Scots Norse: Difference between revisions

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The following set of tables will display a few examples of the native masculine pattern.
The following set of tables will display a few examples of the native masculine pattern.
{{inflection-table-top|palette=blue|title=}}
{{inflection-table-top|palette=blue|title=Native masculine nouns|tall=yes}}
! rowspan=3 |
! rowspan=3 |
! colspan=2 class=outer | {{l|snon|velph}} ("puppy")
! colspan=2 class=outer | {{l|snon|veolp}} ("puppy")
! rowspan=11 class=separator |  
! rowspan=11 class=separator |  
! colspan=2 class=outer | {{l|snon|a}} ("fragrance")
! colspan=2 class=outer | {{l|snon|a}} ("fragrance")
! rowspan=11 class=separator |  
! rowspan=11 class=separator |  
! colspan=2 class=outer | {{l|snon|almh}} ("elm tree")
! colspan=2 class=outer | {{l|snon|alm}} ("elm tree")
|-
|-
! colspan=2 | indefinite
! colspan=2 | indefinite
Line 634: Line 634:
|-
|-
! direct
! direct
| velph
| ve<span style="color:red">o</span>lp
| velph<span style="color:red">ar</span>
| velp<span style="color:red">ar</span>
| a
| a
| angh<span style="color:red">ar</span>
| ang<span style="color:red">ar</span>
| almh
| alm
| almh<span style="color:red">ar</span>
| alm<span style="color:red">ar</span>
|-
|-
! genitive
! genitive
| velph<span style="color:red">s</span>
| velp<span style="color:red">s</span>
| ve<span style="color:red">o</span>lph
| ve<span style="color:red">o</span>lph
| a<span style="color:red">z</span>
| a<span style="color:red">z</span>
Line 670: Line 670:
|-
|-
! direct
! direct
| hi <span style="color:blue">b</span>elph
| hi <span style="color:blue">b</span>e<span style="color:red">o</span>lp
| hìnhar velph<span style="color:red">ar</span>
| hìnhar velp<span style="color:red">ar</span>
| hi <span style="color:blue">n'</span>a
| hi <span style="color:blue">n'</span>a
| hìnhar angh<span style="color:red">ar</span>
| hìnhar ang<span style="color:red">ar</span>
| hi <span style="color:blue">n'</span>almh
| hi <span style="color:blue">n'</span>alm
| hìnhar almh<span style="color:red">ar</span>
| hìnhar alm<span style="color:red">ar</span>
|-
|-
! genitive
! genitive
| hiz velph<span style="color:red">s</span>
| hiz velp<span style="color:red">s</span>
| hionh <span style="color:blue">vh</span>e<span style="color:red">o</span>lph
| hionh <span style="color:blue">vh</span>e<span style="color:red">o</span>lph
| hiz a<span style="color:red">z</span>
| hiz a<span style="color:red">z</span>
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{{inflection-table-bottom|notes={{{15|}}}}}
{{inflection-table-bottom|notes={{{15|}}}}}


While both ''a'' and ''almh'' appear irregular, they are not so, as the forms are entirely expected. ''a'' comes from older ''ang'', the nasal being lost in the direct singular, but preserved in other forms. The genitive singular taking -z is from eclipsis of the normal -s due to the roots' nasal.
While both ''a'' and ''alm'' appear irregular, they are not so, as the forms are entirely expected. ''a'' comes from older ''ang'', the nasal being lost in the direct singular, but preserved in other forms. The genitive singular taking -z is from eclipsis of the normal -s due to the roots' nasal.


The definite forms typically include a vocative, formed with the particle {{l|snon|a}} plus the direct form. These are excluded here as it is not a "true" case.
The definite forms typically include a vocative, formed with the particle {{l|snon|a}} plus the direct form. These are excluded here as it is not a "true" case.


