Scots Norse: Difference between revisions
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{{snon-infl-prep|i|n=y}} | {{snon-infl-prep|i|n=y}} | ||
{{snon-infl-prep|til}} | |||
{{snon-infl-prep| | {{snon-infl-prep|anh|n=y}} | ||
===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
| Line 1,026: | Line 1,027: | ||
! rowspan=4 | cont. | ! rowspan=4 | cont. | ||
! class=secondary | pres. | ! class=secondary | pres. | ||
| | | tàl<span style="color:red">irúi</span> | ||
| | | tàl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">irúi</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue"> | | è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red">irúi</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue"> | | è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">irúi</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! class=secondary | past | ! class=secondary | past | ||
| | | tàl<span style="color:red">adhirúi</span> | ||
| | | tàl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhirúi</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue"> | | è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red">adhirúi</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue"> | | è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhirúi</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! class=secondary | fut. | ! class=secondary | fut. | ||
| | | tàl<span style="color:red">istúi</span> | ||
| | | tàl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">istúi</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue"> | | è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red">istúi</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue"> | | è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">istúi</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! class=secondary | imp. | ! class=secondary | imp. | ||
| | | tàl<span style="color:red">adhistúi</span> | ||
| | | tàl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhistúi</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue"> | | è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red">adhistúi</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue"> | | è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhistúi</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan=4 | perf. | ! rowspan=4 | perf. | ||
! class=secondary | pres. | ! class=secondary | pres. | ||
| | | tàl<span style="color:red">irúa</span> | ||
| | | tàl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">irúa</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue"> | | è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red">irúa</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue"> | | è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">irúa</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! class=secondary | past | ! class=secondary | past | ||
| | | tàl<span style="color:red">adhirúa</span> | ||
| | | tàl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhirúa</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue"> | | è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red">adhirúa</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue"> | | è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhirúa</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! class=secondary | fut. | ! class=secondary | fut. | ||
| | | tàl<span style="color:red">istúa</span> | ||
| | | tàl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">istúa</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue"> | | è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red">istúa</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue"> | | è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">istúa</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! class=secondary | imp. | ! class=secondary | imp. | ||
| | | tàl<span style="color:red">adhistúa</span> | ||
| | | tàl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhistúa</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue"> | | è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red">adhistúa</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue"> | | è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhistúa</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
{{inflection-table-bottom}} | {{inflection-table-bottom}} | ||
| Line 1,131: | Line 1,132: | ||
! rowspan=4 | cont. | ! rowspan=4 | cont. | ||
! class=secondary | pres. | ! class=secondary | pres. | ||
| | | mèl<span style="color:red">irúi</span> | ||
| | | mèl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">irúi</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue"> | | è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red">irúi</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue"> | | è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">irúi</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! class=secondary | past | ! class=secondary | past | ||
| | | mèl<span style="color:red">adhirúi</span> | ||
