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Scots Norse ([[w:Autonym|Autonym]]: {{l|snon|Agharsc}} /ˈəːɾsk/) is a West Nordic language spoken in the Hebrides most closely related to [[w:Norn|Norn]], less so to [[w:Icelandic|Icelandic]] and [[w:Faroese|Faroese]], and quite distantly to [[w:Swedish|Swedish]], [[w:Norwegian|Norwegian]], and [[w:Danish|Danish]]. It has extremely significant influence from mainly [[w:Scottish Gaelic|Scots]] and [[w:Irish|Irish]] [[w:Goidelic languages|Gaelic]], and less so from the [[w:Germanic languages|Germanic]] languages [[w:Scots language|Scots]] [[w:English language|English]]. The Gaelic influence is most noticeable in the [[w:Morphophonology|morphophonology]] of Scots Norse, both with the [[w:palatalization (linguistics)|slender]]/[[w:velarization|broad]] distinction in [[w:consonants|consonants]] and the presence of [[w:consonant mutation|initial consonant mutation]].
Scots Norse ([[w:Autonym|Autonym]]: {{l|snon|Agharsc}} /ˈəːɾsk/) is a West Nordic language spoken in the Hebrides most closely related to [[w:Norn|Norn]], less so to [[w:Icelandic|Icelandic]] and [[w:Faroese|Faroese]], and quite distantly to [[w:Swedish|Swedish]], [[w:Norwegian|Norwegian]], and [[w:Danish|Danish]]. It has extremely significant influence from mainly [[w:Scottish Gaelic|Scots]] and [[w:Irish|Irish]] [[w:Goidelic languages|Gaelic]], and less so from the [[w:Germanic languages|Germanic]] languages [[w:Scots language|Scots]] and [[w:English language|English]]. The Gaelic influence is most noticeable in the [[w:Morphophonology|morphophonology]] of Scots Norse, both with the [[w:palatalization (linguistics)|slender]]/[[w:velarization|broad]] distinction in [[w:consonants|consonants]] and the presence of [[w:consonant mutation|initial consonant mutation]].


Scots Norse has roughly eleven [[w:dialect|dialects]] that form the language's two [[w:dialect continuum|dialect continuums]], these being ''Western'' and ''Eastern'' Scots Norse respectively, these are further divided into specific dialects. All [[w:variety (linguistics)|varieties]] of Scots Norse are written using the [[w:Latin script|Latin script]], employing [[w:Gaelic Type|Gaelic Type]] or [[w:Insular Script|Insular]] as the [[w:script|hand]], this acts as a notable exception to the general notion that Gaelic Type and Insular only survive for ornamental or historical usages, as they are still the primary hand used for Scots Norse.
Scots Norse has roughly eleven [[w:dialect|dialects]] that form the language's two [[w:dialect continuum|dialect continuums]], these being ''Western'' and ''Eastern'' Scots Norse respectively, these are further divided into specific dialects. All [[w:variety (linguistics)|varieties]] of Scots Norse are written using the [[w:Latin script|Latin script]], employing [[w:Gaelic Type|Gaelic Type]] or [[w:Insular Script|Insular]] as the [[w:script|hand]], this acts as a notable exception to the general notion that Gaelic Type and Insular only survive for ornamental or historical usages, as they are still the primary hand used for Scots Norse.
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# Every vowel can appear nasalized.
===Prosody===
Stress has shifted significantly since Old Norse, instead being placed on the first long vowel in a word, if none exist, then it's placed on the first short vowel.
 
Loan words typically keep their original stress, with vowels being made "long" as necessary to keep the stress patterning functional, such as in {{l|snon|bambù}} /bəm.ˈbu/ and {{l|snon|halò}} /xə.ˈɫo/.
==Mutation==
Scots Norse has developed a system of mutation incredibly similar to that of Irish. These mutations are no longer productive, and have thus been grammaticalized to a point where mutations can be the only distinction between a pair of words, eg. ''è bhèodh'' ("to not comfort") vs. ''è mèodh'' ("one bed"). Thus the mutations are incredibly important to understanding the relationship between words, as well as being important to distinguishing meaning.
 
Like the Goidelic languages which have influenced Scots Norse, there are two mutations: [[w:lenition|lenition]] (Scots Norse: {{l|snon|miùechin}} /ˈmʲu.çəɲ/) and [[w:eclipsis|eclipsis]] ({{l|snon|sfarthin}} /ˈsɸəɾ.çəɲ/). Originally these were a series of sandhi effects: lenition being caused by a consonant being intervocalic (or following /r, l/, as in "sfarth", older "sfarta"), and eclipsis caused by a consonant following a nasal (as in "lan", older "land"). Lenition also affects vowel initial words in the form of h-prothesis, though occasional a "lenited" vowel-initial word will take {{l|snon|dh'}}, which is borrowed from Gàidhlig.
 
===Lenition===
Lenition as an initial mutation originally stems from the historic allophonic lenition of an intervocalic consonant, both word internally and across word boundaries, i.e if a word ended in a vowel and the next word began with a consonant + a vowel, the consonant lenited. The vowels which originally caused lenition have almost entirely been lost, with the exception of adverbial {{l|snon|-a}}, though the lenition remains as a grammaticalized feature.


===Prosody===
Lenition also occurred following /l, r/, and occasionally nasals, though nasal lenition only occured when the consonants differed in place, eg. /mg/. Nasal lenition would often lead to the consonant becoming a stop again as eclipsis took over, thus that /mg/ would do /mg/ > /mɣ/ > /nɣ/ > /g/. Lenition would also occur from /CN/ and /CC/, again when differing in place, hence the development of "Agðir" to "Aghar" through /gð/ > /gd/ > /ɣð/ > /ɣ/, as well as the development of "Ǫgmundr" to "Anghun", though notice here how the "gm" does not become "g", instead becoming "ngh", thigh is through /gm/ > /ɣn/ > /ŋ/ > /ɣ/, as this /CN/ lenition took place prior to primary lenition.
The rules for stress are very slightly more complex than they were in Old Norse, but not by much.
 
:Stress always goes on the left-most syllable possible. When there are vowels with a grave, stress goes to the first one, skipping over all vowels without one. (so ''sudhraèir'' is stressed on "aèi")
Lenition turned voiced stops and nasals into fricatives, /s/ debuccalized to /h/, /f/ was elided, and /r/ may have been split between fortis and lenis, though this distinction is preserved nowhere. Lenited /t, d/ (/θ, ð/) have since merged with /x, ɣ/.


