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Scots Norse: Difference between revisions

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:''thù tàlir'' /ˈxu ˈto.ʎɪθ͇/ — "you speak"
:''thù tàlir'' /ˈxu ˈto.ʎɪθ͇/ — "you speak"
:''e thàli'' /ˈe ˈho.ʎɪ/— "I speak"
:''e thàli'' /ˈe ˈho.ʎɪ/— "I speak"
:''ha nàlir'' /ˈha ˈno.ʎɪθ͇/— "he speaks"
:''ha nhàlir'' /ˈha ˈn̥o.ʎɪθ͇/— "he speaks"


==Orthography==
==Orthography==
(only accurate up to "nn")
(only accurate up to "rn")
Doubled consonants are essentially identical to singular ones, the exceptions will be placed in the table, and as a general rule, doubled initial consonants are long, composing the only geminates in the language.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan=3 | Letter(s)
! colspan=3 | Letter(s)
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| {{term|}} //
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| '''ch'''
| rowspan=2 | '''ch'''
| colspan=2 | word finally
| colspan=2 | plain/broad
| /x/
| /x/
| {{term|locch}} /ˈlˠɔx/
| {{term|locch}} /ˈlˠɔx/
|-
| colspan=2 | slender
| /ç/
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| colspan=3 | '''chd'''
| colspan=3 | '''chd'''
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| colspan=2 | slender
| colspan=2 | slender
| /ʝ/
| /ʝ/
| {{term|}} //
|-
| rowspan=3 | '''f'''
| colspan=2 | plain
| /f/
| {{term|ofàrr}} /ɒ.ˈfor/
|-
| colspan=2 | broad
| /fˠ/
| {{term|}} //
|-
| colspan=2 | slender
| /fʲ/
| {{term|}} //
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
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| {{term|}} //
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| rowspan="5" | '''p'''
| rowspan=4 | '''p'''
| rowspan=4 | broad </br> slender not before back vowel
| rowspan=2 | plain
| initially or after consonant
| initially, before a vowel/finally
| {{IPA|/pʰ/}}
| /pʰ/
| {{lang|gd|post}} {{IPA|/pʰɔs̪t̪/}}, {{lang|gd|campa}} {{IPA|/ˈkʰaumpə/}}, {{lang|gd|peasair}} {{IPA|/ˈpʰes̪ɪɾʲ/}},
| {{term|}} //
|-
| between vowels
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/ʰp/}}
| {{lang|gd|cupa}} {{IPA|/ˈkʰuʰpə/}}, {{lang|gd|cipean}} {{IPA|/ˈkʰʲiʰpan/}} 
|-
|-
| finally after vowel
| elsewhere
| {{lang|gd|cuip}} {{IPA|/ˈkʰuiʰp/}}
| /p/
| {{term|priadh}} /ˈprʲa/
|-
|-
| finally after consonant
| colspan=2 | broad
| {{IPA|/p/}}
| /pˠ/
| {{lang|gd|ailp}} {{IPA|/alp/}}
| {{term|post}} /ˈpˠɔstʰ/
|-
|-
| slender before back vowel
| colspan=2 | slender
| after consonant, or initially
| /pʲ/
| {{IPA|/pʰj/}}
| {{term|}} //
| {{lang|gd|piuthar}} {{IPA|/ˈpʰju.əɾ/}}, {{lang|gd|peall}} {{IPA|/pʰjaul̪ˠ/}}
|-  
|-  
| rowspan=3 | '''ph'''
| rowspan=3 | '''ph'''
| colspan=2 | plain
| /f/
| {{term|ophàrr}} /ɒ.ˈfor/
|-
| colspan=2 | broad