| | | mèl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhirúi</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue"> | | è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red">adhirúi</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue"> | | è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhirúi</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! class=secondary | fut. | ! class=secondary | fut. | ||
| | | mèl<span style="color:red">istúi</span> | ||
| | | mèl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">istúi</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue"> | | è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red">istúi</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue"> | | è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">istúi</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! class=secondary | imp. | ! class=secondary | imp. | ||
| | | mèl<span style="color:red">adhistúi</span> | ||
| | | mèl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhistúi</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue"> | | è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red">adhistúi</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue"> | | è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhistúi</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan=4 | perf. | ! rowspan=4 | perf. | ||
! class=secondary | pres. | ! class=secondary | pres. | ||
| | | mèl<span style="color:red">irúa</span> | ||
| | | mèl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">irúa</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue"> | | è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red">irúa</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue"> | | è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">irúa</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! class=secondary | past | ! class=secondary | past | ||
| | | mèl<span style="color:red">adhirúa</span> | ||
| | | mèl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhirúa</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue"> | | è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red">adhirúa</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue"> | | è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhirúa</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! class=secondary | fut. | ! class=secondary | fut. | ||
| | | mèl<span style="color:red">istúa</span> | ||
| | | mèl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">istúa</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue"> | | è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red">istúa</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue"> | | è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">istúa</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! class=secondary | imp. | ! class=secondary | imp. | ||
| | | mèl<span style="color:red">adhistúa</span> | ||
| | | mèl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhistúa</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue"> | | è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red">adhistúa</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue"> | | è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhistúa</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
{{inflection-table-bottom}} | {{inflection-table-bottom}} | ||
| Line 1,236: | Line 1,237: | ||
! rowspan=4 | cont. | ! rowspan=4 | cont. | ||
! class=secondary | pres. | ! class=secondary | pres. | ||
| | | àgh<span style="color:red">irúi</span> | ||
| | | àgh<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">irúi</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue">h | | è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">irúi</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue">h | | è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">irúi</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! class=secondary | past | ! class=secondary | past | ||
| | | àgh<span style="color:red">adhirúi</span> | ||
| | | àgh<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhirúi</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue">h | | è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">adhirúi</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue">h | | è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhirúi</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! class=secondary | fut. | ! class=secondary | fut. | ||
| | | àgh<span style="color:red">istúi</span> | ||
| | | àgh<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">istúi</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue">h | | è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">istúi</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue">h | | è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">istúi</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! class=secondary | imp. | ! class=secondary | imp. | ||
| | | àgh<span style="color:red">adhistúi</span> | ||
| | | àgh<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhistúi</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue">h | | è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">adhistúi</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue">h | | è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhistúi</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan=4 | perf. | ! rowspan=4 | perf. | ||