===Mutation===
Word-internal lenition is common, but isn't grammaticalized, unlike word-final lenition which has been grammaticalized through certain inflected forms (eg. {{l|snon|Gud}}, but ''Guedh'' in the dative).
Since Old Norse, initial [[w:consonant mutation|consonant mutation]] has developed. Scots Norse has three forms:
:radical (basic)
:lenition
:eclipsis


The following gives each form of {{l|snon|tàl}}:
===Eclipsis===
:''tàlir'' /ˈtɑ.ʎəɾʲ/
Eclipsis arises from a historic cluster of /NC/, including across word boundaries. These clusters would eventually coalesce, with the nasal largely being lost. Eclipsis turned voiced stops into nasals, voiceless stops and voiced fricatives into voiced stops, and voiceless fricatives into voiced. With the loss of the original nasal, eclipsis was grammaticalized, as in ''hi'', coming from older ''hinn''. Eclipsis also affects vowel-initial words, in a very similar way to h-prothesis, as in ''almh'' > ''n'almh''.
:''dàlir'' /ˈdɑ.ʎəɾʲ/
:''thàlir'' /ˈxɑ.ʎəɾʲ/


==Orthography==
==Orthography==
(updated to "bh")
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
! colspan=5 | consonants
! colspan=5 | Consonants
|-
|-
! colspan=3 | Letter(s)
! colspan=3 | Letter(s)
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|-  
|-  
| rowspan=3 | '''b'''
| rowspan=3 | '''b'''
| colspan=2 | plain
| colspan=2 | broad
| /b/
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/b/}}
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{l|snon|banh}} {{IPA|/ˈbəz/}}, {{l|snon|bògh}} {{IPA|/ˈbo(ɣ)/}}
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | broad
| rowspan=2 | slender
| /bˠ/
| before front vowel, or finally
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{l|snon|brìa}} {{IPA|/ˈbɾiə̯/}}
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | slender
| before back vowel
| /bʲ/
| {{IPA|/pj/}}
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{l|snon|biargh}} {{IPA|/pjəɾ/}}
|-  
|-  
| rowspan=5 | '''bh'''
| rowspan=5 | '''bh'''
| rowspan=2 | before u/ù
| colspan=2 | between vowels, sometimes
| intervocalically
| {{IPA|/./}}
| /./
| {{l|snon|siubhal}} {{IPA|/ˈʃu.əɫ/}}
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
| colspan=2 | finally, sometimes
| none
| {{l|snon|dubh}} {{IPA|/dɤ/}}
|-
| rowspan=3 | usually
| broad
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/v/}}
| {{l|snon|bhadhìs}} {{IPA|/və.ˈiʃ /}}
|-
| slender, before front vowel
| {{l|snon|}} {{IPA|//}}
|-
| slender, before back vowel
| {{IPA|/vj/}}
| {{l|snon|}} {{IPA|//}}
|-
| rowspan=8 | '''c'''
| rowspan=4 | broad
| initially, or non-finally after consonant
| {{IPA|/kʰ/}}
| {{lang|gd|cas}} {{IPA|/kʰas̪/}}, {{lang|gd|cam}} {{IPA|/kʰaum/}}
|-
|-
| elsewhere
| between vowels
| null
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/ʰk/}}
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{lang|gd|bacadh}} {{IPA|/ˈpaʰkəɣ/}}, {{lang|gd|mucan}} {{IPA|/ˈmuʰkən/}}
|-
| finally after vowel
| {{lang|gd|mac}} {{IPA|/maʰk/}}
|-
|-
| rowspan=3 | otherwise
| finally after consonant
| plain
| {{IPA|/k/}}
| /v/
| {{lang|gd|corc}} {{IPA|/kʰɔɾʰk/}}
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
|-
| broad
| rowspan=4 | slender
| /v/
| initially or after consonant
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{IPA|/kʰʲ/}}
| {{lang|gd|ceòl}} {{IPA|/kʰʲɔːl̪ˠ/}}, {{lang|gd|ceum}} {{IPA|/kʰʲeːm/}}
|-
|-
| slender
| between vowels
| /vʲ/
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/ʰkʲ/}}
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{lang|gd|lice}} {{IPA|/ˈʎiʰkʲə/}}, {{lang|gd|brice}} {{IPA|/ˈpɾʲiʰkʲə/}}
|-
|-
| rowspan=2 | '''c'''
| finally after vowel
| colspan=2 | plain/broad
| {{lang|gd|mic}} {{IPA|/miʰkʲ/}}
| /k/
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | slender
| finally after consonant
| /c/
| {{IPA|/kʲ/}}
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{lang|gd|cuilc}} {{IPA|/kʰulʰkʲ/}}
|-
|-
| rowspan=2 | '''ch'''
| rowspan=2 | '''ch'''
| colspan=2 | plain/broad
| colspan=2 | broad
| /x/
| {{IPA|/x/}}
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{lang|gd|loch}} {{IPA|/l̪ˠɔx/}}, {{lang|gd|dòchas}} {{IPA|/ˈt̪ɔːxəs̪/}}
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | slender
| colspan=2 | slender
| /ç/
| {{IPA|/ç/}}
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{lang|gd|deich}} {{IPA|/tʲeç/}}, {{lang|gd|dìcheall}} {{IPA|/ˈtʲiːçəl̪ˠ/}}
|-
|-
| colspan=3 | '''chd'''
| colspan=3 | '''chd'''
| /xk/
| {{IPA|/xk/}}
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{lang|gd|lionntachd}} {{IPA|/ˈʎuːn̪ˠt̪əxk/}}, {{lang|gd|doimhneachd}} {{IPA|/ˈt̪ɔiɲəxk/}}
|-
|-
| colspan=3 | '''cn'''
| colspan=3 | '''cn'''
| /kɾ/
| {{IPA|/kʰɾ/}}
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{lang|gd|cneap}} {{IPA|/kʰɾʲɛʰp/}}, {{lang|gd|cneasta}} {{IPA|/ˈkʰɾʲes̪t̪ə/}}
|-
| rowspan=2 | '''d'''
| colspan=2 | broad
| {{IPA|/t̪/}}
| {{lang|gd|cadal}} {{IPA|/ˈkʰat̪əl̪ˠ/}}, {{lang|gd|fada}} {{IPA|/ˈfat̪ə/}}
|-
|-
| '''chi'''
| colspan=2 | slender
| colspan=2 | before a vowel
| {{IPA|/tʲ/}}
| /ç/
| {{lang|gd|diùid}} {{IPA|/tʲuːtʲ/}}, {{lang|gd|dearg}} {{IPA|/ˈtʲɛɾak/}}
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
|-
| colspan=3 | '''chn'''
| rowspan="5" | '''dh'''
| /xɾ/
| rowspan="3" | broad
| {{l|snon|}} //
| rowspan="2" | between vowels
| {{IPA|/./}}
| {{lang|gd|odhar}} {{IPA|/ˈo.ər/}}, {{lang|gd|cladhadh}} {{IPA|/ˈkʰl̪ˠɤ.əɣ/}}
|-
|-
| rowspan=3 | '''d'''
| rowspan="2" |{{IPA|/ɣ/}}
| colspan=2 | plain
|{{lang|gd|modhail}} {{IPA|/ˈmɔɣal/}}
| /d/
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | broad
| elsewhere
| /dˠ/
| {{lang|gd|dhà}} {{IPA|/ɣaː/}}, {{lang|gd|modh}} {{IPA|/mɔɣ/}}, {{lang|gd|tumadh}} {{IPA|/ˈt̪ʰuməɣ/}}
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | slender
| rowspan=2 | slender
| /dʲ/
| between vowels
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{IPA|/./}}
| {{lang|gd|Gàidheal}} {{IPA|/ˈkɛː.əl̪ˠ/}}
|-
|-
| rowspan=6 | '''dh'''
| elsewhere
| colspan=2 | plain
| {{IPA|/ʝ/}}
| /ð/
| {{lang|gd|dhìth}} {{IPA|/ʝiː/}}, {{lang|gd|dhìol}} {{IPA|/ʝiəl̪ˠ/}}
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
|-
| rowspan=2 | broad
| rowspan=3 | '''f'''
| normally
| colspan=2 | broad
| /ɣ/
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/f/}}
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{lang|gd|fathan}} {{IPA|/ˈfahan/}}, {{lang|gd|gafann}} {{IPA|/ˈkafən̪ˠ/}}
|-
|-
| intervocalically
| rowspan=2 | slender
| /./
| before front vowel
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{lang|gd|fios}} {{IPA|/fis̪/}}, {{lang|gd|fèill}} {{IPA|/feːʎ/}}
|-
|-
| rowspan=3 | slender
| before back vowel
| normally
| {{IPA|/fj/}}
| /ʝ~j/
| {{lang|gd|fiùran}} {{IPA|/ˈfjuːɾan/}}, {{lang|gd|feòl}} {{IPA|/fjɔːl̪ˠ/}}
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
|-
| intervocalically before /ə, ɪ, i/
| rowspan=2 | '''fh'''
| /./
|colspan=2 | usual
| {{l|snon|}} //
|none
| {{lang|gd|fhios}} {{IPA|/is̪/}}, {{lang|gd|a fharadh}} {{IPA|/ˈaɾəɣ/}}
|-
|-
| elsewhere before /ə, ɪ, i/
| colspan=2 | exceptionally
| null
| {{IPA|/h/}}
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{lang|gd|fhathast}} {{IPA|/ha.əs̪t̪/}}, {{lang|gd|fhèin}} {{IPA|/heːn/}}, {{lang|gd|fhuair}} {{IPA|/huəɾʲ/}}
|-
|-
| rowspan=2 | '''g'''
| rowspan=2 | '''g'''
| colspan=2 | plain/broad
| colspan=2 | broad
| /g/
| {{IPA|/k/}}
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{lang|gd|gad}} {{IPA|/kat̪/}}, {{lang|gd|ugan}} {{IPA|/ˈukan/}}
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | slender
| colspan=2 | slender
| /ɟ/
| {{IPA|/kʲ/}}
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{lang|gd|gille}} {{IPA|/ˈkʲiʎə/}}, {{lang|gd|leig}} {{IPA|/ʎekʲ/}}
|-
|-
| rowspan=2 | '''gh'''
| rowspan="5" | '''gh'''
| colspan=2 | plain/broad