| colspan=2 | broad
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/f/}}
| /fˠ/
| {{lang|gd|sa phost}} {{IPA|/s̪ə fɔs̪t̪/}}, {{lang|gd|bho phàiste}} {{IPA|/vɔ ˈfaːʃtʲə/}}
| ({{term|sa}}) {{term|phost}} /(ˈsa) ˈfˠɔstʰ/
|-
|-
| rowspan=2 | slender
| colspan=2 | slender
| before front vowel
| /fʲ/
| {{lang|gd|dà pheasair}} {{IPA|/t̪aː ˈfes̪ɪɾʲ/}}, {{lang|gd|mo pheata}} {{IPA|/mɔ ˈfɛʰt̪ə/}}
| (han) {{term|phiutharr}} /(ˈhã) ˈfʲɤ.ər/
|-
| rowspan=4 | '''r'''
| colspan=2 | finally
| /θ͇~θ/
| {{term|bhar}} /ˈvaθ͇/
|-
| colspan=2 | plain
| /r/
| {{term|sudhrø̀scc}} /sˠʌ.ˈreskʰ/
|-
|-
| before back vowel
| colspan=2 | broad
| {{IPA|/fj/}}
| /rˠ/
| {{lang|gd|mo phiuthar}} {{IPA|/mɔ ˈfju.əɾ/}}, {{lang|gd|sa pheann}} {{IPA|/s̪ə fjaun̪ˠ/}}
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| rowspan=4 | '''r'''
| colspan=2 | slender
| colspan=2 | initially, unlenited
| /rʲ/
| {{IPA|/rˠ/}}
| {{term|bhère}} /ˈvʲerʲ/
| {{lang|gd|ràmh}} {{IPA|/rˠaːv/}}, {{lang|gd|rionnag}} {{IPA|/ˈrˠun̪ˠak/}}
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | initially, lenited
| rowspan=4 | '''rr'''
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/ɾ/}}
| colspan=2 | finally
| {{lang|gd|do rùn}} {{IPA|/tɔ ɾuːn/}}, {{lang|gd|bho rèic}} {{IPA|/vɔ ɾeːʰkʲ/}}
| /r/
| {{term|bhàrr}} /ˈvor/
|-
|-
| rowspan=2 | elsewhere
| colspan=2 | plain
| broad
| /r/
| {{lang|gd|caran}} {{IPA|/ˈkʰaɾan/}}, {{lang|gd|mura}} {{IPA|/ˈmuɾə/}}
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| slender
| colspan=2 | broad
| {{IPA|/ɾʲ/}}
| /rˠ/
| {{lang|gd|cìr}} {{IPA|/kʰʲiːɾʲ/}}, {{lang|gd|cuireadh}} {{IPA|/ˈkʰuɾʲəɣ/}}
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| colspan=3 | '''rr'''
| colspan=2 | slender
| {{IPA|/rˠ/}}
| /rʲ/
| {{lang|gd|cearr}} {{IPA|/kʰʲaːrˠ/}}, {{lang|gd|barra}} {{IPA|/ˈparˠə/}}
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| colspan=3 | '''-rt''', '''-rd'''
| colspan=3 | '''-rt''', '''-rd'''
| {{IPA|/ɾʃt̪/}}
| /ɾʃt̪/
| {{lang|gd|neart}} {{IPA|/ɲɛɾʃt̪/}}, {{lang|gd|bord}} {{IPA|/pɔːɾʃt̪/}}
| {{term|}} //
|-
| colspan=3 | '''-rn'''
| /r/
| {{term|norn}} /ˈnɔr/
|-
| rowspan=3 | '''s'''
| colspan=2 | plain
| /s/
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| rowspan=2 | '''s'''
| colspan=2 | broad
| colspan=2 | broad
| {{IPA|/s̪/}}
| /sˠ/
| {{lang|gd|sàr}} {{IPA|/s̪aːɾ/}}, {{lang|gd|casan}} {{IPA|/ˈkʰas̪an/}}
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | slender
| colspan=2 | slender
| {{IPA|/ʃ/}}
| /ʃ/
| {{lang|gd|siùcair}} {{IPA|/ˈʃuːʰkɪɾʲ/}}, {{lang|gd|càise}} {{IPA|/ˈkʰaːʃə/}}
| {{term|sèl}} /ˈʃeʃ/
|-  
|-  
| rowspan=3 | '''sh'''
| rowspan=3 | '''sh'''
| colspan=2 | plain
| /h/
| {{term|}} //
|-
| colspan=2 | broad
| colspan=2 | broad
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/h/}}