Nouns from Scottish and Irish tend to instead take {{l|snon|-an}} for the direct plural, after the regular plural in Scottish.
Nouns from Scottish and Irish tend to instead take {{l|snon|-an}} for the direct plural, after the regular plural in Scottish.
{{inflection-table-top|palette=blue|title=}}
{{inflection-table-top|palette=blue|title=Gaelic masculine nouns|tall=yes}}
! rowspan=3 |
! rowspan=3 |
! colspan=2 class=outer | {{l|snon|diá}} ("god")
! colspan=2 class=outer | {{l|snon|día}} ("god")
! rowspan=11 class=separator |  
! rowspan=11 class=separator |  
! colspan=2 class=outer | {{l|snon|loch}} ("loch")
! colspan=2 class=outer | {{l|snon|loch}} ("loch")
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|-
|-
! direct
! direct
| diá
| día
| diáth<span style="color:red">an</span>
| díath<span style="color:red">an</span>
| loch
| loch
| loch<span style="color:red">an</span>
| loch<span style="color:red">an</span>
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====Adjectives====
====Adjectives====
Adjectives act much like nouns, to the point the two are often used as each other (eg. "sèl" being used as the noun "happiness"). Also like nouns, adjectives dropped the definite (weak) forms, which greatly simplified the adjective declensions.
Adjectives act much like nouns, to the point the two are often used as each other (eg. "sèl" being used as the noun "happiness"). Also like nouns, adjectives dropped the definite (weak) forms, which greatly simplified the adjective declensions.
{{inflection-table-top|title=|palette=blue}}
{{inflection-table-top|title=Regular adjective (sèl)|palette=blue|tall=yes}}
! positive
! positive
! masculine
! masculine
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===Verbs===
===Verbs===
Many significant changes have happened to the verb system since Old Norse, notably both the mood and voice distinctions have been lost. The active indicative has descended into the present and past tense, while the active subjunctive was lost entirely. The mediopassive became the future and imperative (the mood distinction in the mediopassive largely having already collapsed in Old Norse). The reciprocal, original formed through the mediopassive, has entirely been replaced by {{l|snon|hinhar}}. The original imperative is seemingly preserved as the impersonal form (hence the "-sc-"), later having the endings appended to it after they became generally leveled to a single regular pattern.
Many significant changes have happened to the verb system since Old Norse, notably both the mood and voice distinctions have been lost. The active indicative has descended into the present and past tense, while the active subjunctive was lost entirely. The mediopassive became the future and imperative (the mood distinction in the mediopassive largely having already collapsed in Old Norse). The reciprocal, originally formed through the mediopassive, has entirely been replaced by {{l|snon|hinhar}}. The original imperative is seemingly preserved as the impersonal form (hence the "-sc-"), later having the endings appended to it after they became generally leveled to a single regular pattern.


Verbs have reduced to such a limited number of forms that analogy and sound changes have leveled them all down to essentially one pattern (excluding a few irregular verbs), which seemingly descends from Old Norse's weak class 2 pattern.
Verbs have reduced to such a limited number of forms that analogy and sound changes have leveled them all down to essentially one pattern (excluding a few irregular verbs), which seemingly descends from Old Norse's weak class 2 pattern.