| colspan=2 | finally, sometimes
| /ɣ/
| none*
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{lang|gd|an-diugh}} {{IPA|/əɲˈtʲu/}}, {{lang|gd|nigh}} {{IPA|/ɲiː/}}
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | slender
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" | between vowels
| /ʝ/
| {{IPA|/./}}*
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{lang|gd|aghaidh}} {{IPA|/ˈɤː.ɪ/}}, {{lang|gd|fiughar}} {{IPA|/ˈfju.əɾ/}}, {{lang|gd|nigheann}} {{IPA|/ˈɲiː.an̪ˠ/}}
|-
|{{IPA|/ɣ/}}
|{{lang|gd|laghail}} {{IPA|/ˈl̪ˠɤɣal/}}
|-
|-
| colspan=3 | '''gn'''
| rowspan=2 | elsewhere
| /ɡɾ/
| broad
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{IPA|/ɣ/}}
| {{lang|gd|mo ghoc}} {{IPA|/mə ɣɔʰk/}}, {{lang|gd|lagh}} {{IPA|/l̪ˠɤɣ/}}
|-
|-
| rowspan=3 | '''h'''
| slender
| colspan=2 | plain
| {{IPA|/ʝ/}}
| /h/
| {{lang|gd|mo ghille}} {{IPA|/mə ʝiʎə/}}, {{lang|gd|do thaigh}} {{IPA|/t̪ə hɤj/}}
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | broad
| colspan=3 | '''gn'''
| /x/
| {{IPA|/kr/}}
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{lang|gd|gnè}} {{IPA|/kɾʲɛː/}}
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | slender
| colspan=3 | '''h'''
| /ç/
| {{IPA|/h/}}
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{lang|gd|a h-athair}} {{IPA|/ə hahɪɾʲ/}}, {{lang|gd|Hearach}} {{IPA|/ˈhɛɾəx/}}
|-
|-
| rowspan=4 | '''l'''
| rowspan=4 | '''l'''
| rowspan=2 | plain
| colspan=2 | broad
| non-finally
| {{IPA|/l̪ˠ/}}
| /l/
| {{lang|gd|lachan}} {{IPA|/ˈl̪ˠaxən/}}, {{lang|gd|a laoidh}} {{IPA|/ə l̪ˠɯj/}}, {{lang|gd|balach}} {{IPA|/ˈpal̪ˠəx/}}
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
|-
| finally
| rowspan=3 | slender
| /ʃ/
| initially, unlenited
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{IPA|/ʎ/}}
|-
| {{lang|gd|leabaidh}} {{IPA|/ˈʎepɪ/}}, {{lang|gd|leum}} {{IPA|/ʎeːm/}}
| colspan=2 | broad
| /lˠ/
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | slender
| initially, lenited
| /ʎ/
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/l/}}
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{lang|gd|dà leabaidh}} {{IPA|/t̪aː lepɪ/}}, {{lang|gd|bho leac}} {{IPA|/vɔ lɛʰk/}}
|-
|-
| rowspan=3 | '''ll'''
| elsewhere
| colspan=2 | plain
| {{lang|gd|cuilean}} {{IPA|/ˈkʰulan/}}, {{lang|gd|sùil}} {{IPA|/s̪uːl/}}
| /l/
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
|-
| rowspan=2 | '''ll'''
| colspan=2 | broad
| colspan=2 | broad
| /lˠ/
| {{IPA|/l̪ˠ/}}
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{lang|gd|balla}} {{IPA|/ˈpal̪ˠə/}}, {{lang|gd|ciall}} {{IPA|/kʰʲiəl̪ˠ/}}
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | slender
| colspan=2 | slender
| /ʎ/
| {{IPA|/ʎ/}}
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{lang|gd|cailleach}} {{IPA|/ˈkʰaʎəx/}}, {{lang|gd|mill}} {{IPA|/miːʎ/}}
|-  
|-  
| rowspan=3 | '''m'''
| rowspan=3 | '''m'''
| colspan=2 | plain
| colspan=2 | broad
| /m/
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/m/}}
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{lang|gd|maol}} {{IPA|/mɯːl̪ˠ/}}, {{lang|gd|màla}} {{IPA|/ˈmaːl̪ˠə/}}
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | broad
| rowspan=2 | slender
| /mˠ/
| before front vowel
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{lang|gd|milis}} {{IPA|/ˈmilɪʃ/}}, {{lang|gd|tìm}} {{IPA|/tʰʲiːm/}}
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | slender
| before back vowel
| /mʲ/
| {{IPA|/mj/}}
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{lang|gd|meall}} {{IPA|/mjaul̪ˠ/}}, {{lang|gd|meòg}} {{IPA|/mjɔːk/}}
|-  
|-  
| rowspan=3 | '''mh'''
| rowspan=4 | '''mh'''
| colspan=2 | plain
| colspan=2 | between vowels, sometimes
| /m̥/
| {{IPA|/./}}
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{lang|gd|comhairle}} {{IPA|/ˈkʰo.əɾlə/}}
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | broad
| colspan=2 | broad
| /m̥ˠ/
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/v/}}
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{lang|gd|àmhainn}} {{IPA|/ˈaːvɪɲ/}}, {{lang|gd|caomh}} {{IPA|/kʰɯːv/}}
|-
| rowspan=2 | slender
| before front vowel
| {{lang|gd|caoimhin}} {{IPA|/ˈkʰɯːvɪɲ/}}, {{lang|gd|làimh}} {{IPA|/ˈl̪ˠaiv/}}
|-
| before back vowel
| {{IPA|/vj/}}
| {{lang|gd|do mhealladh}} {{IPA|/t̪ɔ ˈvjal̪ˠəɣ/}}, {{lang|gd|dà mheall}} {{IPA|/t̪aː vjaul̪ˠ/}}
|-
| rowspan=7 | '''n'''
| rowspan=3 | broad
| initially, unlenited
| {{IPA|/n̪ˠ/}}
| {{lang|gd|nàbaidh}} {{IPA|/ˈn̪ˠaːpi/}}, {{lang|gd|norrag}} {{IPA|/ˈn̪ˠɔrˠak/}}
|-
| initially, lenited
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/n/}}
| {{lang|gd|mo nàire}} {{IPA|/mɔ ˈnaːɾʲɪ/}}, {{lang|gd|bho nàbaidh}} {{IPA|/vɔ ˈnaːpɪ/}}
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | slender
| elsewhere
| /m̥ʲ/
| {{lang|gd|dona}} {{IPA|/ˈt̪ɔnə/}}, {{lang|gd|sean}} {{IPA|/ʃɛn/}}
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
| rowspan=4 | '''n'''
| colspan=2 | plain
| /n/
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | broad
| rowspan=4 | slender
| /nˠ~ŋ/
| initially, unlenited
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{IPA|/ɲ/}}
| {{lang|gd|neul}} {{IPA|/ɲial̪ˠ/}}, {{lang|gd|neart}} {{IPA|/ɲɛɾʃt̪/}}
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | slender
| initially, lenited
| /ɲ/
| {{IPA|/n/}}
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{lang|gd|mo nighean}} {{IPA|/mɔ ˈni.an/}}, {{lang|gd|dà nead}} {{IPA|/t̪aː nɛt̪/}}
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | post-vocalic when final/pre-fricative
| elsewhere, after back vowel
| /Ṽ/
| {{IPA|/ɲ/}}
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{lang|gd|duine}} {{IPA|/ˈt̪ɯɲə/}}, {{lang|gd|càineadh}} {{IPA|/ˈkʰaːɲəɣ/}}
|-
|-
| rowspan=3 | '''nh'''
| elsewhere, after front vowel
| colspan=2 | plain
| {{IPA|/n/}}
| /n̥/
| {{lang|gd|cana}} {{IPA|/ˈkʰanə/}}, {{lang|gd|teine}} {{IPA|/ˈtʰʲenə/}}
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
|-
| rowspan=2 | '''ng'''
| colspan=2 | broad
| colspan=2 | broad
| /n̥ˠ~ŋ̊/
| {{IPA|/ŋɡ/}}
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{lang|gd|teanga}} {{IPA|/ˈtʰʲɛŋɡə/}}, {{lang|gd|fulang}} {{IPA|/ˈful̪ˠəŋɡ/}}
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | slender
| colspan=2 | slender
| /ɲ̊/
| {{IPA|/ŋʲɡʲ/}}
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{lang|gd|aingeal}} {{IPA|/ˈaiŋʲɡʲəl̪ˠ/}}, {{lang|gd|farsaing}} {{IPA|/ˈfaɾs̪ɪŋʲɡʲ/}}
|-
| rowspan=3 | '''nn'''
| colspan=2 | plain
| /n/
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
|-
| rowspan=2 | '''nn'''
| colspan=2 | broad
| colspan=2 | broad
| /nˠ/
| {{IPA|/n̪ˠ/}}
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{lang|gd|ceannaich}} {{IPA|/ˈkʰʲan̪ˠɪç/}}, {{lang|gd|ann}} {{IPA|/aun̪ˠ/}}
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | slender
| colspan=2 | slender
| /ɲ/
| {{IPA|/ɲ/}}
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{lang|gd|bainne}} {{IPA|/ˈpaɲə/}}, {{lang|gd|tinn}} {{IPA|/tʰʲiːɲ/}}
|-
| rowspan="5" | '''p'''
| rowspan=4 | broad </br>slender not before back vowel
| initially or after consonant
| {{IPA|/pʰ/}}
| {{lang|gd|post}} {{IPA|/pʰɔs̪t̪/}}, {{lang|gd|campa}} {{IPA|/ˈkʰaumpə/}}, {{lang|gd|peasair}} {{IPA|/ˈpʰes̪ɪɾʲ/}},
|-
|-
| rowspan=4 | '''p'''
| between vowels
| rowspan=2 | plain
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/ʰp/}}
| initially, before a vowel/finally
| {{lang|gd|cupa}} {{IPA|/ˈkʰuʰpə/}}, {{lang|gd|cipean}} {{IPA|/ˈkʰʲiʰpan/}} 
| /pʰ/
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
|-
| elsewhere
| finally after vowel
| /p/
| {{lang|gd|cuip}} {{IPA|/ˈkʰuiʰp/}}
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | broad
| finally after consonant
| /pˠ/
| {{IPA|/p/}}
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{lang|gd|ailp}} {{IPA|/alp/}}
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | slender
