Scots Norse: Difference between revisions

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|familycolor=Indo-European

|nation=Scotland

|speakers=(L1) 2,~~000~~

|speakers=(L1) 2,500

|speakers2=(L2) < 50,000

|date=~~2019~~

|date=2020

|map=File:Lang Status 20-CR.svg

|mapcaption=Scots Norse is classified as [[w:Critically endangered language|critically endangered]] by the UNESCO ''[[w:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger|Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]''

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}}

Scots Norse ([[w:Autonym|Autonym]]: {{l|snon|Agharsc}} /ˈəːɾsk/) is a West Nordic language spoken in the Hebrides most closely related to [[w:Norn|Norn]], less so to [[w:Icelandic|Icelandic]] and [[w:Faroese|Faroese]], and quite distantly to [[w:Swedish|Swedish]], [[w:Norwegian|Norwegian]], and [[w:Danish|Danish]]. It has extremely significant influence from mainly [[w:Scottish Gaelic|Scots]] and [[w:Irish|Irish]] [[w:Goidelic languages|Gaelic]], and less so from the [[w:Germanic languages|Germanic]] languages [[w:Scots language|Scots]] and [[w:English language|English]]. The Gaelic influence is most noticeable in the [[w:~~Morphophonology~~|~~morphophonology~~]] of Scots Norse, both with the [[w:palatalization (linguistics)|slender]]/[[w:velarization|broad]] distinction in [[w:consonants|consonants]] and the presence of [[w:consonant mutation|initial consonant mutation]].

Scots Norse ([[w:Autonym|Autonym]]: {{l|snon|Agharsc}} /ˈəːɾsk/) is a West Nordic language spoken in the Hebrides most closely related to [[w:Norn|Norn]], less so to [[w:Icelandic|Icelandic]] and [[w:Faroese|Faroese]], and quite distantly to [[w:Swedish|Swedish]], [[w:Norwegian|Norwegian]], and [[w:Danish|Danish]]. It has extremely significant influence from mainly [[w:Scottish Gaelic|Scots]] and [[w:Irish|Irish]] [[w:Goidelic languages|Gaelic]], and less so from the [[w:Germanic languages|Germanic]] languages [[w:Scots language|Scots]] and [[w:English language|English]]. The Gaelic influence is most noticeable in the [[w:Morphology|morphology]] and [[w:Phonology|phonology]] of Scots Norse, both with the [[w:palatalization (linguistics)|slender]]/[[w:velarization|broad]] distinction in [[w:consonants|consonants]] and the presence of [[w:consonant mutation|initial consonant mutation]].

Scots Norse has roughly eleven [[w:dialect|dialects]] that form the language's two [[w:dialect continuum|dialect continuums]], these being ''Western'' and ''Eastern'' Scots Norse respectively, these are further divided into specific dialects. All [[w:variety (linguistics)|varieties]] of Scots Norse are written using the [[w:Latin script|Latin script]], employing [[w:Gaelic Type|Gaelic Type]] or [[w:Insular Script|Insular]] as the [[w:script|hand]], this acts as a notable exception to the general notion that Gaelic Type and Insular only survive for ornamental or historical usages, as they are still the primary hand used for Scots Norse.

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Since the early 1990's, Scots Norse has gained a small but dedicated community of linguists that are determined to further document it and make resources more readily available. As of 2018, an online course has been published that goes over Standard Scots Norse, and it has been continually updated since then, improving the quality and extent of the contents, having started out as a rather barebones description of the phonology, orthography, and rudimentary grammar.

==Development==

The development of Scots Norse is one of the best understood aspects of the language, owing to its extreme divergence being an interest to linguists.

===Pre-Scots Norse===

This is the form of Scots Norse when it was still a dialect of Old Norse

*lengthening of stressed vowels in open syllables

*loss of gemination

*final /r̩/ and nominal singular /ɑr, ir/ > /ə/

*final front vowels > /ʲə/, final back vowels to /ə/

*hl, hv, hr > l, v, r

*/ɣ/ > /g/

*/w/ > /v/, causing /f/ [v] to merge back with [f], thus "arfa" [ɑr.vɑ] > [ɑr.fə] (modern /əɾf/)

*/θ, ð/ > /t, d/, with a few cases of /θ, ð/ > /f, v/

*diphthong flattening, /øy, ɒu/ > /øː, oː/

*merger of mid-high and mid-low vowels

*e > ja occasionally when Proto-Germanic *e (typically becomes ja in Old Norse anyways)

*/Cj/ > /Cʲ/

===Sudrey Norse===

Sudrey Norse, also occasionally called "Middle Scots Norse", is the stage directly before Modern, it is in no way intelligible with the modern language.

*development of slender/broad/plain distinction

*front round vowels become slender back vowels

*short vowels > /ɪ, ɛ, ə, ʊ, ɔ/

*long vowels > /i, e, ɑ, u, o/

*loss of /ə/ between two sonorants (such as /jər/ > /ir/), unless part of an inflectional ending.

*unstressed vowels to /ə/.

*/r/ becomes /ɾ/ intervocalically?

===Modern Scots Norse===

*mutations develop through the loss of word final sounds

**lenition: from being intervocalic

**eclipsis: from nasal clusters

*several palatalized sounds shift:

**/s, z, n, l, k, g, h, ɣ/ > /ʃ, ʒ, ɲ, ʎ, c, ɟ, ç, ʝ/

==Phonology==

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==Orthography==

(updated to "bh")

(updated up to "c")

{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"

! colspan=5 | Consonants

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|-

| before back vowel

| {{IPA|/pj/}}

| {{IPA|/bj/}}

| {{l|snon|biargh}} {{IPA|/pjəɾ/}}

|-

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| {{l|snon|}} {{IPA|//}}

|-

| rowspan=8 | '''c'''

| rowspan=2 | '''c'''

| ~~rowspan~~=4 | broad

| colspan=2 | broad

~~| initially, or non-finally after consonant~~

~~| {{IPA|/kʰ/}}~~

~~| {{lang|gd|cas}} {{IPA|/kʰas̪/}}, {{lang|gd|cam}} {{IPA|/kʰaum/}}~~

|-

~~| between vowels~~

~~| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/ʰk/}}~~

~~| {{lang|gd|bacadh}} {{IPA|/ˈpaʰkəɣ/}}, {{lang|gd|mucan}} {{IPA|/ˈmuʰkən/}}~~

|-

~~| finally after vowel~~

~~| {{lang|gd|mac}} {{IPA|/maʰk/}}~~

|-

~~| finally after consonant~~

| {{IPA|/k/}}

| {{~~lang~~|gd|~~corc~~}} {{IPA|/~~kʰɔɾʰk~~/}}

| {{l|snon|cath}} {{IPA|/kax/}}, {{l|snon|Col}} {{IPA|/kɔɫ/}}

|-

| ~~rowspan~~=4 | slender

| colspan=2 | slender

~~| initially or after consonant~~

| {{IPA|/c/}}

| {{IPA|/~~kʰʲ~~/}}

| {{l|snon|ceth}} {{IPA|/cɛç/}}, {{l|snon|cìs}} {{IPA|/ciʃ/}}

| {{~~lang~~|gd|~~ceòl~~}} {{IPA|/~~kʰʲɔːl̪ˠ~~/}}, {{~~lang|gd|ceum}} {{IPA|/kʰʲeːm/}}~~

|-

~~| between vowels~~

~~| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/ʰkʲ/}}~~

~~| {{lang|gd|lice}} {{IPA|/ˈʎiʰkʲə/}}, {{lang|gd|brice}} {{IPA|/ˈpɾʲiʰkʲə/}}~~

|-

~~| finally after vowel~~

~~| {{lang|gd|mic}} {{IPA|/miʰkʲ/}}~~

|-

~~| finally after consonant~~

~~| {{IPA|/kʲ/}}~~

~~| {{lang~~|gd|~~cuilc~~}} {{IPA|/~~kʰulʰkʲ~~/}}

|-

| rowspan=2 | '''ch'''

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Most parts of speech are split among three "types" or "classes" based on the mutation they cause in the following word, these are called "radical", "lenite", and "eclipse", and they generally don't affect the word itself. Verbs form the primary exception, as they very consistently follow a single pattern, with the dictionary form (the infinitive) always being a lenite.

A set of colors will be applied within the tables here, each color highlighting a specific thing.

*red: the ending.

*blue: the mutation.

*green: the impersonal infix. (for verbs)

*purple: the mutation within the ending. (for prepositions)

===Nominals===

====Nouns====

Scots Norse nouns decline for three cases (direct, genitive, and dative), two genders (masculine and feminine), and two numbers (singular and plural). The direct comes the merging of the nominative and the accusative, the two having fell together due to sound changes. The definite forms distinctive of the Nordic languages have been dropped in favor of the standalone article {{l|snon|hi}}.

