Scots Norse: Difference between revisions

|name=Scots Norse

|nativename={{lang|snon|Sudhraèsc}}

|ethnicity=Norse Scots

|states=[[w:Suðreyjar|Suðreyjar]]

}}

Scots Norse is typically split into two main [[w:dialect|dialect]] groups, Inner and Outer, corresponding to the Inner and Outer Hebrides, these are further divided into North and South for both, with a Central division for Inner. These dialects are almost entirely mutually intelligible within their groups, and mostly so even between the groups. Uniting all of these is the standardized form, ''{{lang|snon|Hàsudraèsc}}'', literally meaning "High Scots Norse". ("high" as in "exalted")

Scots Norse originates in the mid to late 13th century, around the time Suðreyjar was handed over to Scotland with the [[w:Treaty of Perth|Treaty of Perth]]. Though the language would continue to be largely unchanged from the Old Norse of the 12th century, 1266AD is often used as a dividing date between Old Norse and the earliest forms of Scots Norse. While 1266 is a relatively arbitrary date, it serves its purpose as a convenient divide between two stages, as following the Treaty of Perth, the Hebrides would gain a much larger population of [[w:Gaelic|Gaelic]] and [[w:English|English]] speakers (At this point still Middle Irish and [[w:Middle English|Middle English]]), and from roughly 1450AD onward, Scots Norse would be increasingly influenced by Scots Gaelic and, to a lesser extent, Scots.

Following the treaty of Perth, the usage of Norse began declining significantly, with evidence it was nearly extinct by 1550. A small revitalization occured in the mid 18th century when several of the last native speakers (at the time, Scots Norse had no more than 150 remaining speakers) gathered together to document the language so it could be taught to children. This effort was mostly effective, leading to the first noticeable rise in speaker count since it began declining. By the 1880's, there would be upwards of 1,500 native speakers, a majority of them young.

===Modern===

Modern Scots Norse is typically classed as critically endangered due to how few speakers it has, having no more than 2,500 native speakers as of 2020, and virtually all of them live in the Hebrides, making it extremely limited.

! Near-High

| ɪ

|-

| e

| rowspan=2 | (ə)

| o

|-

! Low

|-

|}

Long vowels have long been lost, though their effects remain prominently, influencing the languages stress patterns heavily.

*Before a fricative (Though "nh" is /n̥/)

*In some irregular positions when loaned from another language.

===Prosody===

:nasal

:voiced

The following gives an example using each of the nominative pronouns:

==Orthography==

{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"

| colspan=2 | plain

| /b/

|-

| colspan=2 | broad

| /bˠ/

|-

| colspan=2 | slender

| /bʲ/

|-  

| rowspan=4 | '''bh'''

| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|}}}}'' //

|-

| /k/

| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|coeth}}}}'' /ˈkɔθʲ/

|-

| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|ceth}}}}'' /ˈcɛθʲ/

|-

|-

| colspan=3 | '''cn'''

|-

| colspan=3 | '''chn'''

|-

| rowspan=3 | '''d'''

| colspan=2 | plain

| /d/

|-

| colspan=2 | broad

| {{term|}} //

|-

| colspan=2 | intervocalic/pre-consonantal/finally

| /./ or null

|-

| {{term|}} //

|-

| colspan=2 | slender

| {{term|}} //

|-

===Nouns===

A major development in nouns is the complete loss of the definite forms, being replaced by the independent "hinn", which precedes the noun, triggering nasal mutation in some forms.

=====Masculines=====

===Adjectives===

The forms of adjectives quickly began falling together, with the nominative/accusative distinction being lost quite early on.

===Prepositions===

A large amount of speakers simply don't use inflected prepositions, though the majority does.

===Verbs===

The stative doesn't exist for every verb, but the forms are still displayed for convenience's sake.

====Strong verbs====

Strong verbs have survived rather well into Scots Norse, at times weak verbs have been made strong (though the opposite has also happened).

==Texts==

===UDHR Article 1===

===Deor===

:Welund him be wurman

::wræces cunnade,

:Þæs ofereode,

::þisses swa mæg.

==Lexical comparison==

| fire

| eldr

| eldur

| eld

| nose

| nǫs

| nös

| nas

| to go

| ganga

| ganga

| gånga

| water

| vatn

| vatn

| vatten

| to come (move)

| koma

|-

|12

| name

| nafn

|-

|16

| to say

| tala

|-

|30

| 3sg pronoun (they)

| hann (m)</br>hǫ́n (f)</br>þat (n)

|-

|36

| this (pron.)

| sá

|-

|40

| not (adj./adv.)

| eigi</br>(verbal) -at

|-

|57

| to know

| kunna</br>(a person) kenna

|-

|59

| dog

| hundr</br>rakki

| hundur</br>rakki

| hund</br>rakka

| bird

| fugl

|-

|94

[[Category:A posteriori]]

[[Category:Germanic languages]]