| slender before back vowel
| /pʲ/
| after consonant, or initially
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{IPA|/pʰj/}}
| {{lang|gd|piuthar}} {{IPA|/ˈpʰju.əɾ/}}, {{lang|gd|peall}} {{IPA|/pʰjaul̪ˠ/}}
|-  
|-  
| rowspan=3 | '''ph'''
| rowspan=3 | '''ph'''
| colspan=2 | plain
| colspan=2 | broad
| /f/
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/f/}}
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{lang|gd|sa phost}} {{IPA|/s̪ə fɔs̪t̪/}}, {{lang|gd|bho phàiste}} {{IPA|/vɔ ˈfaːʃtʲə/}}
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | broad
| rowspan=2 | slender
| /fˠ/
| before front vowel
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{lang|gd|dà pheasair}} {{IPA|/t̪aː ˈfes̪ɪɾʲ/}}, {{lang|gd|mo pheata}} {{IPA|/mɔ ˈfɛʰt̪ə/}}
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | slender
| before back vowel
| /fʲ/
| {{IPA|/fj/}}
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{lang|gd|mo phiuthar}} {{IPA|/mɔ ˈfju.əɾ/}}, {{lang|gd|sa pheann}} {{IPA|/s̪ə fjaun̪ˠ/}}
|-
|-
| rowspan=4 | '''r'''
| rowspan=4 | '''r'''
| colspan=2 | finally
| colspan=2 | initially, unlenited
| /θ͇/
| {{IPA|/rˠ/}}
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{lang|gd|ràmh}} {{IPA|/rˠaːv/}}, {{lang|gd|rionnag}} {{IPA|/ˈrˠun̪ˠak/}}
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | plain
| colspan=2 | initially, lenited
| /r/
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/ɾ/}}
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{lang|gd|do rùn}} {{IPA|/tɔ ɾuːn/}}, {{lang|gd|bho rèic}} {{IPA|/vɔ ɾeːʰkʲ/}}
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | broad
| rowspan=2 | elsewhere
| /rˠ/
| broad
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{lang|gd|caran}} {{IPA|/ˈkʰaɾan/}}, {{lang|gd|mura}} {{IPA|/ˈmuɾə/}}
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | slender
| slender
| /rʲ/
| {{IPA|/ɾʲ/}}
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{lang|gd|cìr}} {{IPA|/kʰʲiːɾʲ/}}, {{lang|gd|cuireadh}} {{IPA|/ˈkʰuɾʲəɣ/}}
|-
| rowspan=4 | '''rr'''
| colspan=2 | finally
| /r/
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
| colspan=2 | plain
| /r/
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
| colspan=2 | broad
| /rˠ/
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | slender
| colspan=3 | '''rr'''
| /rʲ/
| {{IPA|/rˠ/}}
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{lang|gd|cearr}} {{IPA|/kʰʲaːrˠ/}}, {{lang|gd|barra}} {{IPA|/ˈparˠə/}}
|-
|-
| colspan=3 | '''-rt''', '''-rd'''
| colspan=3 | '''-rt''', '''-rd'''
| /ɾʃt̪/
| {{IPA|/ɾʃt̪/}}
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{lang|gd|neart}} {{IPA|/ɲɛɾʃt̪/}}, {{lang|gd|bord}} {{IPA|/pɔːɾʃt̪/}}
|-
| rowspan=3 | '''s'''
| colspan=2 | plain
| /s/
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
|-
| rowspan=2 | '''s'''
| colspan=2 | broad
| colspan=2 | broad
| /sˠ/
| {{IPA|/s̪/}}
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{lang|gd|sàr}} {{IPA|/s̪aːɾ/}}, {{lang|gd|casan}} {{IPA|/ˈkʰas̪an/}}
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | slender
| colspan=2 | slender
| /ʃ/
| {{IPA|/ʃ/}}
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{lang|gd|siùcair}} {{IPA|/ˈʃuːʰkɪɾʲ/}}, {{lang|gd|càise}} {{IPA|/ˈkʰaːʃə/}}
|-  
|-  
| rowspan=3 | '''sh'''
| rowspan=3 | '''sh'''
| colspan=2 | plain
| colspan=2 | broad
| /h/
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/h/}}
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{lang|gd|ro shalach}} {{IPA|/ɾɔ ˈhal̪ˠəx/}}, {{lang|gd|glè shoilleir}} {{IPA|/kleː ˈhɤʎɪɾʲ/}}
|-
| rowspan=2 | slender
| before front vowel
| {{lang|gd|dà shìl}} {{IPA|/t̪aː hiːʎ/}}, {{lang|gd|glè shean}} {{IPA|/kleː hɛn/}}
|-
| before back vowel
| {{IPA|/hj/}}
| {{lang|gd|de shiùcair}} {{IPA|/tʲe ˈhjuːʰkɪɾʲ/}}, {{lang|gd|a sheòladh}} {{IPA|/ə ˈhjɔːl̪ˠəɣ/}}
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | broad
| colspan=3 | '''sr, str'''
| /x/
| {{IPA|/s̪t̪ɾ/}}
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{lang|gd|sràc}} {{IPA|/s̪t̪ɾaːʰk/}}, {{lang|gd|strì}} {{IPA|/s̪t̪ɾʲiː/}}
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | slender
| rowspan=8 | '''t'''
| /ç/
| rowspan=4 | broad
| {{l|snon|}} //
| initially, or non-finally after consonant
| {{IPA|/t̪ʰ/}}
| {{lang|gd|tasdan}} {{IPA|/ˈt̪ʰas̪t̪an/}}, {{lang|gd|molta}} {{IPA|/ˈmɔl̪ˠt̪ə/}}
|-
|-
| rowspan=5 | '''t'''
| between vowels
| rowspan=2 | plain
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/ʰt̪/}}
| initially/finally
| {{lang|gd|bàta}} {{IPA|/ˈpaːʰt̪ə/}}
| /tʰ/
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
|-
| elsewhere
| finally, after vowel
| /t/
| {{lang|gd|put}} {{IPA|/pʰuʰt̪/}}
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | broad
| finally, after consonant
| /tˠ/
| {{IPA|/t/}}
| {{l|snon|}} //
|
|-
|-
| rowspan=2 | slender
| rowspan=4 | slender
| initially/finally
| initially, or non-finally after consonant
| /t͡ʃʰ/
| {{IPA|/tʰʲ/}}
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{lang|gd|tiugh}} {{IPA|/tʰʲu/}}, {{lang|gd|caillte}} {{IPA|/ˈkʰaiʎtʲə/}}
|-
|-
| elsewhere
| between vowels
| /t͡ʃ/
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/ʰtʲ/}}
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{lang|gd|litir}} {{IPA|/ˈʎiʰtʲɪɾʲ/}}
|-
|-
| rowspan=4 | '''th'''
| finally, after vowel
| colspan=2 | intervocalic/pre-consonantal/finally
| {{lang|gd|cait}} {{IPA|/kʰɛʰtʲ/}}
| /./ or null
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | plain
| finally, after consonant
| /h/
| {{IPA|/tʲ/}}
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{lang|gd|ailt}} {{IPA|/altʲ/}}
|-
| rowspan="6" | '''th'''
| colspan=2 | finally
| none
| {{lang|gd|teth}} {{IPA|/tʰʲe/}}, {{lang|gd|leth}} {{IPA|/ʎe/}}, {{lang|gd|strath}} {{IPA|/s̪t̪ɾa/}}
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | broad
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" | between vowels
| /x/
| {{IPA|/./}}
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{lang|gd|leotha}} {{IPA|/ˈlɔ.ə/}}, {{lang|gd|piuthar}} {{IPA|/ˈpʰju.əɾ/}}, {{lang|gd|cnòthan}} {{IPA|/ˈkɾɔː.ən/}}
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | slender
| rowspan="3" |{{IPA|/h/}}
| /ç/
|{{lang|gd|beatha}} {{IPA|/ˈpɛhə/}}, {{lang|gd|fathan}} {{IPA|/ˈfahan/}}, {{lang|gd|a mhàthair}} {{IPA|/ə ˈvaːhɪɾʲ/}}
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
|-
| rowspan=3 | z
| rowspan="3" | initially
| colspan=2 | plain
| broad
| /z/
| {{lang|gd|mo thòn}} {{IPA|/mɔ hɔːn/}}, {{lang|gd|do thaigh}} {{IPA|/t̪ɔ hɤʝ/}}
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | broad
| slender, before front vowel
| /zˠ/
| {{lang|gd|thig}} {{IPA|/hikʲ/}}, {{lang|gd|ro thinn}} {{IPA|/rˠɔ hiːɲ/}}
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | slender
| slender, before back vowel
| /ʒ/
| {{IPA|/hj/}}
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{lang|gd|do theaghlach}} {{IPA|/t̪ɔ ˈhjɔːl̪ˠəx/}}, {{lang|gd|glè thiugh}} {{IPA|/kleː hju/}}
|-
|-
|}
|}
Line 577: Line 608:
==Morphology==
==Morphology==
Most parts of speech are split among three "types" or "classes" based on the mutation they cause in the following word, these are called "radical", "lenite", and "eclipse", and they generally don't affect the word itself. Verbs form the primary exception, as they very consistently follow a single pattern, with the dictionary form (the infinitive) always being a lenite.
Most parts of speech are split among three "types" or "classes" based on the mutation they cause in the following word, these are called "radical", "lenite", and "eclipse", and they generally don't affect the word itself. Verbs form the primary exception, as they very consistently follow a single pattern, with the dictionary form (the infinitive) always being a lenite.
===Pronouns===
{{snon-pronouns}}