{{inflection-table-top|title=Conjugation of {{l|snon|tàl}}|palette=blue|tall=yes}}
! class=outer colspan=2 |
! present
! past
! future
| class=blank-end-row rowspan=3 colspan=5 |
|-
! colspan=2 | infinitive
| tàl(<span style="color:red">aich</span>)
| tàl<span style="color:red">adh</span>
| tàl<span style="color:red">ast</span>
|-
! colspan=2 | participle
| tàl<span style="color:red">in</span>
| tàl<span style="color:red">a</span>
| tàl<span style="color:red">anist</span>
|-
| class=separator colspan=9 |
|-
! rowspan=2 colspan=2 |
! colspan=2 | positive
! colspan=2 | negative
|-
! class=secondary | personal
! class=secondary | impersonal
! class=secondary | personal
! class=secondary | impersonal
|-
! rowspan=4 | ind.
! class=secondary | pres.
| tàl<span style="color:red">ir</span>
| tàl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">ir</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red">ir</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">ir</span>
|-
! class=secondary | past
| tàl<span style="color:red">adhir</span>
| tàl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhir</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red">adhir</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhir</span>
|-
! class=secondary | fut.
| tàl<span style="color:red">ist</span>
| tàl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">ist</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red">ist</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">ist</span>
|-
! class=secondary | imp.
| tàl<span style="color:red">adhist</span>
| tàl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhist</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red">adhist</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhist</span>
|-
! rowspan=4 | cont.
! class=secondary | pres.
| i <span style="color:blue">d</span>àl<span style="color:red">ir</span> u
| i <span style="color:blue">d</span>àl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">ir</span> u
| è h'i <span style="color:blue">d</span>àl<span style="color:red">ir</span> u
| è h'i <span style="color:blue">d</span>àl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">ir</span> u
|-
! class=secondary | past
| i <span style="color:blue">d</span>àl<span style="color:red">adhir</span> u
| i <span style="color:blue">d</span>àl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhir</span> u
| è h'i <span style="color:blue">d</span>àl<span style="color:red">adhir</span> u
| è h'i <span style="color:blue">d</span>àl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhir</span> u
|-
! class=secondary | fut.
| i <span style="color:blue">d</span>àl<span style="color:red">ist</span> u
| i <span style="color:blue">d</span>àl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">ist</span> u
| è h'i <span style="color:blue">d</span>àl<span style="color:red">ist</span> u
| è h'i <span style="color:blue">d</span>àl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">ist</span> u
|-
! class=secondary | imp.
| i <span style="color:blue">d</span>àl<span style="color:red">adhist</span> u
| i <span style="color:blue">d</span>àl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhist</span> u
| è h'i <span style="color:blue">d</span>àl<span style="color:red">adhist</span> u
| è h'i <span style="color:blue">d</span>àl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhist</span> u
|-
! rowspan=4 | perf.
! class=secondary | pres.
| as tàl<span style="color:red">ir</span> u
| as tàl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">ir</span> u
| è h'as tàl<span style="color:red">ir</span> u
| è h'as tàl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">ir</span> u
|-
! class=secondary | past
| as tàl<span style="color:red">adhir</span> u
| as tàl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhir</span> u
| è h'as tàl<span style="color:red">adhir</span> u
| è h'as tàl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhir</span> u
|-
! class=secondary | fut.
| as tàl<span style="color:red">ist</span> u
| as tàl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">ist</span> u
| è h'as tàl<span style="color:red">ist</span> u
| è h'as tàl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">ist</span> u
|-
! class=secondary | imp.
| as tàl<span style="color:red">adhist</span> u
| as tàl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhist</span> u
| è h'as tàl<span style="color:red">adhist</span> u
| è h'as tàl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhist</span> u
|-
{{inflection-table-bottom}}


{{snon-conj|t|àl}}
{{inflection-table-top|title=Conjugation of {{l|snon|mèl}}|palette=blue|tall=yes}}
! class=outer colspan=2 |
! present
! past
! future
| class=blank-end-row rowspan=3 colspan=5 |
|-
! colspan=2 | infinitive
| mèl(<span style="color:red">aich</span>)
| mèl<span style="color:red">adh</span>
| mèl<span style="color:red">ast</span>
|-
! colspan=2 | participle
| mèl<span style="color:red">in</span>
| mèl<span style="color:red">a</span>
| mèl<span style="color:red">anist</span>
|-
| class=separator colspan=9 |
|-
! rowspan=2 colspan=2 |
! colspan=2 | positive
! colspan=2 | negative
|-
! class=secondary | personal
! class=secondary | impersonal
! class=secondary | personal
! class=secondary | impersonal
|-
! rowspan=4 | ind.
! class=secondary | pres.
| mèl<span style="color:red">ir</span>
| mèl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">ir</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red">ir</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">ir</span>
|-
! class=secondary | past
| mèl<span style="color:red">adhir</span>
| mèl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhir</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red">adhir</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhir</span>
|-
! class=secondary | fut.
| mèl<span style="color:red">ist</span>
| mèl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">ist</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red">ist</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">ist</span>
|-
! class=secondary | imp.
| mèl<span style="color:red">adhist</span>
| mèl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhist</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red">adhist</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhist</span>
|-
! rowspan=4 | cont.
! class=secondary | pres.
| i mèl<span style="color:red">ir</span> u
| i mèl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">ir</span> u
| è h'i mèl<span style="color:red">ir</span> u
| è h'i mèl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">ir</span> u
|-
! class=secondary | past
| i mèl<span style="color:red">adhir</span> u
| i mèl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhir</span> u
| è h'i mèl<span style="color:red">adhir</span> u
| è h'i mèl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhir</span> u
|-
! class=secondary | fut.
| i mèl<span style="color:red">ist</span> u
| i mèl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">ist</span> u
| è h'i mèl<span style="color:red">ist</span> u
| è h'i mèl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">ist</span> u
|-
! class=secondary | imp.
| i mèl<span style="color:red">adhist</span> u
| i mèl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhist</span> u
| è h'i mèl<span style="color:red">adhist</span> u
| è h'i mèl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhist</span> u
|-
! rowspan=4 | perf.
! class=secondary | pres.
| as mèl<span style="color:red">ir</span> u
| as mèl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">ir</span> u
| è h'as mèl<span style="color:red">ir</span> u
| è h'as mèl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">ir</span> u
|-
! class=secondary | past
| as mèl<span style="color:red">adhir</span> u
| as mèl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhir</span> u
| è h'as mèl<span style="color:red">adhir</span> u
| è h'as mèl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhir</span> u
|-
! class=secondary | fut.
| as mèl<span style="color:red">ist</span> u
| as mèl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">ist</span> u
| è h'as mèl<span style="color:red">ist</span> u
| è h'as mèl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">ist</span> u
|-
! class=secondary | imp.
| as mèl<span style="color:red">adhist</span> u
| as mèl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhist</span> u
| è h'as mèl<span style="color:red">adhist</span> u
| è h'as mèl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhist</span> u
|-
{{inflection-table-bottom}}