! class=secondary | pres. | ! class=secondary | pres. | ||
| | | àgh<span style="color:red">irúa</span> | ||
| | | àgh<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">irúa</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span> | | è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">irúa</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span> | | è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">irúa</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! class=secondary | past | ! class=secondary | past | ||
| | | àgh<span style="color:red">adhirúa</span> | ||
| | | àgh<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhirúa</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span> | | è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">adhirúa</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span> | | è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhirúa</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! class=secondary | fut. | ! class=secondary | fut. | ||
| | | àgh<span style="color:red">istúa</span> | ||
| | | àgh<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">istúa</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span> | | è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">istúa</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span> | | è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">istúa</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! class=secondary | imp. | ! class=secondary | imp. | ||
| | | àgh<span style="color:red">adhistúa</span> | ||
| | | àgh<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhistúa</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span> | | è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">adhistúa</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span> | | è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhistúa</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
{{inflection-table-bottom}} | {{inflection-table-bottom}} | ||
| Line 1,344: | Line 1,345: | ||
! rowspan=4 | cont. | ! rowspan=4 | cont. | ||
! class=secondary | pres. | ! class=secondary | pres. | ||
| | | bì'<span style="color:red">irúi</span> | ||
| | | bì<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">irúi</span> | ||
| | | i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ì'<span style="color:red">irúi</span> | ||
| | | i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ì<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">irúi</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! class=secondary | past | ! class=secondary | past | ||
| | | bì'<span style="color:red">adhirúi</span> | ||
| | | bì<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhirúi</span> | ||
| | | i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ì'<span style="color:red">adhirúi</span> | ||
| | | i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ì<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhirúi</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! class=secondary | fut. | ! class=secondary | fut. | ||
| | | bì'<span style="color:red">istúi</span> | ||
| | | bì<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">istúi</span> | ||
| | | i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ì'<span style="color:red">istúi</span> | ||
| | | i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ì<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">istúi</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! class=secondary | imp. | ! class=secondary | imp. | ||
| | | bì'<span style="color:red">adhistúi</span> | ||
| | | bì<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhistúi</span> | ||
| | | i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ì'<span style="color:red">adhistúi</span> | ||
| | | i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ì<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhistúi</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan=4 | perf. | ! rowspan=4 | perf. | ||
! class=secondary | pres. | ! class=secondary | pres. | ||
| | | bì'<span style="color:red">irúa</span> | ||
| | | bì<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">irúa</span> | ||
| | | i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ì'<span style="color:red">irúa</span> | ||
| | | i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ì<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">irúa</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! class=secondary | past | ! class=secondary | past | ||
| | | bì'<span style="color:red">adhirúa</span> | ||
| | | bì<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhirúa</span> | ||
| | | i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ì'<span style="color:red">adhirúa</span> | ||
| | | i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ì<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhirúa</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! class=secondary | fut. | ! class=secondary | fut. | ||
| | | bì'<span style="color:red">istúa</span> | ||
| | | bì<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">istúa</span> | ||
| | | i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ì'<span style="color:red">istúa</span> | ||