{{snon-pronouns-aff}}
===Nominals===
===Nouns===
====Nouns====
Nouns have dropped their definite forms in favor of an independent article, {{l|snon|hi}}.
Scots Norse nouns decline for three cases (direct, genitive, and dative), two genders (masculine and feminine), and two numbers (singular and plural). The direct comes the merging of the nominative and the accusative, the two having fell together due to sound changes. The definite forms distinctive of the Nordic languages have been dropped in favor of the standalone article {{l|snon|hi}}.
 
The following set of tables will display a few examples of the native masculine pattern.
{{inflection-table-top|palette=blue|title=Native masculine nouns|tall=yes}}
! rowspan=3 |
! colspan=2 class=outer | {{l|snon|velph}} ("puppy")
! rowspan=11 class=separator |
! colspan=2 class=outer | {{l|snon|a}} ("fragrance")
! rowspan=11 class=separator |
! colspan=2 class=outer | {{l|snon|almh}} ("elm tree")
|-
! colspan=2 | indefinite
! colspan=2 | indefinite
! colspan=2 | indefinite
|-
! class=secondary | singular
! class=secondary | plural
! class=secondary | singular
! class=secondary | plural
! class=secondary | singular
! class=secondary | plural
|-
! direct
| velph
| velph<span style="color:red">ar</span>
| a
| angh<span style="color:red">ar</span>
| almh
| almh<span style="color:red">ar</span>
|-
! genitive
| velph<span style="color:red">s</span>
| ve<span style="color:red">o</span>lph
| a<span style="color:red">z</span>
| angh
| al<span style="color:red">z</span>
| almh
|-
! dative
| velph
| velph<span style="color:red">u</span>
| a<span style="color:red">e</span>ngh
| angh<span style="color:red">u</span>
| a<span style="color:red">e</span>lmh
| almh<span style="color:red">u</span>
|-
! rowspan=2 |
! colspan=2 | definite
! colspan=2 | definite
! colspan=2 | definite
|-
! class=secondary | singular
! class=secondary | plural
! class=secondary | singular
! class=secondary | plural
! class=secondary | singular
! class=secondary | plural
|-
! direct
| hi <span style="color:blue">b</span>elph
| hìnhar velph<span style="color:red">ar</span>
| hi <span style="color:blue">n'</span>a
| hìnhar angh<span style="color:red">ar</span>
| hi <span style="color:blue">n'</span>almh
| hìnhar almh<span style="color:red">ar</span>
|-
! genitive
| hiz velph<span style="color:red">s</span>
| hionh <span style="color:blue">vh</span>e<span style="color:red">o</span>lph
| hiz a<span style="color:red">z</span>
| hionh <span style="color:blue">h'</span>angh
| hiz al<span style="color:red">z</span>
| hionh <span style="color:blue">h'</span>almh
|-
! dative
| hình <span style="color:blue">b</span>elph
| hìnhu <span style="color:blue">b</span>elph<span style="color:red">u</span>
| hình <span style="color:blue">n'</span>a<span style="color:red">e</span>ngh
| hìnhu <span style="color:blue">n'</span>angh<span style="color:red">u</span>
| hình <span style="color:blue">n'</span>a<span style="color:red">e</span>lmh
| hìnhu <span style="color:blue">n'</span>almh<span style="color:red">u</span>
|-
{{inflection-table-bottom|notes={{{15|}}}}}
 
