Linguifex

Scots Norse: Difference between revisions

← Older edit
VisualWikitext
Melinoë (talk | contribs)
Bots
3,693 edits
Melinoë (talk | contribs)
Bots
3,693 edits
 
(12 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 28: Line 28:
|speakers2=(L2) < 50,000
|speakers2=(L2) < 50,000
|date=2019
|date=2019
|map=File:Lang Status 20-CR.svg
|mapcaption=Scots Norse is classified as [[w:Critically endangered language|critically endangered]] by the UNESCO ''[[w:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger|Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]''
|notice=IPA
|notice=IPA
}}
}}
Line 191: Line 193:
Take these following examples:
Take these following examples:
:''thù tàlir'' /ˈxu ˈto.ʎɪθ͇/ — "you speak"
:''thù tàlir'' /ˈxu ˈto.ʎɪθ͇/ — "you speak"
:''e h-tàli'' /ˈe ˈho.ʎɪ/— "I speak"
:''e thàli'' /ˈe ˈho.ʎɪ/— "I speak"
:''ha n-tàlir'' /ˈha ˈno.ʎɪθ͇/— "he speaks"
:''ha nhàlir'' /ˈha ˈn̥o.ʎɪθ͇/— "he speaks"
 
Take notice of how the orthography for mutation takes after Irish, ''not'' Scottish.