| | | i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ì<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">istúa</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! class=secondary | imp. | ! class=secondary | imp. | ||
| | | bì'<span style="color:red">adhistúa</span> | ||
| | | bì<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhistúa</span> | ||
| | | i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ì'<span style="color:red">adhistúa</span> | ||
| | | i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ì<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhistúa</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
{{inflection-table-bottom}} | {{inflection-table-bottom}} | ||
| Line 1,449: | Line 1,450: | ||
! rowspan=4 | cont. | ! rowspan=4 | cont. | ||
! class=secondary | pres. | ! class=secondary | pres. | ||
| | | vèr<span style="color:red">irúi</span> | ||
| | | vèr<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">irúi</span> | ||
| | | i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:red">irúi</span> | ||
| | | i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">irúi</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! class=secondary | past | ! class=secondary | past | ||
| | | vèr<span style="color:red">adhirúi</span> | ||
| | | vèr<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhirúi</span> | ||
| | | i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:red">adhirúi</span> | ||
| | | i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhirúi</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! class=secondary | fut. | ! class=secondary | fut. | ||
| | | vèr<span style="color:red">istúi</span> | ||
| | | vèr<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">istúi</span> | ||
| | | i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:red">istúi</span> | ||
| | | i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">istúi</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! class=secondary | imp. | ! class=secondary | imp. | ||
| | | vèr<span style="color:red">adhistúi</span> | ||
| | | vèr<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhistúi</span> | ||
| | | i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:red">adhistúi</span> | ||
| | | i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhistúi</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan=4 | perf. | ! rowspan=4 | perf. | ||
! class=secondary | pres. | ! class=secondary | pres. | ||
| | | vèr<span style="color:red">irúa</span> | ||
| | | vèr<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">irúa</span> | ||
| | | i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:red">irúa</span> | ||
| | | i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">irúa</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! class=secondary | past | ! class=secondary | past | ||
| | | vèr<span style="color:red">adhirúa</span> | ||
| | | vèr<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhirúa</span> | ||
| | | i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:red">adhirúa</span> | ||
| | | i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhirúa</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! class=secondary | fut. | ! class=secondary | fut. | ||
| | | vèr<span style="color:red">istúa</span> | ||
| | | vèr<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">istúa</span> | ||
| | | i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:red">istúa</span> | ||
| | | i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">istúa</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! class=secondary | imp. | ! class=secondary | imp. | ||
| | | vèr<span style="color:red">adhistúa</span> | ||
| | | vèr<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhistúa</span> | ||
| | | i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:red">adhistúa</span> | ||
| | | i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhistúa</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
{{inflection-table-bottom}} | {{inflection-table-bottom}} | ||
| Line 1,502: | Line 1,503: | ||
===Word order=== | ===Word order=== | ||
Scots Norse word order is incredibly strict, relying more on particles than word order for changing the sentence type. The typical order is: | Scots Norse word order is incredibly strict, relying more on particles than word order for changing the sentence type. The typical order is: | ||
#Preverbal particle | #Preverbal particle(s) | ||
#Verb | #Verb | ||
#Postverbal particle(s) | #Postverbal particle(s) | ||
| Line 1,510: | Line 1,511: | ||
#Indirect object | #Indirect object | ||
An example: | |||
{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(1)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case | {{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(1)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case | ||
| èthir mic hi màth. | | èthir mic hi màth. | ||
| Line 1,524: | Line 1,521: | ||
Adjectives and genitives, much like in Gàidhlig, come after the noun, eg. "blòemh ròdh" for "red flower" and "blòemh mì" for "my flower". | Adjectives and genitives, much like in Gàidhlig, come after the noun, eg. "blòemh ròdh" for "red flower" and "blòemh mì" for "my flower". | ||