While both ''a'' and ''almh'' appear irregular, they are not so, as the forms are entirely expected. ''a'' comes from older ''ang'', the nasal being lost in the direct singular, but preserved in other forms. The genitive singular taking -z is from eclipsis of the normal -s due to the roots' nasal.
 
The definite forms typically include a vocative, formed with the particle {{l|snon|a}} plus the direct form. These are excluded here as it is not a "true" case.


Direct plurals of native words are almost always formed with {{l|snon|-ar}} when masculine, or {{l|snon|-ir}} when feminine, though remnants of umlaut also exist. Nouns from Gàidhlig most often instead use {{l|snon|-an}}.
Nouns from Scottish and Irish tend to instead take {{l|snon|-an}} for the direct plural, after the regular plural in Scottish.
{{inflection-table-top|palette=blue|title=Gaelic masculine nouns|tall=yes}}
! rowspan=3 |
! colspan=2 class=outer | {{l|snon|diá}} ("god")
! rowspan=11 class=separator |
! colspan=2 class=outer | {{l|snon|loch}} ("loch")
! rowspan=11 class=separator |
! colspan=2 class=outer | {{l|snon|}} ("")
|-
! colspan=2 | indefinite
! colspan=2 | indefinite
! colspan=2 | indefinite
|-
! class=secondary | singular
! class=secondary | plural
! class=secondary | singular
! class=secondary | plural
! class=secondary | singular
! class=secondary | plural
|-
! direct
| diá
| diáth<span style="color:red">an</span>
| loch
| loch<span style="color:red">an</span>
|
|
|-
! genitive
| diá<span style="color:red">s</span>
| diá
| loch<span style="color:red">s</span>
| loch
|
|
|-
! dative
| diá
| diáth<span style="color:red">u</span>
| lo<span style="color:red">e</span>ch
| loch<span style="color:red">u</span>
|
|
|-
! rowspan=2 |
! colspan=2 | definite
! colspan=2 | definite
! colspan=2 | definite
|-
! class=secondary | singular
! class=secondary | plural
! class=secondary | singular
! class=secondary | plural
! class=secondary | singular
! class=secondary | plural
|-
! direct
| hi <span style="color:blue">n</span>iá
| hìnhar diáth<span style="color:red">an</span>
| hi loch
| hìnhar loch<span style="color:red">an</span>
| hi
| hìnhar
|-
! genitive
| hiz diá<span style="color:red">s</span>
| hionh <span style="color:blue">dh</span>iá
| hiz loch<span style="color:red">s</span>
| hionh loch
| hiz
| hionh
|-
! dative
| hình <span style="color:blue">n</span>iá
| hìnhu <span style="color:blue">n</span>iáth<span style="color:red">u</span>
| hình lo<span style="color:red">e</span>ch
| hìnhu loch<span style="color:red">u</span>
| hình
| hìnhu
|-
{{inflection-table-bottom}}