Nouns generally follow two patterns, which themselves are incredibly similar, the only true distinction being the direct plural, which is -ar in the masculine and -ir in the feminine. Another distinction is the direct singular, where the coda can appear broad in slender roots, such as {{l|snon|bèodh}}, with a root of ''bèdh-'', though this distinction only really exists for elder speakers.

=====Masculines=====

The following set of tables will display a few examples of the native masculine pattern.

{{inflection-table-top|palette=blue|title=Native masculine nouns|tall=yes}}

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{{inflection-table-bottom|notes=L Triggers lenition &emsp; E Triggers eclipsis}}

===~~=Numerals=~~===

===Prepositions===

~~{|class="wikitable"~~

Scots Norse has a system of inflected prepositions incredibly similar to the Gaelic languages, these are required, thus ''**vid hành'' is ungrammatical, instead requiring ''videnh''. Scots Norse is incredibly unusual in that prepositions are split into three classes or patterns based on the interaction between the root and the ending.

!1

|{{~~l|snon|è}}~~

|-

{{inflection-table-top|title=Inflection of {{l|snon|til}} (class 1)|palette=blue|tall=yes}}

!2

! class=outer colspan=3 |

|{{l|snon|~~tfè~~}}~~, {{l~~|~~snon~~|~~tfèr~~}}

! plain

! emphatic

|-

!3

! class=outer rowspan=4 | singular

|~~{{l~~|~~snon~~|~~trì}}~~

! colspan=2 | 1st

| tilmì E

| tilmìnhic

|-

!4

! colspan=2 | 2nd

|~~{{l|snon~~|~~fiòer}}~~

| tiltì E

| tiltìda

|-

!5

! rowspan=2 | 3rd

|~~{{l~~|~~snon~~|~~fi}}~~

! class=secondary | ''m''

| tilaz

| tilaza E

|-

!6

! class=secondary | ''f''

|~~{{l|snon~~|~~siach}}~~

| tilenh

| tilenha E

|-

!7

! class=outer rowspan=3 | plural

|~~{{l~~|~~snon~~|~~siò}}~~

! colspan=2 | 1st

| tilach

| tilachúith

|-

!8

! colspan=2 | 2nd

|~~{{l|snon~~|~~àth}}~~

| tilich

| tilichith

|-

!9

! colspan=2 | 3rd

|~~{{l|snon~~|~~niù}}~~

| tiltèor L

| tiltèorthi

|-

~~!10~~

{{inflection-table-bottom|notes=E: Triggers eclipsis&emsp;L: Triggers lenition}}

|{{~~l|snon|tiù}}~~

{{inflection-table-top|title=Inflection of {{l|snon|vid}} (class 1)|palette=blue|tall=yes}}

|-

~~!11~~

~~|{{l|snon|eliovh}}~~

|-

~~!12~~

|~~{{l|snon|tòlv~~}}

|-

|}

~~===Prepositions===~~

Scots Norse has a system of inflected prepositions incredibly similar to the Gaelic languages, these are required, thus ''**vid hành'' is ungrammatical, instead requiring ''videnh''. Scots Norse is incredibly unusual in that prepositions are split into three classes or patterns based on the interaction between the root and the ending.

{{inflection-table-top|title=Inflection of {{l|snon|~~til~~}} (class 1)|palette=blue|tall=yes}}

! class=outer colspan=3 |

! plain

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! class=outer rowspan=4 | singular

! colspan=2 | 1st

| ~~til~~mì E

| vidmì E

| ~~til~~mìnhic

| vidmìnhic

|-

! colspan=2 | 2nd

| ~~til~~tì E

| vidtì E

| ~~til~~tìda

| vidtìda

|-

! rowspan=2 | 3rd

! class=secondary | ''m''

| ~~til~~az

| vidaz

| ~~til~~aza E

| vidaza E

|-

! class=secondary | ''f''

| ~~til~~enh

| videnh

| ~~til~~enha E

| videnha E

|-

! class=outer rowspan=3 | plural

! colspan=2 | 1st

| ~~til~~ach

| vidach

| ~~til~~achúith

| vidachúith

|-

! colspan=2 | 2nd

| ~~til~~ich

| vidich

| ~~til~~ichith

| vidichith

|-

! colspan=2 | 3rd

| ~~til~~tèor L

| vidtèor L

| ~~til~~tèorthi

| vidtèorthi

|-

{{inflection-table-bottom|notes=E: Triggers eclipsis&emsp;L: Triggers lenition}}

{{inflection-table-top|title=Inflection of {{l|snon|~~vid~~}} (class 1)|palette=blue|tall=yes}}

{{inflection-table-top|title=Inflection of {{l|snon|frà}} (class 2)|palette=blue|tall=yes}}

! class=outer colspan=3 |

! plain

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! class=outer rowspan=4 | singular

! colspan=2 | 1st

| ~~vid~~mì E

| fràmhì E

| ~~vid~~~~mìnhic~~

| fràmhìnhic

|-

! colspan=2 | 2nd

| ~~vid~~tì E

| fràthì E

| ~~vid~~~~tìda~~

| fràthìda

|-

! rowspan=2 | 3rd

! class=secondary | ''m''

| ~~vid~~az

| fràhaz

| ~~vid~~aza E

| fràhaza E

|-

! class=secondary | ''f''

| ~~vid~~enh

| fràhenh

| ~~vid~~enha E

| fràhenha E

|-

! class=outer rowspan=3 | plural

! colspan=2 | 1st

| ~~vid~~ach

| fràthach

| ~~vid~~achúith

| fràthachúith

|-

! colspan=2 | 2nd

| ~~vid~~ich

| fràthich

| ~~vid~~ichith

| fràthichith

|-

! colspan=2 | 3rd

| ~~vid~~~~tèor~~ L

| fràthèor L

| ~~vid~~~~tèorthi~~

| fràthèorthi

|-

{{inflection-table-bottom|notes=E: Triggers eclipsis&emsp;L: Triggers lenition}}

{{inflection-table-top|title=Inflection of {{l|snon|ì}} (class 2)|palette=blue|tall=yes}}

{{inflection-table-top|title=Inflection of {{l|snon|~~frà~~}} (class 2)|palette=blue|tall=yes}}

! class=outer colspan=3 |

! plain

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! class=outer rowspan=4 | singular

! colspan=2 | 1st

| ~~frà~~mhì E

| ìmhì E

| ~~frà~~mhìnhic

| ìmhìnhic

|-

! colspan=2 | 2nd

| ~~frà~~thì E

| ìthì E

| ~~frà~~thìda

| ìthìda

|-

! rowspan=2 | 3rd

! class=secondary | ''m''

| ~~frà~~haz

| ìhaz

| ~~frà~~haza E

| ìhaza E

|-

! class=secondary | ''f''

| ~~frà~~henh

| ìhenh

| ~~frà~~henha E

| ìhenha E

|-

! class=outer rowspan=3 | plural

! colspan=2 | 1st

| ~~frà~~thach

| ìthach

| ~~frà~~thachúith

| ìthachúith

|-

! colspan=2 | 2nd

| ~~frà~~thich

| ìthich

| ~~frà~~thichith

| ìthichith

|-

! colspan=2 | 3rd

| ~~frà~~thèor L

| ìthèor L

| ~~frà~~thèorthi

| ìthèorthi

|-

{{inflection-table-bottom|notes=E: Triggers eclipsis&emsp;L: Triggers lenition}}

{{inflection-table-top|title=Inflection of {{l|snon|ì}} (class 2)|palette=blue|tall=yes}}

{{inflection-table-top|title=Inflection of {{l|snon|i}} (class 2)|palette=blue|tall=yes}}

! class=outer colspan=3 |

! plain

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! class=outer rowspan=4 | singular

! colspan=2 | 1st

| ìmhì E

| inì E

| ìmhìnhic

| inìnhic

|-

! colspan=2 | 2nd

| ìthì E

| idì E

| ìthìda

| idìda

|-

! rowspan=2 | 3rd

! class=secondary | ''m''

| ìhaz

| ighaz

| ìhaza E

| ighaza E

|-

! class=secondary | ''f''

| ìhenh

| ighenh

| ìhenha E

| ighenha E

|-

! class=outer rowspan=3 | plural

! colspan=2 | 1st

| ìthach

| inhach

| ìthachúith

| inhachúith

|-

! colspan=2 | 2nd

| ìthich

| inhich

| ìthichith

| inhichith

|-

! colspan=2 | 3rd

| ìthèor L

| idèor L

| ìthèorthi

| idèorthi

|-

{{inflection-table-bottom|notes=E: Triggers eclipsis&emsp;L: Triggers lenition}}

{{inflection-table-top|title=Inflection of {{l|snon|anh}} (class 2)|palette=blue|tall=yes}}

{{inflection-table-top|title=Inflection of {{l|snon|i}} (class 2)|palette=blue|tall=yes}}