| /x/
| {{lang|gd|ro shalach}} {{IPA|/ɾɔ ˈhal̪ˠəx/}}, {{lang|gd|glè shoilleir}} {{IPA|/kleː ˈhɤʎɪɾʲ/}}
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| rowspan=2 | slender
| colspan=2 | slender
| before front vowel
| /ç/
| {{lang|gd|dà shìl}} {{IPA|/t̪aː hiːʎ/}}, {{lang|gd|glè shean}} {{IPA|/kleː hɛn/}}
| bhol {{term|shèl}} /ˈvɤ ˈçeʃ/
|-
|-
| before back vowel
| rowspan=5 | '''t'''
| {{IPA|/hj/}}
| rowspan=2 | plain
| {{lang|gd|de shiùcair}} {{IPA|/tʲe ˈhjuːʰkɪɾʲ/}}, {{lang|gd|a sheòladh}} {{IPA|/ə ˈhjɔːl̪ˠəɣ/}}
| initially/finally
| /tʰ/
| {{term|tàll}} /ˈtʰol/
|-
|-
| colspan=3 | '''sr, str'''
| elsewhere
| {{IPA|/s̪t̪ɾ/}}
| /t/
| {{lang|gd|sràc}} {{IPA|/s̪t̪ɾaːʰk/}}, {{lang|gd|strì}} {{IPA|/s̪t̪ɾʲiː/}}
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| rowspan=8 | '''t'''
| colspan=2 | broad
| rowspan=4 | broad
| /tˠ/
| initially, or non-finally after consonant
| {{term|}} //
| {{IPA|/t̪ʰ/}}
| {{lang|gd|tasdan}} {{IPA|/ˈt̪ʰas̪t̪an/}}, {{lang|gd|molta}} {{IPA|/ˈmɔl̪ˠt̪ə/}}
|-
|-
| between vowels
| rowspan=2 | slender
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/ʰt̪/}}
| initially/finally
| {{lang|gd|bàta}} {{IPA|/ˈpaːʰt̪ə/}}
| /t͡ʃʰ/
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| finally, after vowel
| elsewhere
| {{lang|gd|put}} {{IPA|/pʰuʰt̪/}}
| /t͡ʃ/
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| finally, after consonant
| rowspan=4 | '''th'''
| {{IPA|/t/}}
| colspan=2 | intervocalic/pre-consonantal/finally
|
| /./ or null
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| rowspan=4 | slender
| colspan=2 | plain
| initially, or non-finally after consonant
| /h/
| {{IPA|/tʰʲ/}}
| {{term|}} //
| {{lang|gd|tiugh}} {{IPA|/tʰʲu/}}, {{lang|gd|caillte}} {{IPA|/ˈkʰaiʎtʲə/}}
|-
|-
| between vowels
| colspan=2 | broad
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/ʰtʲ/}}
| /x/
| {{lang|gd|litir}} {{IPA|/ˈʎiʰtʲɪɾʲ/}}
| {{term|thù}} /ˈxu/
|-
|-
| finally, after vowel
| colspan=2 | slender
| {{lang|gd|cait}} {{IPA|/kʰɛʰtʲ/}}
| /ç/
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| finally, after consonant
| rowspan=3 | z
| {{IPA|/tʲ/}}
| colspan=2 | plain
| {{lang|gd|ailt}} {{IPA|/altʲ/}}
| /z/
|-
| {{term|}} //
| rowspan="6" | '''th'''
| colspan=2 | finally
| none
| {{lang|gd|teth}} {{IPA|/tʰʲe/}}, {{lang|gd|leth}} {{IPA|/ʎe/}}, {{lang|gd|strath}} {{IPA|/s̪t̪ɾa/}}
|-
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" | between vowels
| colspan=2 | broad
| {{IPA|/./}}
| /zˠ/
| {{lang|gd|leotha}} {{IPA|/ˈlɔ.ə/}}, {{lang|gd|piuthar}} {{IPA|/ˈpʰju.əɾ/}}, {{lang|gd|cnòthan}} {{IPA|/ˈkɾɔː.ən/}}
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| rowspan="3" |{{IPA|/h/}}
| colspan=2 | slender
