -aiCis | -aiCurh | -aiCenh | -aiCerh | -aiColh |
| -eiCis | -eiCurh | -eiCenh | -eiCerh | -eiColh |
| -oaCis | -oaCoerh | -oaCeanh | -oaCearh | -oaCoelh |
| E-PLURAL (C = voiceless/n/m) | ||||
| -aiC | -aiCur | -aiCen | -aiCer | -aiCon |
| -eaC | -aeCyr | -aeCen | -aeCer | -aeCoen |
| -eiC | -eiCur | -eiCen | -eiCer | -eiCon |
| -oeC | -oeCyr | -oeCen | -oeCer | -oeCoen |
| -ouC | -oiCur | -oiCen | -oiCer | -oiCon |
| -yeC | -oeyCyr | -oeCin | -oeCyr | -oeCin |
| -auC | -oaCoer | -oaCean | -oaCear | -oaCoen |
| -oiC | -oeCaer | -oeCean | -oeCear | -oeCaen |
| -oC | -oeCoer | -oeCean | -oeCear | -oeCoen |
| O-PLURAL | ||||
| -aeC | -auCur | -auCen | -auCer | -auCon |
| -eaC | -eiCur | -eiCen | -eiCer | -eiCon |
| -eaC | -eiCur | -eiCen | -eiCer | -eiCon |
| -oeC | -oiCur | -oiCen | -oiCer | -oiCon |
| -oaC | -ouCur | -ouCen | -ouCer | -ouCon |
| -yeC | -uiCur | -uiCen | -uiCer | -uiCon |
| -aeC | -auCur | -auCen | -auCer | -auCon |
| -ouC | -uiCur | -uiCen | -uiCer | -uiCon |
| -uC | -auCur | -auCen | -auCer | -auCon |
Third declension
| First declension: nasal + plosive/fricative | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| SINGULAR | ||||
| Nominative | Genitive | Dative | Accusative | Locative |
| -aN | -aNur | -aNen | -aNer | -aNon |
| -eN | -eNur | -eNen | -eNer | -eNon |
| -iN | -iNur | -iNen | -iNer | -iNon |
| -oN | -oNur | -oNen | -oNer | -oNon |
| -uN | -uNur | -uNen | -uNer | -uNon |
| -yN | -yNyr | -yNin | -yNyr | -yNin |
| DUAL | ||||
| -aNath | -aNurh | -aNenh | -aNerh | -aNolh |
| -eNath | -eNurh | -eNenh | -eNerh | -eNolh |
| -iNath | -iNurh | -iNenh | -iNerh | -iNolh |
| -oNath | -oNurh | -oNenh | -oNerh | -oNolh |
| -uNath | -uNurh | -uNenh | -uNerh | -uNolh |
| -yNath | -yNyrh | -yNinh | -yNyrh | -yNilh |
| E-PLURAL | ||||
| -aeN | -aiNur | -aiNen | -aiNer | -aiNon |
| -eaN | -eiNur | -eiNen | -eiNer | -eiNon |
| -eiN | -eiNur | -eiNen | -eiNer | -eiNon |
| -oeN | -oeNyr | -oeNean | -oeNear | -oeNyn |
| -yeN | -oeNyr | -oeNean | -oeNear | -oeNyn |
| -yeN | -oeNyr | -oeNean | -oeNear | -oeNyn |
| O-PLURAL | ||||
| -aeN | -aiNur | -aiNen | -aiNer | -aiNon |
| -eaN | -eiNur | -eiNen | -eiNer | -eiNon |
| -ieN | -aiNur | -aiNen | -aiNer | -aiNon |
| -oeN | -oiNur | -oiNen | -oiNar | -oiNon |
| -oaN | -oiNur | -oiNen | -oiNar | -oiNon |
| -yeN | -uiNur | -uiNen | -uiNar | -uiNon |
Fourth declension
| First declension: liquid + plosive/fricative | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| SINGULAR | ||||
| Nominative | Genitive | Dative | Accusative | Locative |
| -aL | -aLur | -aLen | -aLer | -aLon |
| -eL | -eLur | -eLen | -eLer | -eLon |
| -iL | -iLur | -iLen | -iLer | -iLon |
| -oL | -oLur | -oLen | -oLer | -oLon |
| -uL | -uLur | -uLen | -uLer | -uLon |
| -yL | -yLyr | -yLin | -yLyr | -yLin |
| DUAL | ||||
| -aLath | -aLurh | -aLenh | -aLerh | -aLolh |
| -eLath | -eLurh | -eLenh | -eLerh | -eLolh |
| -iLath | -iLurh | -iLenh | -iLerh | -iLolh |
| -oLath | -oLurh | -oLenh | -oLerh | -oLolh |
| -uLath | -uLurh | -uLenh | -uLerh | -uLolh |
| -yLath | -yLyrh | -yLinh | -yLyrh | -yLilh |
| E-PLURAL | ||||
| -aeL | -eiLur | -eiLen | -eiLer | -eiLon |
| -eaL | -eiLur | -eiLen | -eiLer | -eiLon |
| -eaL | -eiLur | -eiLen | -eiLer | -eiLon |
| -oeL | -oiLur | -oiLen | -oiLer | -oiLon |
| -yeL | -oiLur | -oiLen | -oiLer | -oiLon |
| -yeL | -oiLur | -oiLen | -oiLer | -oiLon |
| O-PLURAL | ||||
| -aeL | -eiLur | -eiLen | -eiLer | -eiLon |
| -ieL | -eiLur | -eiLen | -eiLer | -eiLon |
| -ieL | -eiLur | -eiLen | -eiLer | -eiLon |
| -ieL | -eiLur | -eiLen | -eiLer | -eiLon |
| -ueL | -uiLur | -uiLen | -uiLer | -uiLon |
| -ueL | -uiLur | -uiLen | -uiLer | -uiLon |
Adjectives
Adjectives typically end in one of the four adjectival endings: -eg, -it, -in (passive participle), or -aic active participles). The first three types also form comparative and superlative forms but the last types cannot. As expected, adjectives decline and have to agree with the noun in number and case.