! class=outer colspan=3 |

! plain

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! class=outer rowspan=4 | singular

! colspan=2 | 1st

| inì E

| anhnì E

| inìnhic

| anhnìnhic

|-

! colspan=2 | 2nd

| idì E

| anhdì E

| idìda

| anhdìda

|-

! rowspan=2 | 3rd

! class=secondary | ''m''

| ighaz

| anhghaz

| ighaza E

| anhghaza E

|-

! class=secondary | ''f''

| ighenh

| anhghenh

| ighenha E

| anhghenha E

|-

! class=outer rowspan=3 | plural

! colspan=2 | 1st

| ~~inh~~ach

| anhach

| ~~inh~~achúith

| anhachúith

|-

! colspan=2 | 2nd

| ~~inh~~ich

| anhich

| ~~inh~~ichith

| anhichith

|-

! colspan=2 | 3rd

| idèor L

| anhdèor L

| idèorthi

| anhdèorthi

|-

{{inflection-table-bottom|notes=E: Triggers eclipsis&emsp;L: Triggers lenition}}

{{inflection-table-top|title=~~Inflection~~ of {{l|snon|~~anh~~}} ~~(class 2)~~|palette=blue|tall=yes}}

! class=outer colspan=3 |

===Verbs===

! ~~plain~~

Many significant changes have happened to the verb system since Old Norse, notably both the mood and voice distinctions have been lost. The active indicative has descended into the present and past tense, while the active subjunctive was lost entirely. The mediopassive became the future and imperative (the mood distinction in the mediopassive largely having already collapsed in Old Norse). The reciprocal, originally formed through the mediopassive, has entirely been replaced by {{l|snon|hinhar}}. The impersonal {{l|snon|-t-}} likely descends from a reduced form of Old Norse ''þat'', the development similar to English ''it'' as an impersonal pronoun.

! ~~emphatic~~

|-

The reduction of verbs to such a limited number of forms led to analogy that leveled them all down to essentially two patterns (excluding a few irregular verbs), which seemingly descend from Old Norse's weak class 2.

! ~~class=outer rowspan=4 | singular~~

! ~~colspan=2 | 1st~~

{{inflection-table-top|title=Conjugation of {{l|snon|tàl}}|palette=blue|tall=yes}}

~~| anhnì E~~

! class=outer colspan=2 |

~~| anhnìnhic~~

! present

! past

! future

! conditional

|-

! colspan=2 | ~~2nd~~

! colspan=2 | infinitive

| ~~anh~~dì</span~~> E</sup~~>

| tàl(aich)

| ~~anh~~d~~ìda~~

| tàladh

| tàlast

| tàladhast

|-

! ~~rowspan~~=2 | ~~3rd~~

! colspan=2 | participle

~~! class=secondary | ''m''~~

| tàlin

| ~~anh~~ghaz

| tàla

| ~~anh~~gh~~aza~~</span~~> E</sup~~>

| tàlanist

| tàlast

|-

! class=~~secondary | ''f''~~

| class=separator colspan=9 |

~~| anhghenh~~

| ~~anhghenha E~~

|-

! ~~class~~=~~outer rowspan~~=3 | ~~plural~~

! rowspan=2 colspan=2 |

! colspan=2 | ~~1st~~

! colspan=2 | positive

~~| anhach~~

! colspan=2 | negative

| ~~anhachúith~~

|-

! ~~colspan~~=2 | ~~2nd~~

! class=secondary | personal

| ~~anhich~~

! class=secondary | impersonal

| ~~anhichith~~

! class=secondary | personal

! class=secondary | impersonal

|-

! ~~colspan~~=2 | ~~3rd~~

! rowspan=4 | ind.

| ~~anh~~d~~èor~~ <~~sup~~>L</~~sup~~>

! class=secondary | pres.

| ~~anh~~d~~èorthi~~

| tàlir

| tàltir

| è thàlir

| è thàltir

|-

~~{{inflection-table-bottom~~|~~notes~~=<~~sup~~>E</~~sup~~>: ~~Triggers eclipsis&emsp;<sup~~>L</~~sup~~>~~: Triggers lenition}}~~

! class=secondary | past

| tàladhir

==~~=Verbs===~~

| tàltadhir

Many significant changes have happened to the verb system since Old Norse, notably both the mood and voice distinctions have been lost. The active indicative has descended into the present and past tense, while the active subjunctive was lost entirely. The mediopassive became the future and imperative (the mood distinction in the mediopassive largely having already collapsed in Old Norse). The reciprocal, originally formed through the mediopassive, has entirely been replaced by {{l|snon|hinhar}}. The original imperative is seemingly preserved as the impersonal form (hence the "~~-sc-~~"~~), later having the endings appended to it after they became generally leveled to a single regular pattern.~~

| è thàladhir

| è thàltadhir

Verbs have reduced to such a limited number of forms that analogy and sound changes have leveled them all down to essentially one pattern (excluding a few irregular verbs), which seemingly descends from Old Norse's weak class 2 pattern.

~~{{inflection-table-top~~|~~title=Conjugation of {{l|snon|tàl}}|palette~~=blue~~|tall~~=~~yes}}~~

~~! class~~=~~outer colspan=2 |~~

~~! present~~

~~! past~~

~~! future~~

~~! conditional~~

|-

! ~~colspan~~=2 | ~~infinitive~~

! class=secondary | fut.

| tàl(~~aich~~)

| tàlist

| tàl~~adh~~

| tàltist

| ~~tàl~~~~ast~~

| è thàlist

| ~~tàl~~~~adhast~~

| è thàltist

|-

! ~~colspan~~=2 | ~~participle~~

! class=secondary | cond.

| tàlin

| tàladhist

| tàla

| tàltadhist

| ~~tàl~~~~anist~~

| è thàladhist

| ~~tàl~~~~ast~~

| è thàltadhist

|-

| class=~~separator colspan~~=9 |

! rowspan=4 | cont.

! class=secondary | pres.

| tàlirúi

| tàltirúi

| è thàlirúi

| è thàltirúi

|-

! ~~rowspan~~=~~2 colspan=2~~ |

! class=secondary | past

~~! colspan~~=2 | ~~positive~~

| tàladhirúi

~~! colspan~~=2 | ~~negative~~

| tàltadhirúi

| è thàladhirúi

| è thàltadhirúi

|-

! class=secondary | ~~personal~~

! class=secondary | fut.

! class=secondary | ~~impersonal~~

| tàlistúi

~~! class~~=~~secondary~~ | ~~personal~~

| tàltistúi

~~! class~~=~~secondary~~ | ~~impersonal~~

| è thàlistúi

| è thàltistúi

|-

! class=secondary | cond.

| tàladhistúi

| tàltadhistúi

| è thàladhistúi

| è thàltadhistúi

|-

! rowspan=4 | ~~ind~~.

! rowspan=4 | perf.

! class=secondary | pres.

| tàlir

| tàlirúa

| tàltir

| tàltirúa

| è thàlir

| è thàlirúa

| è thàltir

| è thàltirúa

|-

! class=secondary | past

| tàl~~adhir~~

| tàladhirúa

| tàlt~~adhir~~

| tàltadhirúa

| è thàl~~adhir~~

| è thàladhirúa

| è thàlt~~adhir~~

| è thàltadhirúa

|-

! class=secondary | fut.

| tàl~~ist~~

| tàlistúa

| tàlt~~ist~~

| tàltistúa

| è thàl~~ist~~

| è thàlistúa

| è thàlt~~ist~~

| è thàltistúa

|-

! class=secondary | cond.

| tàl~~adhist~~

| tàladhistúa

| tàlt~~adhist~~

| tàltadhistúa

| è thàl~~adhist~~

| è thàladhistúa

| è thàlt~~adhist~~

| è thàltadhistúa

|-

! ~~rowspan~~=4 | ~~cont.~~

! colspan=2 | imp.

~~! class=secondary | pres~~.

| tàl

| tàl~~irúi~~

| tàlt

| tàlt~~irúi~~

| è thàl

| è thàl~~irúi~~

| è thàlt

| è thàlt~~irúi~~

|-

! class=~~secondary~~ | past

| ~~tàl~~~~adhirúi~~

| ~~tàlt~~~~adhirúi~~

{{inflection-table-top|title=Conjugation of {{l|snon|mèl}}|palette=blue|tall=yes}}

| ~~è thàl~~~~adhirúi~~

! class=outer colspan=2 |

| ~~è thàlt~~~~adhirúi~~

! present

! past

! future

! conditional

|-

! colspan=2 | infinitive

| mèl(ich)

| mèladh

| mèlast

| mèladhast

|-

! ~~class~~=~~secondary~~ | ~~fut.~~

! colspan=2 | participle

| ~~tàl~~~~istúi~~

| mèlin

| ~~tàlt~~~~istúi~~

| mèla

| ~~è thàl~~~~istúi~~

| mèlanist

| ~~è thàlt~~~~istúi~~

| mèlast

|-

! class=~~secondary | cond.~~

| class=separator colspan=9 |

~~| tàladhistúi~~

~~| tàltadhistúi~~

~~| è thàladhistúi~~

| ~~è thàltadhistúi~~

|-

! rowspan=4 | ~~perf~~.