{{snon-decl-noun-m|v|elph|2o=eolph}}
Other than the ''-an'' plural, all nouns follow roughly the same pattern, with some variation between depending on the environment. This makes Scots Norse stunningly regular, to a point largely unseen for a Germanic language, especially one that preserves so much of the declension system.
{{snon-decl-noun-f|v|alph|2e=aelph}}


===Adjectives===
====Adjectives====
Adjectives, like nouns, have dropped the definiteness distinction (the strong/weak distinction here), thus what remains is positive, comparative, and superlative, with their respective declensions.
Adjectives act much like nouns, to the point the two are often used as each other (eg. "sèl" being used as the noun "happiness"). Also like nouns, adjectives dropped the definite (weak) forms, which greatly simplified the adjective declensions.
{{inflection-table-top|title=Regular adjective (sèl)|palette=blue|tall=yes}}
! positive
! masculine
! feminine
! plural
|-
! nominative
| sè<span style="color:red">o</span>l <sup>L</sup>
| sèl
| sèl<span style="color:red">ar</span>
|-
! genitive
| sèl<span style="color:red">sh</span>
| sèl<span style="color:red">ar</span>
| sè<span style="color:red">o</span>l <sup>L</sup>
|-
! dative
| sè<span style="color:red">o</span>l <sup>E</sup>
| sèl <sup>L</sup>
| sèl<span style="color:red">u</span> <sup>E</sup>
|-
| class=separator colspan=4 |
|-
! comparative
! masculine
! feminine
! plural
|-
! nom./gen.
| sèl<span style="color:red">ar</span>
| sèl<span style="color:red">ir</span>
| sèl<span style="color:red">ir</span>
|-
! dative
| sèl<span style="color:red">ar</span>
| sèl<span style="color:red">ir</span>
| sèl<span style="color:red">uru</span> <sup>E</sup>
|-
| class=separator colspan=4 |
|-
! superlative
! masculine
! feminine
! plural
|-
! nominative
| sèl<span style="color:red">ast</span> <sup>L</sup>
| sèl<span style="color:red">ust</span>
| sèl<span style="color:red">astar</span>
|-
! genitive
| sèl<span style="color:red">asts</span>
| sèl<span style="color:red">astar</span>
| sèl<span style="color:red">ast</span> <sup>L</sup>
|-
! dative
| sèl<span style="color:red">ust</span> <sup>E</sup>
| sèl<span style="color:red">ist</span> <sup>L</sup>
| sèl<span style="color:red">ustu</span> <sup>E</sup>
|-
{{inflection-table-bottom|notes=<sup>L</sup> Triggers lenition &emsp; <sup>E</sup> Triggers eclipsis}}


{{snon-decl-adj|sèl|sèol|app=y}}
====Pronouns====
The personal pronouns have largely simplified from Old Norse, with case essentially lost in them. The modern plural forms seem to descend from the old dual (as in Icelandic and Faroese), thus only a singular/plural distinction is made. The reflexive pronoun has largely been lost, only preserved in the form of {{l|snon|-sc}}, which is used to form the reflexive voice.


===Numerals===
The suffix forms are largely only used colloquially on verbs for person and number marking (eg. "I speak" is "mèlirg" in colloquial Scots Norse). These suffixes are far more common in Eastern Scots Norse than Western.
{{inflection-table-top|title=Personal pronouns|palette=blue|tall=yes}}
! colspan=3 rowspan=2 |
! colspan=2 | plain
! colspan=2 | emphatic
! rowspan=2 | possessive
|-
! plain
! suffix
! plain
! suffix
|-
! rowspan=4 | sg.
! colspan=2 | 1st
| {{l|snon|mic}}
| {{l|snon|-g}}
| {{l|snon|mìnhich}}
| {{l|snon|-ich}}
| {{l|snon|mì}} <sup>E</sup>
|-
! colspan=2 | 2nd
| {{l|snon|tic}}
| {{l|snon|-ch}}
| {{l|snon|tìda}} <sup>L</sup>
| {{l|snon|-ta}} <sup>L</sup>
| {{l|snon|tì}} <sup>E</sup>
|-
! rowspan=2 | 3rd
! ''m''
| {{l|snon|ha}} <sup>E</sup>
| {{l|snon|-a}} <sup>E</sup>
| {{l|snon|haza}} <sup>E</sup>
| {{l|snon|-a|-(z)a}} <sup>E</sup>
| {{l|snon|haz}}
|-
! ''f''
| {{l|snon|hành}} <sup>L</sup>
| {{l|snon|-anh}} <sup>L</sup>
| {{l|snon|henha}} <sup>E</sup>
| {{l|snon|-a|-(nh)a}} <sup>E</sup>
| {{l|snon|henhar}}
|-
! rowspan=4 | pl.
! colspan=2 | 1st
| {{l|snon|och}}
| {{l|snon|-ach}}
| {{l|snon|ochuith}}
| {{l|snon|-uith}}
| {{l|snon|ochar}}
|-
! colspan=2 | 2nd
| {{l|snon|uech}}
| {{l|snon|-uech}}
| {{l|snon|uechith}}
| {{l|snon|-tith}}
| {{l|snon|uechar}}
|-
! colspan=2 | 3rd
| {{l|snon|tèr}}
| {{l|snon|-ti}}
| {{l|snon|tèrthir}}
| {{l|snon|-thir}}
| {{l|snon|tèor}}
|-
{{inflection-table-bottom|notes=<sup>L</sup> Triggers lenition &emsp; <sup>E</sup> Triggers eclipsis}}
 
====Numerals====
{|class="wikitable"
{|class="wikitable"
!1
!1
Line 600: Line 922:
|-
|-
!2
!2
|{{l|snon|tfè}}({{l|snon|tfèr|r}})
|{{l|snon|tfè}}, {{l|snon|tfèr}}
|-
|-
!3
!3
Line 645: Line 967:


===Verbs===
===Verbs===
Many significant changes have happened to the verb system since Old Norse, notably both the mood and voice distinctions have been lost. The active indicative has descended into the present and past tense, while the active subjunctive was lost entirely. The mediopassive became the future and imperative (the mood distinction in the mediopassive largely having already collapsed in Old Norse). The reciprocal, original formed through the mediopassive, has entirely been replaced by {{l|snon|hinhar}}. The original imperative is seemingly preserved as the impersonal form (hence the "-sc-"), later having the endings appended to it after they became generally leveled to a single regular pattern.
Many significant changes have happened to the verb system since Old Norse, notably both the mood and voice distinctions have been lost. The active indicative has descended into the present and past tense, while the active subjunctive was lost entirely. The mediopassive became the future and imperative (the mood distinction in the mediopassive largely having already collapsed in Old Norse). The reciprocal, originally formed through the mediopassive, has entirely been replaced by {{l|snon|hinhar}}. The original imperative is seemingly preserved as the impersonal form (hence the "-sc-"), later having the endings appended to it after they became generally leveled to a single regular pattern.