| Adjectival declension | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| -EG adjectives | |||||
| Nominative | Genitive | Dative | Accusative | Locative | |
| Singular | -eg | -egri | -engi | -egri | -engi |
| Dual | -eggis | -egris | -engis | -egris | -engis |
| Plural | -eag | -eigri | -jengi | -eigri | -jengi |
| -IT adjectives | |||||
| Singular | -it | -itri | -inti | -idri | -ilti |
| Dual | -ittis | -itris | -intis | -idris | -iltis |
| Plural | -eit | -eitri | -jenti | -eidri | -jelti |
| -IN adjectives | |||||
| Singular | -in | -inri | -inti | -indi | -inli |
| Dual | -inis | -inris | -intis | -indis | -inlis |
| Plural | -ein | -jenri | -jenti | -jendi | -jenli |
| -AIC adjectives | |||||
| Singular | -aic | -aicri | -aicwi | -aicri | -aicwi |
| Dual | -aicis | -aicris | -aicwis | -aicris | -aicwis |
| Plural | -auc | -oaci | -oacwi | -oacri | -oacwi |
Comparative and superlative
The comparative and superlative degrees are as follows:
- -eg:
- -eim
- -ied
- -it:
- -yst
- -yft
- -in:
- -yrn
- -ynd
| Comparative and superlative | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| -EG comparative | |||||
| Nominative | Genitive | Dative | Accusative | Locative | |
| Singular | -eim | -eimri | -eimni | -eimri | -eimli |
| Dual | -eimis | -eimris | -eimnis | -eimris | -eimlis |
| Plural | -oim | -oemri | -oemni | -oemri | -oemli |
| -EG superlative | |||||
| Singular | -eid | -eidre | -jende | -eidre | -jeldi |
| Dual | -eidis | -eidres | -jendes | -eidres | -jeldes |
| Plural | -oid | -oedre | -oende | -oedre | -oelde |
Additionally, the elative degree is formed by adding the prefix nae- in front of the adjective in its basic form.
Pronouns
Verbs
Verbs are inflected for three persons and three numbers in five moods and several tenses.
| Verbal conjugation: affirmative | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1sg | 2sg | 3sg | 1du | 2du | 3du | 1pl | 2pl | 3pl | ||
| Indicative | Present | -e | er | -i | -eth | -en | -ejh | -ed(e) | -end(e) | -est |
| Preterite | -is | -irh | -a | -if | -im | -ic | -ift | -inz(i) | -adh(i) | |
| Imperfect | -ini | -iri | -ina | -ínf | -imi | -ighi | -int | -inja | -inda | |
| Future | -u | -om | -o | -us | -úms | -ur | -ud(a) | -ond(a) | -os | |
| Conditional | -foi | -foen | -fai | -faes | -forh | -feajh | -foit | -fwin | -fodh(i) | |
| Imperative | - | -o | - | -on | - | -or | - | |||
| Impersonal indicative |
Present | -ei | -eis | -endi | ||||||
| Preterite | -ia | -ian | -ialh | |||||||
| Imperfect | -írni | -inge | -idhe | |||||||
| Future | -ust | -uma | -uvi | |||||||
| Impersonal conditional | -fau | -fois | -feth | |||||||
| Verbal conjugation: negative | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1sg | 2sg | 3sg | 1du | 2du | 3du | 1pl | 2pl | 3pl | ||
| Indicative | Negation | wei | war | wai | wath | wan | was | wat | want | wast |
| Present | -e | |||||||||
| Preterite | -i | |||||||||
| Imperfect | -in | |||||||||
| Future | -u | |||||||||
| Conditional | -foa | |||||||||
| Imperative | Negation | - | ale | - | alan | - | alat | - | ||
| -o | -o | -o | ||||||||
| Impersonal indicative |
Negation | wen | wes | went | ||||||
| Present | -ea | |||||||||
| Preterite | -ae | |||||||||
| Imperfect | -oe | |||||||||
| Future | -ue | |||||||||
| Impersonal conditional | -fye | |||||||||