! rowspan=2 colspan=2 |

! class=secondary | pres.

! colspan=2 | positive

| ~~tàl~~~~irúa~~

! colspan=2 | negative

| ~~tàl~~t~~irúa~~

|-

| è thàl~~irúa~~

! class=secondary | personal

| è thàlt~~irúa~~

! class=secondary | impersonal

! class=secondary | personal

! class=secondary | impersonal

|-

! rowspan=4 | ind.

! class=secondary | pres.

| mèlir

| mèltir

| è mhèlir

| è mhèltir

|-

! class=secondary | past

| ~~tàl~~~~adhirúa~~

| mèladhir

| ~~tàl~~t~~adhirúa~~

| mèltadhir

| è thàl~~adhirúa~~

| è mhèladhir

| è thàlt~~adhirúa~~

| è mhèltadhir

|-

! class=secondary | fut.

| ~~tàl~~~~istúa~~

| mèlist

| ~~tàl~~t~~istúa~~

| mèltist

| è thàl~~istúa~~

| è mhèlist

| è thàlt~~istúa~~

| è mhèltist

|-

! class=secondary | cond.

| ~~tàl~~~~adhistúa~~

| mèladhist

| ~~tàl~~t~~adhistúa~~

| mèltadhist

| è thàl~~adhistúa~~

| è mhèladhist

| è thàlt~~adhistúa~~

| è mhèltadhist

|-

! rowspan=4 | cont.

! class=secondary | pres.

| mèlirúi

| mèltirúi

| è mhèlirúi

| è mhèltirúi

|-

! ~~colspan~~=2 | ~~imp.~~

! class=secondary | past

| ~~tàl~~

| mèladhirúi

| ~~tàl~~t

| mèltadhirúi

| è thàl

| è mhèladhirúi

| è thàlt

| è mhèltadhirúi

|-

~~{{inflection-table-bottom}}~~

! class=secondary | fut.

| mèlistúi

~~{{inflection-table-top~~|~~title~~=~~Conjugation of {{l|snon~~|mèl}}|~~palette~~=blue|~~tall~~=~~yes}}~~

| mèltistúi

~~! class~~=~~outer colspan~~=~~2 |~~

| è mhèlistúi

~~! present~~

| è mhèltistúi

~~! past~~

~~! future~~

~~! conditional~~

|-

! ~~colspan~~=2 | ~~infinitive~~

! class=secondary | cond.

| mèl(~~ich~~)

| mèladhistúi

| mèl~~adh~~

| mèltadhistúi

| ~~mèl~~~~ast~~

| è mhèladhistúi

| ~~mèl~~~~adhast~~

| è mhèltadhistúi

|-

! ~~colspan~~=2 | ~~participle~~

! rowspan=4 | perf.

| mèlin

! class=secondary | pres.

| mèla

| mèlirúa

| ~~mèl~~~~anist~~

| mèltirúa

| ~~mèl~~~~ast~~

| è mhèlirúa

| è mhèltirúa

|-

~~| class=separator colspan=9 |~~

! class=secondary | past

|-

| mèladhirúa

~~! rowspan=2 colspan=2 |~~

| mèltadhirúa

~~! colspan=2 | positive~~

| è mhèladhirúa

~~! colspan=2 | negative~~

| è mhèltadhirúa

|-

~~! class=secondary | personal~~

~~! class=secondary | impersonal~~

~~! class=secondary | personal~~

~~! class=secondary | impersonal~~

|-

~~! rowspan=4 | ind.~~

~~! class=secondary | pres.~~

~~| mèlir~~

~~| mèltir~~

~~| è mhèlir~~

~~| è mhèltir~~

|-

! class=secondary | past

| mèl~~adhir~~

| mèlt~~adhir~~

| è mhèl~~adhir~~

| è mhèlt~~adhir~~

|-

! class=secondary | fut.

| mèl~~ist~~

| mèlistúa

| mèlt~~ist~~

| mèltistúa

| è mhèl~~ist~~

| è mhèlistúa

| è mhèlt~~ist~~

| è mhèltistúa

|-

! class=secondary | cond.

| mèl~~adhist~~

| mèladhistúa

| mèlt~~adhist~~

| mèltadhistúa

| è mhèl~~adhist~~

| è mhèladhistúa

| è mhèlt~~adhist~~

| è mhèltadhistúa

|-

! ~~rowspan~~=4 | ~~cont.~~

! colspan=2 | imp.

~~! class=secondary | pres~~.

| mèl

| mèl~~irúi~~

| mèlt

| mèlt~~irúi~~

| è mhèl

| è mhèl~~irúi~~

| è mhèlt

| è mhèlt~~irúi~~

|-

~~! class=secondary | past~~

| ~~mèladhirúi~~

| ~~mèltadhirúi~~

{{inflection-table-top|title=Conjugation of {{l|snon|àgh}}|palette=blue|tall=yes}}

| ~~è mhèladhirúi~~

! class=outer colspan=2 |

~~| è mhèltadhirúi~~

! present

! past

! future

! conditional

|-

! ~~class~~=~~secondary~~ | ~~fut.~~

! colspan=2 | infinitive

| ~~mèl~~~~istúi~~

| àgh(aich)

| ~~mèlt~~~~istúi~~

| àghadh

| ~~è mhèl~~~~istúi~~

| àghast

| ~~è mhèlt~~~~istúi~~

| àghadhast

|-

! ~~class~~=~~secondary~~ | ~~cond.~~

! colspan=2 | participle

| ~~mèl~~~~adhistúi~~

| àghin

| ~~mèlt~~~~adhistúi~~

| àgha

| ~~è mhèl~~~~adhistúi~~

| àghanist

| ~~è mhèlt~~~~adhistúi~~

| àghast

|-

~~! rowspan=4~~ | ~~perf.~~

| class=separator colspan=9 |

! class=~~secondary | pres.~~

~~| mèlirúa~~

~~| mèltirúa~~

~~| è mhèlirúa~~

| ~~è mhèltirúa~~

|-

! class=secondary | past

! rowspan=2 colspan=2 |

| ~~mèl~~~~adhirúa~~

! colspan=2 | positive

| ~~mèl~~t~~adhirúa~~

! colspan=2 | negative

| è mhèl~~adhirúa~~

|-

| è mhèlt~~adhirúa~~

! class=secondary | personal

! class=secondary | impersonal

! class=secondary | personal

! class=secondary | impersonal

|-

! rowspan=4 | ind.

! class=secondary | pres.

| àghir

| àghtir

| è h'àghir

| è h'àghtir

|-

! class=secondary | past

| àghadhir

| àghtadhir

| è h'àghadhir

| è h'àghtadhir

|-

! class=secondary | fut.

| ~~mèl~~~~istúa~~

| àghist

| ~~mèl~~t~~istúa~~

| àghtist

| è mhèl~~istúa~~

| è h'àghist

| è mhèlt~~istúa~~

| è h'àghtist

|-

! class=secondary | cond.

| ~~mèl~~~~adhistúa~~

| àghadhist

| ~~mèl~~t~~adhistúa~~

| àghtadhist

| è mhèl~~adhistúa~~

| è h'àghadhist

| è mhèlt~~adhistúa~~

| è h'àghtadhist

|-

! ~~colspan~~=2 | ~~imp~~.

! rowspan=4 | cont.

| ~~mèl~~

! class=secondary | pres.

| ~~mèl~~t

| àghirúi

| è mhèl

| àghtirúi

| è mhèlt

| è h'àghirúi

| è h'àghtirúi

|-

~~{{inflection-table-bottom}}~~

! class=secondary | past

| àghadhirúi

~~{{inflection-table-top~~|~~title~~=~~Conjugation of {{l|snon~~|àgh}}|~~palette~~=blue|~~tall~~=~~yes}}~~

| àghtadhirúi

~~! class~~=~~outer colspan~~=~~2 |~~

| è h'àghadhirúi

~~! present~~

| è h'àghtadhirúi

~~! past~~

~~! future~~

~~! conditional~~

|-

! ~~colspan~~=2 | ~~infinitive~~

! class=secondary | fut.

| àgh(~~aich~~)

| àghistúi

| àgh~~adh~~

| àghtistúi

| àgh~~ast~~

| è h'àghistúi

| àgh~~adhast~~

| è h'àghtistúi

|-

! ~~colspan~~=2 | ~~participle~~

! class=secondary | cond.

| àghin

| àghadhistúi

| àgha

| àghtadhistúi

| àgh~~anist~~

| è h'àghadhistúi

| àgh~~ast~~

| è h'àghtadhistúi

|-

~~| class=separator colspan=9 |~~

! rowspan=4 | perf.

|-

~~! rowspan=2 colspan=2 |~~

~~! colspan=2 | positive~~

~~! colspan=2 | negative~~

|-

~~! class=secondary | personal~~

~~! class=secondary | impersonal~~

~~! class=secondary | personal~~

~~! class=secondary | impersonal~~

|-

! rowspan=4 | ~~ind~~.