|{{lang|gd|beatha}} {{IPA|/ˈpɛhə/}}, {{lang|gd|fathan}} {{IPA|/ˈfahan/}}, {{lang|gd|a mhàthair}} {{IPA|/ə ˈvaːhɪɾʲ/}}
| /ʒ/
|-
| an {{term|zèl}} /(ˈã) ˈʒeʃ/
| rowspan="3" | initially
| broad
| {{lang|gd|mo thòn}} {{IPA|/mɔ hɔːn/}}, {{lang|gd|do thaigh}} {{IPA|/t̪ɔ hɤʝ/}}
|-
| slender, before front vowel
| {{lang|gd|thig}} {{IPA|/hikʲ/}}, {{lang|gd|ro thinn}} {{IPA|/rˠɔ hiːɲ/}}
|-
| slender, before back vowel
| {{IPA|/hj/}}
| {{lang|gd|do theaghlach}} {{IPA|/t̪ɔ ˈhjɔːl̪ˠəx/}}, {{lang|gd|glè thiugh}} {{IPA|/kleː hju/}}
|-
|-
|}
|}
Line 551: Line 553:
==Morphology==
==Morphology==
===Nouns===
===Nouns===
A major development in nouns is the complete loss of the definite forms, being replaced by the independent "hinn", which precedes the noun, triggering nasal mutation in some forms.
====Strong nouns====
====Strong nouns====
There are two strong neuter, three masculine, and three feminine declensions. The masculine and feminine each have an A, an I, and an R stem, after the defining difference in the nominative singular of the Proto-Germanic form.
There are two strong neuter, three masculine, and three feminine declensions. The masculine and feminine each have an A, an I, and an R stem, after the defining difference in the nominative singular of the Proto-Germanic form.
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These first few are masculine a-stems.
These first few are masculine a-stems.
{{snon-decl-m-a|eld|n=n-|fc=d}}
{{snon-decl-m-a|eld|n=n-|l=ch-|fc=d}}
{{snon-decl-m-a|àt|òt|n=nh|c=h|fc=t}}
{{snon-decl-m-a|àt|òt|n=nh|c=h|l=ch|fc=t}}
{{snon-decl-m-a|àmar|omr|amr|amar|n=nh|c=h}}
{{snon-decl-m-a|àmar|omr|amr|amar|n=nh|c=h|l=ch}}
Due to many sound changes, "hamare" is quite irregular, this following table is more colloquial spellings that better show pronunciation.
Due to many sound changes, "hamare" is quite irregular, this following table is more colloquial spellings that better show pronunciation.
{{snon-decl-m-a|àmar|onr|anr|anar|n=nh|c=h}}
{{snon-decl-m-a|àmar|onr|anr|anar|n=nh|c=h|l=ch}}
And an uncontracted form (which is regular):
And an uncontracted form (which is regular):
{{snon-decl-m-a|àmar|òmar|n=nh|c=h|fc=r}}
{{snon-decl-m-a|àmar|òmar|n=nh|c=h|l=ch|fc=r}}


===Adjectives===
As with nouns, the definiteness distinction has been lost in adjectives, though it was lost far earlier than in nouns, this is attributed to the increasing reliance on the noun for definiteness. (Which itself too eventually fell to the use of "hi")
{{snon-decl-adj|sèl|r=sèl|fc=l|lem=sèl}}
===Adverbs===
===Verbs===
===Verbs===
====Strong verbs====
====Strong verbs====
Line 583: Line 590:


====Suppletive verbs====
====Suppletive verbs====
==Syntax==
==Syntax==
==Texts==
==Texts==
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