{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(2)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case | |||
|{⟨i⟩ mlòmhir ⟨u⟩} blòm ròdh mì | |||
|⟨CONT⟩bloom.PRES flower.DIR red.DIR 1sg.POSS | |||
| | |||
}} | |||
===Questions and answers=== | ===Questions and answers=== | ||
Scots Norse lacks a true equivalent to "no", the closest thing being "è(gh)" ("not"), which can often be used on it's own when a form of "be" + "not" suffices for an answer, as in: | Scots Norse lacks a true equivalent to "no", the closest thing being "è(gh)" ("not"), which can often be used on it's own when a form of "be" + "not" suffices for an answer, as in: | ||
{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=( | {{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(3)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case | ||
| | | vàrt mèlir tic vidmì? | ||
| Q speak.PRES 2sg with 1sg | | Q speak.PRES 2sg with.1sg | ||
| Will you speak with me? | | Will you speak with me? | ||
}} | }} | ||
{{interlinear|lang=snon|number= ( | {{interlinear|lang=snon|number= (3.1)|indent=6 | ||
| ègh | | ègh | ||
| NEG | | NEG | ||
| Line 1,539: | Line 1,541: | ||
Following this usage of "ègh", "ghià" (Old Norse "já") is often used as an affirmative, as in: | Following this usage of "ègh", "ghià" (Old Norse "já") is often used as an affirmative, as in: | ||
{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=( | {{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(4)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case | ||
| | | vàrt èthist tic màenh-màls vidmìnhic? | ||
| Q eat.FUT 2sg dinner with 1sg | | Q eat.FUT 2sg dinner.DIR with.1sg.EMP | ||
| Will you eat dinner with me? | | Will you eat dinner with me? | ||
}} | }} | ||
{{interlinear|lang=snon|number= ( | {{interlinear|lang=snon|number= (4.1)|indent=6 | ||
| ghià! | | ghià! | ||
| AFF | | AFF | ||
| Line 1,550: | Line 1,552: | ||
}} | }} | ||
As has likely been noticed by now, questions consistently contain " | As has likely been noticed by now, questions consistently contain "vàrt" at the beginning, this is a general question particle, akin to Gàidhlig "an". | ||
==="To be"=== | ==="To be"=== | ||
| Line 1,556: | Line 1,558: | ||
Likely under the influence of Irish, the verb "bìodh" (Old Norse "bíða") shifted to an existential copula, expressing existence, location, and condition, rather than an impersonal one, while an odd development, the extreme influence of the Gaelic languages does well explain it, in this sense it's most often spelt "bì", with the various endings being appended with an apostrophe, as in "bì'ir" or "bì'adhist", in these forms it is often pronounced /bj-/, thus /bjəjʃt/ for "bì'adhist". | Likely under the influence of Irish, the verb "bìodh" (Old Norse "bíða") shifted to an existential copula, expressing existence, location, and condition, rather than an impersonal one, while an odd development, the extreme influence of the Gaelic languages does well explain it, in this sense it's most often spelt "bì", with the various endings being appended with an apostrophe, as in "bì'ir" or "bì'adhist", in these forms it is often pronounced /bj-/, thus /bjəjʃt/ for "bì'adhist". | ||
{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=( | {{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(5)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case | ||
|bì'ir Gud | |bì'ir Gud | ||
|EXIST.PRES God.DIR | |EXIST.PRES God.DIR | ||
| Line 1,562: | Line 1,564: | ||
}} | }} | ||
{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=( | {{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(6)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case | ||
|bì'ir hìnhar eplar o ghình moerdh | |bì'ir hìnhar eplar o ghình moerdh | ||
|EXIST.PRES the.PL.DIR apple.PL.DIR on the.DAT table.DAT | |EXIST.PRES the.PL.DIR apple.PL.DIR on the.DAT table.DAT | ||
| | |the apples are on the table | ||
}} | }} | ||
''bì'' has developed in such a way where a noun phrase cannot directly act as the predicate, instead needing to be preceded by ''u'', as in: | ''bì'' has developed in such a way where a noun phrase cannot directly act as the predicate, instead needing to be preceded by ''u'', as in: | ||
====Copulative ''vèr''==== | ====Copulative ''vèr''==== | ||
The verb {{l|snon|vèr}} acts as the so-called "equative 'to be'", eg. the verb "to be" as used to mean "X = Y", as in: | The verb {{l|snon|vèr}} acts as the so-called "equative 'to be'", eg. the verb "to be" as used to mean "X = Y", as in: | ||
{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=( | {{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(8) | ||
| | |vèrir mic sèl | ||
|COP.PRES 1sg happy | |COP.PRES 1sg happy | ||
|I am happy | |I am happy | ||
| Line 1,584: | Line 1,582: | ||
"vèr" in the present tense can often be dropped when paired with an emphatic pronoun | "vèr" in the present tense can often be dropped when paired with an emphatic pronoun, compare '''''vèrir mic hi dèter.''''' vs. '''''mìnhich hi dèter.''''', both meaning "I am the teacher." | ||
When saying "this/that is", "tèsh" and "ta" are used, with the verb dropped in the present tense. | When saying "this/that is", "tèsh" and "ta" are used, with the verb dropped in the present tense. | ||