{{snon-conj|m|èl}}
{{inflection-table-top|title=Conjugation of {{l|snon|àgh}}|palette=blue|tall=yes}}
 
! class=outer colspan=2 |
{{snon-conj|à|gh}}
! present
! past
! future
| class=blank-end-row rowspan=3 colspan=5 |
|-
! colspan=2 | infinitive
| àgh(<span style="color:red">aich</span>)
| àgh<span style="color:red">adh</span>
| àgh<span style="color:red">ast</span>
|-
! colspan=2 | participle
| àgh<span style="color:red">in</span>
| àgh<span style="color:red">a</span>
| àgh<span style="color:red">anist</span>
|-
| class=separator colspan=9 |
|-
! rowspan=2 colspan=2 |
! colspan=2 | positive
! colspan=2 | negative
|-
! class=secondary | personal
! class=secondary | impersonal
! class=secondary | personal
! class=secondary | impersonal
|-
! rowspan=4 | ind.
! class=secondary | pres.
| àgh<span style="color:red">ir</span>
| àgh<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">ir</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">ir</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">ir</span>
|-
! class=secondary | past
| àgh<span style="color:red">adhir</span>
| àgh<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhir</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">adhir</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhir</span>
|-
! class=secondary | fut.
| àgh<span style="color:red">ist</span>
| àgh<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">ist</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">ist</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">ist</span>
|-
! class=secondary | imp.
| àgh<span style="color:red">adhist</span>
| àgh<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhist</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">adhist</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhist</span>
|-
! rowspan=4 | cont.
! class=secondary | pres.
| i <span style="color:blue">n'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">ir</span> u
| i <span style="color:blue">n'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">ir</span> u
| è h'i <span style="color:blue">n'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">ir</span> u
| è h'i <span style="color:blue">n'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">ir</span> u
|-
! class=secondary | past
| i <span style="color:blue">n'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">adhir</span> u
| i <span style="color:blue">n'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhir</span> u
| è h'i <span style="color:blue">n'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">adhir</span> u
| è h'i <span style="color:blue">n'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhir</span> u
|-
! class=secondary | fut.
| i <span style="color:blue">n'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">ist</span> u
| i <span style="color:blue">n'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">ist</span> u
| è h'i <span style="color:blue">n'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">ist</span> u
| è h'i <span style="color:blue">n'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">ist</span> u
|-
! class=secondary | imp.
| i <span style="color:blue">n'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">adhist</span> u
| i <span style="color:blue">n'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhist</span> u
| è h'i <span style="color:blue">n'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">adhist</span> u
| è h'i <span style="color:blue">n'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhist</span> u
|-
! rowspan=4 | perf.
! class=secondary | pres.
| as àgh<span style="color:red">ir</span> u
| as àgh<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">ir</span> u
| è h'as àgh<span style="color:red">ir</span> u
| è h'as àgh<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">ir</span> u
|-
! class=secondary | past
| as àgh<span style="color:red">adhir</span> u
| as àgh<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhir</span> u
| è h'as àgh<span style="color:red">adhir</span> u
| è h'as àgh<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhir</span> u
|-
! class=secondary | fut.
| as àgh<span style="color:red">ist</span> u
| as àgh<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">ist</span> u
| è h'as àgh<span style="color:red">ist</span> u
| è h'as àgh<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">ist</span> u
|-
! class=secondary | imp.
| as àgh<span style="color:red">adhist</span> u
| as àgh<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhist</span> u
| è h'as àgh<span style="color:red">adhist</span> u
| è h'as àgh<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhist</span> u
|-
{{inflection-table-bottom}}


====''i-''negatives====
====''i-''negatives====