==Orthography==
==Orthography==
(only accurate up to "nn")
(only accurate up to "rn")
Doubled consonants are essentially identical to singular ones, the exceptions will be placed in the table, and as a general rule, doubled initial consonants are long, composing the only geminates in the language.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan=3 | Letter(s)
! colspan=3 | Letter(s)
Line 253: Line 254:
| {{term|}} //
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| '''ch'''
| rowspan=2 | '''ch'''
| colspan=2 | word finally
| colspan=2 | plain/broad
| /x/
| /x/
| {{term|locch}} /ˈlˠɔx/
| {{term|locch}} /ˈlˠɔx/
|-
| colspan=2 | slender
| /ç/
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| colspan=3 | '''chd'''
| colspan=3 | '''chd'''
Line 279: Line 284:
| {{term|}} //
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| rowspan=4 | '''dh'''
| rowspan=3 | '''dh'''
| colspan=2 | intervocalic/pre-consonantal/finally
| colspan=2 | intervocalic/pre-consonantal/finally
| /./ or null
| /./ or null
| {{term|òdha}} /ˈo.ə/, {{term|sudhrø̀jr}} /sˠʌ.ˈrei̯θ͇/
| {{term|òdha}} /ˈo.ə/, {{term|sudhrø̀jr}} /sˠʌ.ˈrei̯θ͇/
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | plain
| colspan=2 | plain/broad
| /d/
| {{term|}} //
|-
| colspan=2 | broad
| /ɣ/
| /ɣ/
| {{term|}} //
| {{term|}} //
Line 294: Line 295:
| colspan=2 | slender
| colspan=2 | slender
| /ʝ/
| /ʝ/
| {{term|}} //
|-
| rowspan=3 | '''f'''
| colspan=2 | plain
| /f/
| {{term|ofàrr}} /ɒ.ˈfor/
|-
| colspan=2 | broad
| /fˠ/
| {{term|}} //
|-
| colspan=2 | slender
| /fʲ/
| {{term|}} //
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
Line 409: Line 397:
| {{term|}} //
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| rowspan="5" | '''p'''
| rowspan=4 | '''p'''
| rowspan=4 | broad </br> slender not before back vowel
| rowspan=2 | plain
| initially or after consonant
| initially, before a vowel/finally
| {{IPA|/pʰ/}}
| /pʰ/
| {{lang|gd|post}} {{IPA|/pʰɔs̪t̪/}}, {{lang|gd|campa}} {{IPA|/ˈkʰaumpə/}}, {{lang|gd|peasair}} {{IPA|/ˈpʰes̪ɪɾʲ/}},
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| between vowels
| elsewhere
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/ʰp/}}
| /p/
| {{lang|gd|cupa}} {{IPA|/ˈkʰuʰpə/}}, {{lang|gd|cipean}} {{IPA|/ˈkʰʲiʰpan/}} 
| {{term|priadh}} /ˈprʲa/
|-
|-
| finally after vowel
| colspan=2 | broad
| {{lang|gd|cuip}} {{IPA|/ˈkʰuiʰp/}}
| /pˠ/
| {{term|post}} /ˈpˠɔstʰ/
|-
|-
| finally after consonant
| colspan=2 | slender
| {{IPA|/p/}}
| /pʲ/
| {{lang|gd|ailp}} {{IPA|/alp/}}
| {{term|}} //
|-
| slender before back vowel
| after consonant, or initially
| {{IPA|/pʰj/}}
| {{lang|gd|piuthar}} {{IPA|/ˈpʰju.əɾ/}}, {{lang|gd|peall}} {{IPA|/pʰjaul̪ˠ/}}
|-  
|-  
| rowspan=3 | '''ph'''
| rowspan=3 | '''ph'''
| colspan=2 | plain
| /f/
| {{term|ophàrr}} /ɒ.ˈfor/
|-
| colspan=2 | broad
| colspan=2 | broad
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/f/}}
| /fˠ/
| {{lang|gd|sa phost}} {{IPA|/s̪ə fɔs̪t̪/}}, {{lang|gd|bho phàiste}} {{IPA|/vɔ ˈfaːʃtʲə/}}
| ({{term|sa}}) {{term|phost}} /(ˈsa) ˈfˠɔstʰ/
|-
| colspan=2 | slender
| /fʲ/
| (han) {{term|phiutharr}} /(ˈhã) ˈfʲɤ.ər/
|-
| rowspan=4 | '''r'''
| colspan=2 | finally
| /θ͇~θ/
| {{term|bhar}} /ˈvaθ͇/
|-
|-
| rowspan=2 | slender
| colspan=2 | plain
| before front vowel
| /r/
| {{lang|gd|dà pheasair}} {{IPA|/t̪aː ˈfes̪ɪɾʲ/}}, {{lang|gd|mo pheata}} {{IPA|/mɔ ˈfɛʰt̪ə/}}
| {{term|sudhrø̀scc}} /sˠʌ.ˈreskʰ/
|-
|-
| before back vowel
| colspan=2 | broad
| {{IPA|/fj/}}
| /rˠ/
| {{lang|gd|mo phiuthar}} {{IPA|/mɔ ˈfju.əɾ/}}, {{lang|gd|sa pheann}} {{IPA|/s̪ə fjaun̪ˠ/}}
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| rowspan=4 | '''r'''
| colspan=2 | slender
| colspan=2 | initially, unlenited
| /rʲ/
| {{IPA|/rˠ/}}
| {{term|bhère}} /ˈvʲerʲ/
| {{lang|gd|ràmh}} {{IPA|/rˠaːv/}}, {{lang|gd|rionnag}} {{IPA|/ˈrˠun̪ˠak/}}
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | initially, lenited
| rowspan=4 | '''rr'''
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/ɾ/}}
| colspan=2 | finally
| {{lang|gd|do rùn}} {{IPA|/tɔ ɾuːn/}}, {{lang|gd|bho rèic}} {{IPA|/vɔ ɾeːʰkʲ/}}
| /r/
| {{term|bhàrr}} /ˈvor/
|-
|-
| rowspan=2 | elsewhere
| colspan=2 | plain
| broad
| /r/
| {{lang|gd|caran}} {{IPA|/ˈkʰaɾan/}}, {{lang|gd|mura}} {{IPA|/ˈmuɾə/}}
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| slender
| colspan=2 | broad
| {{IPA|/ɾʲ/}}
| /rˠ/
| {{lang|gd|cìr}} {{IPA|/kʰʲiːɾʲ/}}, {{lang|gd|cuireadh}} {{IPA|/ˈkʰuɾʲəɣ/}}
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| colspan=3 | '''rr'''
| colspan=2 | slender
| {{IPA|/rˠ/}}
| /rʲ/
| {{lang|gd|cearr}} {{IPA|/kʰʲaːrˠ/}}, {{lang|gd|barra}} {{IPA|/ˈparˠə/}}
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| colspan=3 | '''-rt''', '''-rd'''
| colspan=3 | '''-rt''', '''-rd'''
| {{IPA|/ɾʃt̪/}}
| /ɾʃt̪/