(5a) ''tèsh | :(5a) ''tèsh thèter mì'' "This (is) my teacher" | ||
(5b) ''ta hi dèter'' "That's the teacher" | :(5b) ''ta hi dèter'' "That's the teacher" | ||
"in | "in him/her" can also be used with an adjective to intensify it. | ||
{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(9) | |||
{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=( | |vèrir ha zèol h'ighaz | ||
| | |COP.PRES 3sg.M happy in.3sg.M | ||
|COP.PRES 3sg.M happy | |||
|He is happy | |He is happy | ||
}} | }} | ||
{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=( | |||
| | {{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(10) | ||
|COP.PRES 3sg.F beautiful | |vèrir hành bhrìa h'ighenh | ||
|COP.PRES 3sg.F beautiful in.3sg.F | |||
|She is beautiful | |She is beautiful | ||
}} | |||
===Evidentiality=== | |||
Evidentiality in Scots Norse is entirely analytical, though based on the verb. There are three main classes of evidentials; the factual, the direct, and the indirect. The factual is distinguished from the direct by moreso conveying what is known to be correct than what is witnessed to be correct, eg. "humans need oxygen" vs "the injured dog has healed (and I saw it)", the former being factual while the latter is direct. | |||
The factual is typically formed through a verbs' indicative, but it can also take the long infinitive of "bì" ("bìthich"; "to exist") for emphasis, such as: | |||
{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(11)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case | |||
|crevhir me màth | |||
|require.PRES human.DIR.PL food.DIR | |||
|humans require food | |||
}} | |||
{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(12)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case | |||
|crevhir bìthich me màth | |||
|require.PRES EXIST.INF human.DIR.PL food.DIR | |||
|humans require food (and I ''know'' it) | |||
}} | |||
The direct is typically formed with the past infinitive of "sià" ("siàthadh"; "perceived"), thus: | |||
{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(13)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case | |||
|{⟨as⟩ lèocnscir ⟨u⟩} siàthadh hi gù | |||
|⟨PERF⟩heal.PRES.IMPRS see.PAST.INF the.DIR dog.DIR | |||
|the dog has healed (and I saw it) | |||
}} | |||
The indirect tends to be formed with the past infinitive of "seogh" ("seoghadh"; "told"): | |||
{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(14)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case | |||
|fàradhir seoghadh tèr circh | |||
|fare.PAST tell.PAST.INF 3pl church.DAT | |||
|they went to church (so I was told) | |||
}} | |||
To better show all three classes, the sentence "he went home" will be used to show each. | |||
{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(15a)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case | |||
|fàradhir (bìthich) ha hèmh | |||
|fare.PAST (EXIST.INF) 3sg.m home.DAT | |||
|he went home | |||
}} | |||
{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(15b)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case | |||
|fàradhir siàthadh ha hèmh | |||
|fare.PAST perceive.PAST.INF 3sg.m home.DAT | |||
|(I saw that) he went home | |||
}} | |||
{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(15b)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case | |||
|fàradhir seoghadh ha hèmh | |||
|fare.PAST tell.PAST.INF 3sg.m home.DAT | |||
|(I was told that) he went home | |||
}} | }} | ||
| Line 1,612: | Line 1,656: | ||
:'''Scots Norse''' | :'''Scots Norse''' | ||
vèrir me n'al bhòri vrials 's ghiab, vhèrin vhirdhi 's rèth h'attì. vèrin giòedh 's sabasc h'attì, 's scùl ghiòer hinhar til bròdhligh. | |||
:"all men are born free and equal, having dignity and rights. they have reason and conscience, and should act to eachother as a brotherhood" | :"all men are born free and equal, having dignity and rights. they have reason and conscience, and should act to eachother as a brotherhood" | ||
==Lexical comparison== | ===The Cold Winter is Near=== | ||
{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" | |||
! Scots Norse | |||
! | |||
! English | |||
|- | |||
| vèrir hi bèth cald faisg, fàr cathadh hèr. | |||
|   | |||
| style="font-style:italic;" | The cold winter is near, a blizzard will come. | |||
|- | |||
| fhiàr hùs varm mhì, n'a vhìonh. | |||
| | |||
| style="font-style:italic;" | Come in my warm house, o' friend. | |||
|- | |||
| velkùmha! fàr hèr, siuingh 's dans, èth 's drech! | |||
| | |||
| style="font-style:italic;" | Welcome! Come here, sing and dance, eat and drink! | |||
|- | |||
| vèrir tèsh ètlin mhì. | |||
| | |||
| style="font-style:italic;" | That is my plan. | |||
|- | |||
| bìthir vat, 's al, 's miòlc go niù frà hi giùir unì! | |||
| | |||
| style="font-style:italic;" | We have water, beer, and fresh milk from the cow. | |||
|- | |||
| ò, 's sùp varm! | |||
| | |||
| style="font-style:italic;" | Oh, and warm soup! | |||
|} | |||
==Vocabulary== | |||
===Phrasebook=== | |||
===Numerals=== | |||
===Colors=== | |||
===Time=== | |||
===Lexical comparison=== | |||
====Leipzig-Jakarta==== | |||
{|class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" | {|class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 1,630: | Line 1,711: | ||