! class=secondary | pres.

| àghir

| àghirúa

| àghtir

| àghtirúa

| è h'àghir

| è h'àghirúa

| è h'àghtir

| è h'àghtirúa

|-

! class=secondary | past

| àgh~~adhir~~

| àghadhirúa

| àght~~adhir~~

| àghtadhirúa

| è h'àgh~~adhir~~

| è h'àghadhirúa

| è h'àght~~adhir~~

| è h'àghtadhirúa

|-

! class=secondary | fut.

| àgh~~ist~~

| àghistúa

| àght~~ist~~

| àghtistúa

| è h'àgh~~ist~~

| è h'àghistúa

| è h'àght~~ist~~

| è h'àghtistúa

|-

! class=secondary | cond.

| àgh~~adhist~~

| àghadhistúa

| àght~~adhist~~

| àghtadhistúa

| è h'àgh~~adhist~~

| è h'àghadhistúa

| è h'àght~~adhist~~

| è h'àghtadhistúa

|-

! ~~rowspan~~=4 | ~~cont.~~

! colspan=2 | imp.

~~! class=secondary | pres~~.

| àgh

| àgh~~irúi~~

| àght

| àght~~irúi~~

| è h'àgh

| è h'àgh~~irúi~~

| è h'àght

| è h'àght~~irúi~~

|-

! class~~=secondary~~ | ~~past~~

| ~~àghadhirúi~~

| ~~àghtadhirúi~~

====''i-''negatives====

| ~~è h'àghadhirúi~~

This is a very small class of verbs that take {{l|snon|i-}} to form the negative, this prefix causing eclipsis in the root, thus a verb like ''bì'' will have a negative ''imì'', as seen below.

~~| è h'àghtadhirúi~~

{{inflection-table-top|title=Conjugation of {{l|snon|bì}}|palette=blue|tall=yes}}

! class=outer colspan=2 |

! present

! past

! future

! conditional

|-

! ~~class~~=~~secondary~~ | ~~fut.~~

! colspan=2 | infinitive

| ~~àgh~~~~istúi~~

| bì(thich)

| ~~àght~~~~istúi~~

| bìthadh

| ~~è h'àgh~~~~istúi~~

| bìthast

| ~~è h'àght~~~~istúi~~

| bìthadhast

|-

! ~~class~~=~~secondary~~ | ~~cond.~~

! colspan=2 | participle

| ~~àgh~~~~adhistúi~~

| bìthin

| ~~àgh~~t~~adhistúi~~

| bìtha

| è h'~~àghadhistúi~~

| bìthanist

| ~~è h'àghtadhistúi~~

| bìthast

|-

| class=separator colspan=9 |

|-

! rowspan=2 colspan=2 |

! colspan=2 | positive

! colspan=2 | negative

|-

! class=secondary | personal

! class=secondary | impersonal

! class=secondary | personal

! class=secondary | impersonal

|-

! rowspan=4 | ~~perf~~.

! rowspan=4 | ind.

! class=secondary | pres.

| ~~àgh~~~~irúa~~

| bìthir

| ~~àgh~~t~~irúa~~

| bìtir

| è h'~~àgh~~~~irúa~~

| imìthir

| è h'~~àgh~~t~~irúa~~

| imìtir

|-

! class=secondary | past

| ~~àgh~~~~adhirúa~~

| bìthadhir

| ~~àgh~~t~~adhirúa~~

| bìtadhir

| è h'~~àgh~~~~adhirúa~~

| imìthadhir

| è h'~~àgh~~t~~adhirúa~~

| imìtadhir

|-

! class=secondary | fut.

| ~~àgh~~~~istúa~~

| bìthist

| ~~àgh~~t~~istúa~~

| bìtist

| è h'~~àgh~~~~istúa~~

| imìthist

| è h'~~àgh~~t~~istúa~~

| imìtist

|-

! class=secondary | cond.

| ~~àgh~~~~adhistúa~~

| bìthadhist

| ~~àgh~~t~~adhistúa~~

| bìtadhist

| è h'~~àgh~~~~adhistúa~~

| imìthadhist

| è h'~~àgh~~t~~adhistúa~~

| imìtadhist

|-

! ~~colspan~~=2 | ~~imp~~.

! rowspan=4 | cont.

| ~~àgh~~

! class=secondary | pres.

| ~~àgh~~t

| bìthirúi

| è h'~~àgh~~

| bìtirúi

| è h'~~àgh~~t

| imìthirúi

| imìtirúi

|-

~~{{inflection-table-bottom}}~~

! class=secondary | past

| bìthadhirúi

==~~==''~~i~~-''negatives==~~==

| bìtadhirúi

~~This is a very small class of verbs that take {{l|snon~~|i~~-}} to form the negative, this prefix causing eclipsis in the root, thus a verb like ''bì'' will have a negative ''imì'', as seen below.~~

| imìthadhirúi

| imìtadhirúi

~~{{inflection-table-top|title=Conjugation of {{l|snon|bì}}|palette~~=blue~~|tall~~=~~yes}}~~

~~! class~~=~~outer colspan=2 |~~

~~! present~~

~~! past~~

~~! future~~

~~! conditional~~

|-

! ~~colspan~~=2 | ~~infinitive~~

! class=secondary | fut.

| ~~bì(th~~~~ich~~)

| bìthistúi

| ~~bìth~~~~adh~~

| bìtistúi

| ~~bìth~~~~ast~~

| imìthistúi

| ~~bìth~~~~adhast~~

| imìtistúi

|-

! ~~colspan~~=2 | ~~participle~~

! class=secondary | cond.

| bìthin

| bìthadhistúi

| ~~bìth~~a

| bìtadhistúi

| ~~bìth~~~~anist~~

| imìthadhistúi

| ~~bìth~~~~ast~~

| imìtadhistúi

|-

~~| class=separator colspan=9 |~~

! rowspan=4 | perf.

|-

! class=secondary | pres.

~~! rowspan=2 colspan=2 |~~

| bìthirúa

~~! colspan=2 | positive~~

| bìtirúa

~~! colspan=2 | negative~~

| imìthirúa

|-

| imìtirúa

~~! class=secondary | personal~~

~~! class=secondary | impersonal~~

~~! class=secondary | personal~~

~~! class=secondary | impersonal~~

|-

! rowspan=4 | ~~ind~~.

! class=secondary | pres.

| bìthir

| bìtir

| imìthir

| imìtir

|-

! class=secondary | past

| bìth~~adhir~~

| bìthadhirúa

| bìt~~adhir~~

| bìtadhirúa

| imìth~~adhir~~

| imìthadhirúa

| imìt~~adhir~~

| imìtadhirúa

|-

! class=secondary | fut.

| bìth~~ist~~

| bìthistúa

| bìt~~ist~~

| bìtistúa

| imìth~~ist~~

| imìthistúa

| imìt~~ist~~

| imìtistúa

|-

! class=secondary | cond.

| bìth~~adhist~~

| bìthadhistúa

| bìt~~adhist~~

| bìtadhistúa

| imìth~~adhist~~

| imìthadhistúa

| imìt~~adhist~~

| imìtadhistúa

|-

! ~~rowspan~~=4 | ~~cont~~.

! colspan=2 | imp.

~~! class=secondary~~ | ~~pres.~~

| bì

~~| bìthirúi~~

| bìt

| bìt~~irúi~~

| imì

| im~~ìthirúi~~

| imìt

| imìt~~irúi~~

|-

~~! class=secondary | past~~

| ~~bìthadhirúi~~

| ~~bìtadhirúi~~

{{inflection-table-top|title=Conjugation of {{l|snon|vèr}}|palette=blue|tall=yes}}

| ~~imìthadhirúi~~

! class=outer colspan=2 |

~~| imìtadhirúi~~

! present

! past

! future

! conditional

|-

! ~~class~~=~~secondary~~ | ~~fut.~~

! colspan=2 | infinitive

| ~~bìth~~~~istúi~~

| vèr(ich)

| ~~bìt~~~~istúi~~

| vèradh

| ~~imìth~~~~istúi~~

| vèrast

| ~~imìt~~~~istúi~~

| vèradhast

|-

! ~~class~~=~~secondary~~ | ~~cond.~~

! colspan=2 | participle

| ~~bìth~~~~adhistúi~~

| vèrin

| ~~bìt~~~~adhistúi~~

| vèra

| ~~imìth~~~~adhistúi~~

| vèranist

| ~~imìt~~~~adhistúi~~

| vèrast

|-

~~! rowspan=4~~ | ~~perf.~~

| class=separator colspan=9 |

! class=~~secondary | pres.~~

~~| bìthirúa~~

~~| bìtirúa~~

~~| imìthirúa~~

| ~~imìtirúa~~

|-

! class=secondary | past

! rowspan=2 colspan=2 |

| ~~bìth~~~~adhirúa~~

! colspan=2 | positive

| bìt~~adhirúa~~

! colspan=2 | negative

| im~~ìth~~~~adhirúa~~

|-

| imìt~~adhirúa~~

! class=secondary | personal

! class=secondary | impersonal

! class=secondary | personal

! class=secondary | impersonal

|-

! rowspan=4 | ind.