Verbs have reduced to such a limited number of forms that analogy and sound changes have leveled them all down to essentially one pattern (excluding a few irregular verbs), which seemingly descends from Old Norse's weak class 2 pattern.
Verbs have reduced to such a limited number of forms that analogy and sound changes have leveled them all down to essentially one pattern (excluding a few irregular verbs), which seemingly descends from Old Norse's weak class 2 pattern.


{{inflection-table-top|title=Conjugation of {{l|snon|tàl}}|palette=blue|tall=yes}}
! class=outer colspan=2 |
! present
! past
! future
| class=blank-end-row rowspan=3 colspan=5 |
|-
! colspan=2 | infinitive
| tàl(<span style="color:red">aich</span>)
| tàl<span style="color:red">adh</span>
| tàl<span style="color:red">ast</span>
|-
! colspan=2 | participle
| tàl<span style="color:red">in</span>
| tàl<span style="color:red">a</span>
| tàl<span style="color:red">anist</span>
|-
| class=separator colspan=9 |
|-
! rowspan=2 colspan=2 |
! colspan=2 | positive
! colspan=2 | negative
|-
! class=secondary | personal
! class=secondary | impersonal
! class=secondary | personal
! class=secondary | impersonal
|-
! rowspan=4 | ind.
! class=secondary | pres.
| tàl<span style="color:red">ir</span>
| tàl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">ir</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red">ir</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">ir</span>
|-
! class=secondary | past
| tàl<span style="color:red">adhir</span>
| tàl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhir</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red">adhir</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhir</span>
|-
! class=secondary | fut.
| tàl<span style="color:red">ist</span>
| tàl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">ist</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red">ist</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">ist</span>
|-
! class=secondary | imp.
| tàl<span style="color:red">adhist</span>
| tàl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhist</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red">adhist</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhist</span>
|-
! rowspan=4 | cont.
! class=secondary | pres.
| i <span style="color:blue">d</span>àl<span style="color:red">ir</span>
| i <span style="color:blue">d</span>àl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">ir</span>
| è h'i <span style="color:blue">d</span>àl<span style="color:red">ir</span>
| è h'i <span style="color:blue">d</span>àl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">ir</span>
|-
! class=secondary | past
| i <span style="color:blue">d</span>àl<span style="color:red">adhir</span>
| i <span style="color:blue">d</span>àl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhir</span>
| è h'i <span style="color:blue">d</span>àl<span style="color:red">adhir</span>
| è h'i <span style="color:blue">d</span>àl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhir</span>
|-
! class=secondary | fut.
| i <span style="color:blue">d</span>àl<span style="color:red">ist</span>
| i <span style="color:blue">d</span>àl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">ist</span>
| è h'i <span style="color:blue">d</span>àl<span style="color:red">ist</span>
| è h'i <span style="color:blue">d</span>àl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">ist</span>
|-
! class=secondary | imp.
| i <span style="color:blue">d</span>àl<span style="color:red">adhist</span>
| i <span style="color:blue">d</span>àl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhist</span>
| è h'i <span style="color:blue">d</span>àl<span style="color:red">adhist</span>
| è h'i <span style="color:blue">d</span>àl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhist</span>
|-
! rowspan=4 | perf.
! class=secondary | pres.
| as tàl<span style="color:red">ir</span>
| as tàl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">ir</span>
| è h'as tàl<span style="color:red">ir</span>
| è h'as tàl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">ir</span>
|-
! class=secondary | past
| as tàl<span style="color:red">adhir</span>
| as tàl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhir</span>
| è h'as tàl<span style="color:red">adhir</span>
| è h'as tàl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhir</span>
|-
! class=secondary | fut.
| as tàl<span style="color:red">ist</span>
| as tàl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">ist</span>
| è h'as tàl<span style="color:red">ist</span>
| è h'as tàl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">ist</span>
|-
! class=secondary | imp.
| as tàl<span style="color:red">adhist</span>
| as tàl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhist</span>
| è h'as tàl<span style="color:red">adhist</span>
| è h'as tàl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhist</span>
|-
{{inflection-table-bottom}}


{{snon-conj|t|àl}}
{{inflection-table-top|title=Conjugation of {{l|snon|mèl}}|palette=blue|tall=yes}}
 
! class=outer colspan=2 |
{{snon-conj|m|èl}}
! present
! past
! future
| class=blank-end-row rowspan=3 colspan=5 |
|-
! colspan=2 | infinitive
| mèl(<span style="color:red">aich</span>)
| mèl<span style="color:red">adh</span>
| mèl<span style="color:red">ast</span>
|-
! colspan=2 | participle
| mèl<span style="color:red">in</span>
| mèl<span style="color:red">a</span>
| mèl<span style="color:red">anist</span>
|-
| class=separator colspan=9 |
|-
! rowspan=2 colspan=2 |
! colspan=2 | positive
! colspan=2 | negative
|-
! class=secondary | personal
! class=secondary | impersonal
! class=secondary | personal
! class=secondary | impersonal
|-
! rowspan=4 | ind.
! class=secondary | pres.
| mèl<span style="color:red">ir</span>
| mèl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">ir</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red">ir</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">ir</span>
|-
! class=secondary | past
| mèl<span style="color:red">adhir</span>
| mèl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhir</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red">adhir</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhir</span>
|-
! class=secondary | fut.
| mèl<span style="color:red">ist</span>
| mèl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">ist</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red">ist</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">ist</span>
|-
! class=secondary | imp.
| mèl<span style="color:red">adhist</span>
| mèl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhist</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red">adhist</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhist</span>
|-
! rowspan=4 | cont.
! class=secondary | pres.
| i mèl<span style="color:red">ir</span>
| i mèl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">ir</span>
| è h'i mèl<span style="color:red">ir</span>
| è h'i mèl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">ir</span>
|-
! class=secondary | past
| i mèl<span style="color:red">adhir</span>
| i mèl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhir</span>
| è h'i mèl<span style="color:red">adhir</span>
| è h'i mèl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhir</span>
|-
! class=secondary | fut.
| i mèl<span style="color:red">ist</span>
| i mèl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">ist</span>
| è h'i mèl<span style="color:red">ist</span>
| è h'i mèl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">ist</span>
|-
! class=secondary | imp.
| i mèl<span style="color:red">adhist</span>
| i mèl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhist</span>
| è h'i mèl<span style="color:red">adhist</span>
| è h'i mèl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhist</span>
|-
! rowspan=4 | perf.
! class=secondary | pres.
| as mèl<span style="color:red">ir</span>
| as mèl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">ir</span>
| è h'as mèl<span style="color:red">ir</span>
| è h'as mèl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">ir</span>
|-
! class=secondary | past
| as mèl<span style="color:red">adhir</span>
| as mèl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhir</span>
| è h'as mèl<span style="color:red">adhir</span>
| è h'as mèl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhir</span>
|-
! class=secondary | fut.
| as mèl<span style="color:red">ist</span>
| as mèl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">ist</span>
| è h'as mèl<span style="color:red">ist</span>
| è h'as mèl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">ist</span>
|-
! class=secondary | imp.
| as mèl<span style="color:red">adhist</span>
| as mèl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhist</span>
| è h'as mèl<span style="color:red">adhist</span>
| è h'as mèl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhist</span>
|-
{{inflection-table-bottom}}


{{snon-conj|à|gh}}
{{snon-conj|à|gh}}
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