| fire | | fire | ||
| eldr | | eldr | ||
| | | {{l|snon|eld}} | ||
| eldur | | eldur | ||
| eld | | eld | ||
| Line 1,637: | Line 1,718: | ||
| nose | | nose | ||
| nǫs | | nǫs | ||
| nas | | {{l|snon|nas}} | ||
| nös | | nös | ||
| nas | | nas | ||
| Line 1,644: | Line 1,725: | ||
| to go | | to go | ||
| ganga | | ganga | ||
| gangh | | {{l|snon|gangh}} | ||
| ganga | | ganga | ||
| gånga | | gånga | ||
| Line 1,651: | Line 1,732: | ||
| water | | water | ||
| vatn | | vatn | ||
| | | {{l|snon|vat}} | ||
| vatn | | vatn | ||
| vatten | | vatten | ||
| Line 1,657: | Line 1,738: | ||
|5 | |5 | ||
| mouth (body)</br>(river) | | mouth (body)</br>(river) | ||
| munnr</br>mynni | | munnr</br>mynni | ||
| | | {{l|snon|mun}}</br>{{l|snon|miuen}} | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 1,664: | Line 1,745: | ||
| tongue | | tongue | ||
| tunga | | tunga | ||
| | | {{l|snon|tung}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
|7 | |7 | ||
| blood | | blood | ||
| blóð | | blóð | ||
| blòd | | {{l|snon|blòd}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
|8 | |8 | ||
| bone | | bone | ||
| bein | | bein | ||
| bè | | {{l|snon|bè}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
|9 | |9 | ||
| 2sg pronoun (you) | | 2sg pronoun (you) | ||
| þú | | þú | ||
| tù | | {{l|snon|tù}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
|10 | |10 | ||
| root | | root | ||
| rót | | rót | ||
| ròt | | {{l|snon|ròt}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
|11 | |11 | ||
| to come (move) | | to come (move) | ||
| koma | | koma | ||
| còmh | | {{l|snon|còmh}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
|12 | |12 | ||
| breast | | breast | ||
| brjóst | | brjóst | ||
| briòst | | {{l|snon|briòst}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
|13 | |13 | ||
| rain | | rain | ||
| regn | | regn | ||
| | | {{l|snon|règ}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
|14 | |14 | ||
| 1sg pronoun (I) | | 1sg pronoun (I) | ||
| ek | | ek | ||
| mic | | {{l|snon|mic}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
|15 | |15 | ||
| name | | name | ||
| nafn | | nafn | ||
| nav | | {{l|snon|nav}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
|16 | |16 | ||
| Line 1,744: | Line 1,825: | ||
| night (time) | | night (time) | ||
| nátt | | nátt | ||
| nàt | | {{l|snon|nàt}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
|22 | |22 | ||
| Line 1,791: | Line 1,872: | ||
| to say | | to say | ||
| tala | | tala | ||
| tàl | | {{l|snon|tàl}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
|30 | |30 | ||
| Line 1,814: | Line 1,895: | ||
| one (number) | | one (number) | ||
| einn | | einn | ||
| è | | {{l|snon|è}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
|34 | |34 | ||
| Line 1,823: | Line 1,904: | ||
|- | |- | ||
|35 | |35 | ||
| 3sg pronoun (they) | | 3sg pronoun (they) (m)</br>(f)</br>(n) | ||
| hann</br>hǫ́n</br>þat | |||
| ha | | {{l|snon|ha}}</br>{{l|snon|hành}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
|36 | |36 | ||
| Line 1,848: | Line 1,929: | ||
| this (pron.) | | this (pron.) | ||
| sá | | sá | ||
| | | {{l|snon|tesh}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
|40 | |40 | ||
| fish | | fish | ||
| fiskr | | fiskr | ||
| fisc | | {{l|snon|fisc}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
|41 | |41 | ||
| Line 1,870: | Line 1,951: | ||
| black (color) | | black (color) | ||
| svartr | | svartr | ||
| | | {{l|snon|sfart}} | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 1,948: | Line 2,029: | ||
| not (adj./adv.) | | not (adj./adv.) | ||
| eigi | | eigi | ||
| è | | {{l|snon|è}}, {{l|snon|i-}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
|57 | |57 | ||
| good | | good | ||
| | | góðr | ||
| | | {{l|snon|gòdh}} | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 1,959: | Line 2,040: | ||
| to know | | to know | ||
| kunna</br>(a person) kenna | | kunna</br>(a person) kenna | ||
| cunh | | {{l|snon|cunh}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
|59 | |59 | ||
| Line 2,016: | Line 2,097: | ||
|- | |- | ||
|68 | |68 | ||
| skin/hide | | skin/hide (animal)</br>(general) | ||
| feldr</br> skinn, húð | |||
| | | {{l|snon|feld}}</br> {{l|snon|sci}}, {{l|snon|hùd}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
|69 | |69 | ||
| Line 2,053: | Line 2,134: | ||
| old | | old | ||
| | | | ||
| | | {{l|snon|ald}} | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 2,059: | Line 2,140: | ||
| to eat | | to eat | ||
| eta | | eta | ||
| èth | | {{l|snon|èth}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
|76 | |76 | ||
| Line 2,124: | Line 2,205: | ||
| dog | | dog | ||
| hundr</br>rakki | | hundr</br>rakki | ||
| hun | | {{l|snon|hun}}</br>{{l|snon|raech}}</br>{{l|snon|cù}} | ||
| hundur</br>rakki | | hundur</br>rakki | ||
| hund</br>rakka | | hund</br>rakka | ||
| Line 2,167: | Line 2,248: | ||
| bird | | bird | ||
| fugl | | fugl | ||
| fùghl | | {{l|snon|fùghl}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
|94 | |94 | ||
| Line 2,196: | Line 2,277: | ||
| in | | in | ||
| í | | í | ||
| i | | {{l|snon|i}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
|99 | |99 | ||