! class=secondary | pres.

| vèrir

| vèrtir

| ibèrir

| ibèrtir

|-

! class=secondary | past

| vèradhir

| vèrtadhir

| ibèradhir

| ibèrtadhir

|-

! class=secondary | fut.

| ~~bìth~~~~istúa~~

| vèrist

| bìt~~istúa~~

| vèrtist

| im~~ìth~~~~istúa~~

| ibèrist

| imìt~~istúa~~

| ibèrtist

|-

! class=secondary | cond.

| ~~bìth~~~~adhistúa~~

| vèradhist

| bìt~~adhistúa~~

| vèrtadhist

| im~~ìth~~~~adhistúa~~

| ibèradhist

| imìt~~adhistúa~~

| ibèrtadhist

|-

! ~~colspan~~=2 | ~~imp~~.

! rowspan=4 | cont.

| bì

! class=secondary | pres.

| bìt

| vèrirúi

| imì

| vèrtirúi

| imìt

| ibèrirúi

| ibèrtirúi

|-

~~{{inflection-table-bottom}}~~

! class=secondary | past

| vèradhirúi

~~{{inflection-table-top~~|~~title~~=~~Conjugation of {{l|snon~~|vèr}}|~~palette~~=blue|~~tall~~=~~yes}}~~

| vèrtadhirúi

~~! class~~=~~outer colspan~~=~~2 |~~

| ibèradhirúi

~~! present~~

| ibèrtadhirúi

~~! past~~

~~! future~~

~~! conditional~~

|-

! ~~colspan~~=2 | ~~infinitive~~

! class=secondary | fut.

| vèr(~~ich~~)

| vèristúi

| vèr~~adh~~

| vèrtistúi

| ~~vèr~~~~ast~~

| ibèristúi

| ~~vèr~~~~adhast~~

| ibèrtistúi

|-

! ~~colspan~~=2 | ~~participle~~

! class=secondary | cond.

| vèrin

| vèradhistúi

| vèra

| vèrtadhistúi

| ~~vèr~~~~anist~~

| ibèradhistúi

| ~~vèr~~~~ast~~

| ibèrtadhistúi

|-

| class=~~separator colspan~~=9 |

! rowspan=4 | perf.

! class=secondary | pres.

| vèrirúa

| vèrtirúa

| ibèrirúa

| ibèrtirúa

|-

! ~~rowspan~~=~~2 colspan=2~~ |

! class=secondary | past

~~! colspan~~=2 | ~~positive~~

| vèradhirúa

~~! colspan~~=2 | ~~negative~~

| vèrtadhirúa

| ibèradhirúa

| ibèrtadhirúa

|-

! class=secondary | ~~personal~~

! class=secondary | fut.

~~! class~~=~~secondary~~ | ~~impersonal~~

| vèristúa

~~! class~~=~~secondary~~ | ~~personal~~

| vèrtistúa

~~! class~~=~~secondary | impersonal~~

| ibèristúa

| ibèrtistúa

|-

~~! rowspan=4 | ind.~~

! class=secondary | cond.

! class=secondary | ~~pres~~.

| vèradhistúa

| vèrir

| vèrtadhistúa

| vèrtir

| ibèradhistúa

| ibèrir

| ibèrtadhistúa

| ibèrtir

|-

! ~~class~~=~~secondary~~ | ~~past~~

! colspan=2 | imp.

| vèr~~adhir~~

| vèr

| vèrt~~adhir~~

| vèrt

| ibèr~~adhir~~

| ibèr

| ibèrt~~adhir~~

| ibèrt

|-

~~! class~~=~~secondary | fut.~~

~~| vèrist~~

~~| vèrtist~~

==Syntax==

~~| ibèrist~~

===Word order===

~~| ibèrtist~~

Scots Norse word order is incredibly strict, relying more on particles than word order for changing the sentence type. The typical order is:

|-

#Preverbal particle(s)

~~! class=secondary | cond.~~

#Verb

~~| vèradhist~~

#Postverbal particle(s)

| ~~vèrtadhist~~

#Subject

| ~~ibèradhist~~

#Preposition(s) (usually)

| ~~ibèrtadhist~~

#Direct object or predicate adjective

|-

#Indirect object

~~! rowspan=4~~ | ~~cont~~.

~~! class=secondary~~ | ~~pres~~.

An example:

~~| vèrirúi~~

{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(1)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case

~~| vèrtirúi~~

| èthir mic hi màth.

~~| ibèrirúi~~

| eat.PRES 1sg the food.DIR

| i~~bèrtirúi~~

| I eat the food.

|-

}}

~~! class=secondary | past~~

~~| vèradhirúi~~

Prepositions are placed largely as in English, but the usage can often differ, eg. "i" ("in") goes before the direct object, but is also used for many other things, such as "under" in "under construction" ("i miùeghi", literally "in building").

~~| vèrtadhirúi~~

~~| ibèradhirúi~~

Adjectives and genitives, much like in Gàidhlig, come after the noun, eg. "blòemh ròdh" for "red flower" and "blòemh mì" for "my flower".

| ~~ibèrtadhirúi~~

{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(2)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case

|-

|{⟨i⟩ mlòmhir ⟨u⟩} blòm ròdh mì

~~! class=secondary~~ | ~~fut~~.

|⟨CONT⟩bloom.PRES flower.DIR red.DIR 1sg.POSS

| ~~vèristúi~~

|

~~| vèrtistúi~~

}}

~~| ibèristúi~~

~~| ibèrtistúi~~

===Questions and answers===

|-

Scots Norse lacks a true equivalent to "no", the closest thing being "è(gh)" ("not"), which can often be used on it's own when a form of "be" + "not" suffices for an answer, as in:

~~! class~~=~~secondary | cond.~~

{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(3)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case

~~| vèradhistúi~~

| vàrt mèlir tic vidmì?

~~| vèrtadhistúi~~

| Q speak.PRES 2sg with.1sg

~~| ibèradhistúi~~

| Will you speak with me?

| ~~ibèrtadhistúi~~

}}

|-

{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=&emsp;(3.1)|indent=6

~~! rowspan=4~~ | ~~perf~~.

| ègh

~~! class=secondary~~ | ~~pres.~~

| NEG

~~| vèrirúa~~

| I won't

| ~~vèrtirúa~~

}}

| ~~ibèrirúa~~

| ~~ibèrtirúa~~

Following this usage of "ègh", "ghià" (Old Norse "já") is often used as an affirmative, as in:

|-

{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(4)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case

~~! class=secondary~~ | ~~past~~

| vàrt èthist tic màenh-màls vidmìnhic?

| ~~vèradhirúa~~

| Q eat.FUT 2sg dinner.DIR with.1sg.EMP

| ~~vèr~~t~~adhirúa~~

| Will you eat dinner with me?

~~| ibèradhirúa~~

}}

~~| ibèrtadhirúa~~

{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=&emsp;(4.1)|indent=6

|-

| ghià!

~~! class=secondary | fut.~~

| AFF

~~| vèristúa~~

| I will!

| ~~vèrtistúa~~

}}

| ~~ibèristúa~~

| ~~ibèrtistúa~~

As has likely been noticed by now, questions consistently contain "vàrt" at the beginning, this is a general question particle, akin to Gàidhlig "an".

|-

~~! class=secondary~~ | ~~cond~~.

| ~~vèradhistúa~~

| ~~vèrtadhistúa~~

| ~~ibèradhistúa~~

| ~~ibèrtadhistúa~~

|-

~~! colspan=2~~ | ~~imp.~~

| ~~vèr~~

~~| vèrt~~

~~| ibèr~~

~~| ibèrt~~

|-

~~{{inflection-table-bottom}}~~

==~~Syntax~~==

==="To be"===

===~~Word order~~===

====Existential ''bì''====

~~Scots~~ Norse ~~word order is incredibly strict~~, ~~relying more on particles~~ than ~~word order for changing~~ the ~~sentence type. The typical order is:~~

Likely under the influence of Irish, the verb "bìodh" (Old Norse "bíða") shifted to an existential copula, expressing existence, location, and condition, rather than an impersonal one, while an odd development, the extreme influence of the Gaelic languages does well explain it, in this sense it's most often spelt "bì", with the various endings being appended with an apostrophe, as in "bì'ir" or "bì'adhist", in these forms it is often pronounced /bj-/, thus /bjəjʃt/ for "bì'adhist".