| {{lang|gd|neart}} {{IPA|/ɲɛɾʃt̪/}}, {{lang|gd|bord}} {{IPA|/pɔːɾʃt̪/}}
| {{term|}} //
|-
| colspan=3 | '''-rn'''
| /r/
| {{term|norn}} /ˈnɔr/
|-
| rowspan=3 | '''s'''
| colspan=2 | plain
| /s/
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| rowspan=2 | '''s'''
| colspan=2 | broad
| colspan=2 | broad
| {{IPA|/s̪/}}
| /sˠ/
| {{lang|gd|sàr}} {{IPA|/s̪aːɾ/}}, {{lang|gd|casan}} {{IPA|/ˈkʰas̪an/}}
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | slender
| colspan=2 | slender
| {{IPA|/ʃ/}}
| /ʃ/
| {{lang|gd|siùcair}} {{IPA|/ˈʃuːʰkɪɾʲ/}}, {{lang|gd|càise}} {{IPA|/ˈkʰaːʃə/}}
| {{term|sèl}} /ˈʃeʃ/
|-  
|-  
| rowspan=3 | '''sh'''
| rowspan=3 | '''sh'''
| colspan=2 | plain
| /h/
| {{term|}} //
|-
| colspan=2 | broad
| colspan=2 | broad
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/h/}}
| /x/
| {{lang|gd|ro shalach}} {{IPA|/ɾɔ ˈhal̪ˠəx/}}, {{lang|gd|glè shoilleir}} {{IPA|/kleː ˈhɤʎɪɾʲ/}}
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| rowspan=2 | slender
| colspan=2 | slender
| before front vowel
| /ç/
| {{lang|gd|dà shìl}} {{IPA|/t̪aː hiːʎ/}}, {{lang|gd|glè shean}} {{IPA|/kleː hɛn/}}
| bhol {{term|shèl}} /ˈvɤ ˈçeʃ/
|-
|-
| before back vowel
| rowspan=5 | '''t'''
| {{IPA|/hj/}}
| rowspan=2 | plain
| {{lang|gd|de shiùcair}} {{IPA|/tʲe ˈhjuːʰkɪɾʲ/}}, {{lang|gd|a sheòladh}} {{IPA|/ə ˈhjɔːl̪ˠəɣ/}}
| initially/finally
| /tʰ/
| {{term|tàll}} /ˈtʰol/
|-
|-
| colspan=3 | '''sr, str'''
| elsewhere
| {{IPA|/s̪t̪ɾ/}}
| /t/
| {{lang|gd|sràc}} {{IPA|/s̪t̪ɾaːʰk/}}, {{lang|gd|strì}} {{IPA|/s̪t̪ɾʲiː/}}
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| rowspan=8 | '''t'''
| colspan=2 | broad
| rowspan=4 | broad
| /tˠ/
| initially, or non-finally after consonant
| {{term|}} //
| {{IPA|/t̪ʰ/}}
| {{lang|gd|tasdan}} {{IPA|/ˈt̪ʰas̪t̪an/}}, {{lang|gd|molta}} {{IPA|/ˈmɔl̪ˠt̪ə/}}
|-
|-
| between vowels
| rowspan=2 | slender
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/ʰt̪/}}
| initially/finally
| {{lang|gd|bàta}} {{IPA|/ˈpaːʰt̪ə/}}
| /t͡ʃʰ/
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| finally, after vowel
| elsewhere
| {{lang|gd|put}} {{IPA|/pʰuʰt̪/}}
| /t͡ʃ/
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| finally, after consonant
| rowspan=4 | '''th'''
| {{IPA|/t/}}
| colspan=2 | intervocalic/pre-consonantal/finally
|
| /./ or null
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| rowspan=4 | slender
| colspan=2 | plain
| initially, or non-finally after consonant
| /h/
| {{IPA|/tʰʲ/}}
| {{term|}} //
| {{lang|gd|tiugh}} {{IPA|/tʰʲu/}}, {{lang|gd|caillte}} {{IPA|/ˈkʰaiʎtʲə/}}
|-
|-
| between vowels
| colspan=2 | broad
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/ʰtʲ/}}
| /x/
| {{lang|gd|litir}} {{IPA|/ˈʎiʰtʲɪɾʲ/}}
| {{term|thù}} /ˈxu/
|-
|-
| finally, after vowel
| colspan=2 | slender
| {{lang|gd|cait}} {{IPA|/kʰɛʰtʲ/}}
| /ç/
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| finally, after consonant
| rowspan=3 | z
| {{IPA|/tʲ/}}
| colspan=2 | plain
| {{lang|gd|ailt}} {{IPA|/altʲ/}}
| /z/
|-
| {{term|}} //
| rowspan="6" | '''th'''
| colspan=2 | finally
| none
| {{lang|gd|teth}} {{IPA|/tʰʲe/}}, {{lang|gd|leth}} {{IPA|/ʎe/}}, {{lang|gd|strath}} {{IPA|/s̪t̪ɾa/}}
|-
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" | between vowels
| colspan=2 | broad
| {{IPA|/./}}
| /zˠ/
| {{lang|gd|leotha}} {{IPA|/ˈlɔ.ə/}}, {{lang|gd|piuthar}} {{IPA|/ˈpʰju.əɾ/}}, {{lang|gd|cnòthan}} {{IPA|/ˈkɾɔː.ən/}}
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| rowspan="3" |{{IPA|/h/}}
| colspan=2 | slender
|{{lang|gd|beatha}} {{IPA|/ˈpɛhə/}}, {{lang|gd|fathan}} {{IPA|/ˈfahan/}}, {{lang|gd|a mhàthair}} {{IPA|/ə ˈvaːhɪɾʲ/}}
| /ʒ/
|-
| an {{term|zèl}} /(ˈã) ˈʒeʃ/
| rowspan="3" | initially
| broad
| {{lang|gd|mo thòn}} {{IPA|/mɔ hɔːn/}}, {{lang|gd|do thaigh}} {{IPA|/t̪ɔ hɤʝ/}}
|-
| slender, before front vowel
| {{lang|gd|thig}} {{IPA|/hikʲ/}}, {{lang|gd|ro thinn}} {{IPA|/rˠɔ hiːɲ/}}
|-
| slender, before back vowel
| {{IPA|/hj/}}
| {{lang|gd|do theaghlach}} {{IPA|/t̪ɔ ˈhjɔːl̪ˠəx/}}, {{lang|gd|glè thiugh}} {{IPA|/kleː hju/}}
|-
|-
|}
|}
Line 555: Line 553:
==Morphology==
==Morphology==
===Nouns===
===Nouns===
A major development in nouns is the complete loss of the definite forms, being replaced by the independent "hinn", which precedes the noun, triggering nasal mutation in some forms.
====Strong nouns====
====Strong nouns====
There are two strong neuter, three masculine, and three feminine declensions. The masculine and feminine each have an A, an I, and an R stem, after the defining difference in the nominative singular of the Proto-Germanic form.
There are two strong neuter, three masculine, and three feminine declensions. The masculine and feminine each have an A, an I, and an R stem, after the defining difference in the nominative singular of the Proto-Germanic form.