~~#Preverbal particle(~~s)

~~#Verb~~

~~#Postverbal particle(s)~~

~~#Subject~~

~~#Preposition(s) (usually)~~

~~#Direct object~~ or ~~predicate adjective~~

~~#Indirect object~~

~~An example~~:

{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(5)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case

{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(1)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case

|bì'ir Gud

| ~~èthir mic hi màth.~~

|EXIST.PRES God.DIR

| ~~eat~~.PRES ~~1sg~~ the ~~food~~.DIR

|God exists

| ~~I eat~~ the ~~food.~~

}}

{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(6)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case

|bì'ir hìnhar eplar o ghình moerdh

|EXIST.PRES the.PL.DIR apple.PL.DIR on the.DAT table.DAT

|the apples are on the table

}}

~~Prepositions are placed largely~~ as ~~in English, but the usage can often differ, eg. "i" ("in") goes before~~ the ~~direct object~~, ~~but is also used for many other things~~, ~~such~~ as ~~"under" in "under construction" ("i miùeghi", literally "~~in ~~building").~~

''bì'' has developed in such a way where a noun phrase cannot directly act as the predicate, instead needing to be preceded by ''u'', as in:

~~Adjectives and genitives, much like in Gàidhlig, come after~~ the ~~noun~~, eg. "~~blòemh ròdh~~" ~~for~~ "~~red flower~~" ~~and "blòemh mì" for "my flower".~~

====Copulative ''vèr''====

{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(2)~~|abbreviations=DIR:direct case~~

The verb {{l|snon|vèr}} acts as the so-called "equative 'to be'", eg. the verb "to be" as used to mean "X = Y", as in:

|~~{⟨i⟩ mlòmhir ⟨u⟩} blòm ròdh mì~~

{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(8)

|~~⟨CONT⟩bloom~~.PRES ~~flower.DIR red.DIR~~ 1sg~~.POSS~~

|vèrir mic sèl

|

|COP.PRES 1sg happy

|I am happy

}}

~~===Questions and answers===~~

"vèr" in the present tense can often be dropped when paired with an emphatic pronoun, compare '''''vèrir mic hi dèter.''''' vs. '''''mìnhich hi dèter.''''', both meaning "I am the teacher."

~~Scots Norse lacks a true equivalent to~~ "no", the ~~closest thing being~~ "~~è(gh)" (~~"~~not~~"), ~~which can often be used on it's own when a form of~~ "be" + "~~not~~" ~~suffices for an answer~~, as in:

~~{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=~~(3)~~|abbreviations=DIR:direct case~~

When saying "this/that is", "tèsh" and "ta" are used, with the verb dropped in the present tense.

~~| vàrt mèlir tic vidmì?~~

:(5a) ''tèsh thèter mì'' "This (is) my teacher"

~~| Q speak.PRES 2sg~~ with.~~1sg~~

:(5b) ''ta hi dèter'' "That's the teacher"

~~| Will you speak with me?~~

}}

"in him/her" can also be used with an adjective to intensify it.

{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=~~&emsp;~~(~~3.1~~)~~|indent=6~~

{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(9)

| ~~ègh~~

|vèrir ha zèol h'ighaz

| ~~NEG~~

|COP.PRES 3sg.M happy in.3sg.M

| ~~I won't~~

|He is happy

}}

~~Following this usage of "ègh", "ghià" (Old Norse "já") is often used as an affirmative, as in:~~

{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(10)

{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(4)~~|abbreviations=DIR:direct case~~

|vèrir hành bhrìa h'ighenh

| ~~vàrt èthist tic màenh-màls vidmìnhic?~~

|COP.PRES 3sg.F beautiful in.3sg.F

| ~~Q eat~~.~~FUT 2sg dinner~~.~~DIR with~~.~~1sg~~.~~EMP~~

|She is beautiful

| ~~Will you eat dinner with me?~~

}}

~~{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=&emsp;(4.1)|indent=6~~

~~| ghià!~~

~~| AFF~~

~~| I will!~~

}}

~~As has likely been noticed~~ by ~~now~~, ~~questions consistently contain~~ "~~vàrt~~" at the ~~beginning~~, ~~this~~ is ~~a general question particle, akin to Gàidhlig "an"~~.

===Evidentiality===

Evidentiality in Scots Norse is entirely analytical, though based on the verb. There are three main classes of evidentials; the factual, the direct, and the indirect. The factual is distinguished from the direct by moreso conveying what is known to be correct than what is witnessed to be correct, eg. "humans need oxygen" vs "the injured dog has healed (and I saw it)", the former being factual while the latter is direct.

~~===~~"~~To be~~"===

The factual is typically formed through a verbs' indicative, but it can also take the long infinitive of "bì" ("bìthich"; "to exist") for emphasis, such as:

===~~=Existential ''bì''====~~

{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(11)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case

~~Likely under the influence of Irish, the verb "bìodh"~~ (~~Old Norse "bíða") shifted to an existential copula, expressing existence, location,~~ and ~~condition, rather than an impersonal one, while an odd development, the extreme influence of the Gaelic languages does well explain it, in this sense it~~'~~s most often spelt "bì", with the various endings being appended with an apostrophe, as in "bì~~'~~ir" or "bì~~'~~adhist", in these forms~~ it ~~is often pronounced /bj-/, thus /bjəjʃt/ for "bì'adhist".~~

|crevhir me màth

|require.PRES human.DIR.PL food.DIR

|humans require food

}}

{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(12)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case

|crevhir bìthich me màth

|require.PRES EXIST.INF human.DIR.PL food.DIR

|humans require food (and I ''know'' it)

}}

{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(5)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case

The direct is typically formed with the past infinitive of "sià" ("siàthadh"; "perceived"), thus:

|~~bì'ir Gud~~

{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(13)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case

|~~EXIST~~.PRES ~~God~~.DIR

|{⟨as⟩ lèocnscir ⟨u⟩} siàthadh hi gù

|~~God exists~~

|⟨PERF⟩heal.PRES.IMPRS see.PAST.INF the.DIR dog.DIR

|the dog has healed (and I saw it)

}}

{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(6)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case

The indirect tends to be formed with the past infinitive of "seogh" ("seoghadh"; "told"):

|~~bì'ir hìnhar eplar o ghình moerdh~~

{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(14)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case

|~~EXIST~~.~~PRES the.PL~~.~~DIR apple~~.~~PL.DIR on the.DAT table~~.DAT

|fàradhir seoghadh tèr circh

|~~the apples are on the table~~

|fare.PAST tell.PAST.INF 3pl church.DAT

|they went to church (so I was told)

}}

~~''bì'' has developed in such a way where a noun phrase cannot directly act as~~ the ~~predicate, instead needing~~ to ~~be preceded by ''u'', as in~~:

To better show all three classes, the sentence "he went home" will be used to show each.

{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(15a)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case

|fàradhir (bìthich) ha hèmh

===~~=Copulative ''vèr''====~~

|fare.PAST (EXIST.INF) 3sg.m home.DAT

~~The verb {{l~~|~~snon~~|~~vèr~~}} ~~acts as the so-called "equative 'to be'", eg. the verb "to be" as used to mean "X = Y", as in:~~

|he went home

{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(8)

}}

|~~vèrir mic sèl~~

{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(15b)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case

|~~COP~~.~~PRES 1sg happy~~

|fàradhir siàthadh ha hèmh

|I ~~am happy~~

|fare.PAST perceive.PAST.INF 3sg.m home.DAT

|(I saw that) he went home

}}

{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(15b)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case

|fàradhir seoghadh ha hèmh

|fare.PAST tell.PAST.INF 3sg.m home.DAT

|(I was told that) he went home

}}

==Texts==

===UDHR Article 1===

:'''Original (English)'''

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

~~"vèr" in the present tense can often be dropped when paired with an emphatic pronoun, compare~~ '''''~~vèrir mic hi dèter.~~'~~'''' vs~~. ~~'''''mìnhich hi dèter.'''''~~, ~~both meaning "I am the teacher~~."

:'''Old Norse (modern translation)'''

Allir menn eru bornir frjálsir ok jafnir at virðingu ok réttum. Þeir eru allir viti gœddir ok samvizku, ok skulu gøra hvárr til annars bróðurliga.

~~When saying "this/that is", "tèsh" and "ta" are used, with the verb dropped in the present tense.~~

:'''Scots Norse'''

:~~(5a)~~ ''~~tèsh thèter mì~~'' ~~"This (is) my teacher"~~

vèrir me n'al bhòri vrials 's ghiab, vhèrin vhirdhi 's rèth h'attì. vèrin giòedh 's sabasc h'attì, 's scùl ghiòer hinhar til bròdhligh.