Though the masculine a-stems tend for an -s genitive singular, and the i- and r-stems tend for -ar, there are many words that don't follow. The -i of the dative singular is frequently dropped from many words, particularly in the i-declension. Bisyllabic proper names originally in -arr or -urr, such as Einarr (modern "Ènar" /ˈe.nəθ͇/) and Gizurr (modern "Gisur" /ˈɟɪ.sʌθ͇/) do not contract as hamarr ("hamr-") before an inflectional syllable.
Though the masculine a-stems tend for an -s genitive singular, and the i- and r-stems tend for -ar, there are many words that don't follow. The -i of the dative singular is frequently dropped from many words, particularly in the i-declension. Bisyllabic proper names originally in -arr or -urr, such as Einarr (modern "Ènar" /ˈe.nəθ͇/) and Gizurr (modern "Gisur" /ˈɟɪ.sʌθ͇/) do not contract as hamarr ("hamr-") before an inflectional syllable.
First to be shown will be the masculine patterns, then the feminines, and lastly the neuters, with several examples for each pattern.


These first few are masculine a-stems.
These first few are masculine a-stems.
{{snon-decl-m-a|eld|fc=d}}
{{snon-decl-m-a|eld|n=n-|l=ch-|fc=d}}
{{snon-decl-m-a|hàt|hòt|fc=t}}
{{snon-decl-m-a|àt|òt|n=nh|c=h|l=ch|fc=t}}
{{snon-decl-m-a|hàmar|homr|hamr|hamar}}
{{snon-decl-m-a|àmar|omr|amr|amar|n=nh|c=h|l=ch}}
Due to many sound changes, "hamare" is quite irregular, this following table is more colloquial spellings that better show pronunciation.
Due to many sound changes, "hamare" is quite irregular, this following table is more colloquial spellings that better show pronunciation.
{{snon-decl-m-a|hàmar|honr|hanr|hanar}}
{{snon-decl-m-a|àmar|onr|anr|anar|n=nh|c=h|l=ch}}
And an uncontracted form:
And an uncontracted form (which is regular):
{{snon-decl-m-a|hàmar|hòmar|fc=r}}
{{snon-decl-m-a|àmar|òmar|n=nh|c=h|l=ch|fc=r}}
 
 
 
 


Here we have the neuter a-stem.
{{snon-decl-n-a|ost|ost|c=p|n=mh|l=ph|fc=t}}
In "post", notice the lack of change in the nom/acc plural, this is due to umlaut only occuring on -a- in this pattern, as in this next pattern.
{{snon-decl-n-a|àl|òl|c=m|n=mm|l=mh|fc=l}}
Now here in "màl", notice how the difference is present.
===Adjectives===
As with nouns, the definiteness distinction has been lost in adjectives, though it was lost far earlier than in nouns, this is attributed to the increasing reliance on the noun for definiteness. (Which itself too eventually fell to the use of "hi")
{{snon-decl-adj|sèl|r=sèl|fc=l|lem=sèl}}
===Adverbs===
===Verbs===
===Verbs===
====Strong verbs====
====Strong verbs====
Line 587: Line 604:


====Suppletive verbs====
====Suppletive verbs====
==Syntax==
==Syntax==
==Texts==
==Texts==
Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/wiki/Scots_Norse"