~~:(5b)~~ ''~~ta hi dèter~~'' ~~"That~~'s ~~the teacher~~"

:"all men are born free and equal, having dignity and rights. they have reason and conscience, and should act to eachother as a brotherhood"

"~~in him/her~~" ~~can also be used with an adjective to intensify it~~.

===The Cold Winter is Near===

~~{{interlinear~~|~~lang~~=~~snon~~|~~number=(9)~~

{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"

|~~vèrir ha zèol h~~'~~ighaz~~

! Scots Norse

|~~COP.PRES 3sg.M happy~~ in.~~3sg.M~~

!

|~~He is happy~~

! English

}}

|-

| vèrir hi bèth cald faisg, fàr cathadh hèr.

~~{{interlinear~~|~~lang~~=~~snon~~|~~number=(10)~~

| &emsp;

|vèrir ~~hành bhrìa h'ighenh~~

| style="font-style:italic;" | The cold winter is near, a blizzard will come.

|~~COP~~.~~PRES 3sg.F beautiful in.3sg.F~~

|-

|~~She is beautiful~~

| fhiàr hùs varm mhì, n'a vhìonh.

}}

|

| style="font-style:italic;" | Come in my warm house, o' friend.

=~~==Evidentiality===~~

|-

~~Evidentiality in Scots Norse is entirely analytical, though based on the verb. There are three main classes of evidentials~~; ~~the factual~~, ~~the direct~~, and the ~~indirect~~. ~~The factual is distinguished from the direct by moreso conveying what is known to be correct than what is witnessed to be correct~~, ~~eg.~~ "~~humans need oxygen~~" ~~vs "the injured dog has healed (~~and ~~I saw it)", the former being factual while the latter is direct.~~

| velkùmha! fàr hèr, siuingh 's dans, èth 's drech!

|

| style="font-style:italic;" | Welcome! Come here, sing and dance, eat and drink!

|-

| vèrir tesh ètlin mhì.

|

| style="font-style:italic;" | That is my plan.

|-

| bìthir vat, 's al, 's miòlc go niù frà hi giù unì!

|

| style="font-style:italic;" | We have water, beer, and fresh milk from the cow.

|-

| ò, 's sùp varm!

|

| style="font-style:italic;" | Oh, and warm soup!

|}

~~The factual is typically formed through a verbs' indicative, but it can also take the long infinitive of~~ "bì" ("~~bìthich~~"; "~~to exist~~"~~) for emphasis, such as~~:

==Vocabulary==

{{~~interlinear~~|~~lang~~=snon|~~number=~~(11)|~~abbreviations~~=~~DIR~~:~~direct case~~

===Phrasebook===

|~~crevhir me màth~~

{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:center;"

|~~require.PRES human.DIR.PL food.DIR~~

|- style="font-weight:bold;"

|~~humans require food~~

! colspan="3" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Greetings

}}

|- style="font-weight:bold;"

{{~~interlinear~~|~~lang=~~snon|~~number=~~(12)|~~abbreviations~~=~~DIR~~:~~direct case~~

! Scots Norse

|~~crevhir bìthich me màth~~

! English

|~~require.PRES EXIST.INF human.DIR.PL food.DIR~~

! Usage notes

|~~humans require food~~ (~~and I ''know'' it~~)

|-

}}

| {{l|snon|velcùmha}}

| welcome

| style="font-style:italic;" |

|-

| {{l|snon|morgu ngòdh}} (masc), {{l|snon|morgu ngòd}} (fem), {{l|snon|morgu ngòdhar}} (pl)

| good morning

| rowspan=3 style="font-style:italic;" | must agree for gender

|-

| {{l|snon|afta ngòdh}} (masc), {{l|snon|afta ngòd}} (fem), {{l|snon|afta ngòdhar}} (pl)

| good evening

|-

| {{l|snon|dàgh ghòdh}} (masc), {{l|snon|dàgh ghòd}} (fem), {{l|snon|dàgh ghòdhar}} (pl)

| good day, (formal) hello

|-

| {{l|snon|farvel}}

| farewell, goodbye

|-

| {{l|snon|halò}}

| hello, hi

| rowspan=2 style="font-style:italic;" | casual

|-

| {{l|snon|bái}}

| (good)bye

|-

|}

~~The direct is typically formed with the past infinitive of "sià" ("siàthadh"; "perceived"), thus:~~

~~{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(13)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case~~

~~|{⟨as⟩ lèocnscir ⟨u⟩} siàthadh hi gù~~

~~|⟨PERF⟩heal.PRES.IMPRS see.PAST.INF the.DIR dog.DIR~~

~~|the dog has healed (and I saw it)~~

}}

~~The indirect tends to be formed with the past infinitive of~~ "~~seogh~~" ("~~seoghadh~~"; "~~told~~"):

{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:center;"

{{~~interlinear~~|~~lang~~=snon|~~number=~~(14)|~~abbreviations~~=~~DIR~~:~~direct case~~

|- style="font-weight:bold;"

|fàradhir ~~seoghadh tèr circh~~

! colspan="3" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Introductions

|~~fare~~.~~PAST tell~~.~~PAST~~.~~INF 3pl church.DAT~~

|- style="font-style:normal; font-weight:bold;"

|~~they went to church (so~~ I ~~was told)~~

! Scots Norse

}}

! English

|-

| style="font-style:normal;" | {{l|snon|vàrt}} {{l|snon|bìthir}} {{l|snon|nav}} {{l|snon|atì}}?

| what is your name? ''(lit. "what name have you?")''

|-

| style="font-style:normal;" | {{l|snon|bì|bìthir}} {{l|snon|hi}} {{l|snon|nav}} ... {{l|snon|u|atmì}}

| my name is... ''(lit. "I have the name...")''

|-

| style="font-style:normal;" | {{l|snon|vernig}} {{l|snon|tù}}?; {{l|snon|vergù}}?

| how are you?

|-

| style="font-style:normal;" | {{l|snon|vèrir}} {{l|snon|mic}} [], {{l|snon|'s}} {{l|snon|tù}}?

| I am [adj], and you?

|-

| style="font-style:normal;" | {{l|snon|vàrt}} {{l|snon|fàr|fàradhir}} {{l|snon|frà}} {{l|snon|tù}} {{l|snon|ver}}?

| where are you from?

|-

| style="font-style:normal;" | {{l|snon|fàradhir}} {{l|snon|frà}} {{l|snon|mic}}...

| I am from...

|}

~~To better show all three classes, the sentence "he went home" will be used to show each.~~

===Numerals===

~~{{interlinear|lang~~=~~snon|number~~=~~(15a)|abbreviations~~=~~DIR:direct case~~

{|class="wikitable"

~~|fàradhir (bìthich) ha hèmh~~

!1

~~|fare.PAST (EXIST.INF) 3sg.m home.DAT~~

|{{l|snon|è}}

~~|he went home~~

}}

~~{{interlinear|lang~~=~~snon|number~~=~~(15b)|abbreviations~~=~~DIR:direct case~~

|~~fàradhir siàthadh ha hèmh~~

~~|fare.PAST perceive.PAST.INF 3sg.m home.DAT~~

|~~(I saw that) he went home~~

}}

{{~~interlinear~~|~~lang=~~snon|~~number=(15b)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case~~

~~|fàradhir seoghadh ha hèmh~~

~~|fare.PAST tell.PAST.INF 3sg.m home.DAT~~

~~|(I was told that) he went home~~

}}

~~==Texts==~~

~~===UDHR Article 1===~~

~~:'''Original (English)'''~~

~~All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.~~

~~:'''Old Norse (modern translation)'''~~

~~Allir menn eru bornir frjálsir ok jafnir at virðingu ok réttum. Þeir eru allir viti gœddir ok samvizku, ok skulu gøra hvárr til annars bróðurliga.~~

~~:'''Scots Norse'''~~

~~vèrir me n'al bhòri vrials 's ghiab, vhèrin vhirdhi 's rèth h'attì. vèrin giòedh 's sabasc h'attì, 's scùl ghiòer hinhar til bròdhligh.~~

~~:"all men are born free and equal, having dignity and rights. they have reason and conscience, and should act to eachother as a brotherhood"~~

~~===The Cold Winter is Near===~~

~~{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"~~

~~! Scots Norse~~

!

~~! English~~

|-

| ~~vèrir hi bèth cald faisg~~, ~~fàr cathadh hèr.~~

!2

| ~~&emsp;~~

|{{l|snon|tfè}}, {{l|snon|tfèr}}

| ~~style="font-style:italic;"~~ | ~~The cold winter is near, a blizzard will come.~~

|-

!3

|{{l|snon|trì}}

|-

~~| fhiàr hùs varm mhì, n'a vhìonh.~~

!4

|

|{{l|snon|fiòer}}

| ~~style="font-style:italic;"~~ | ~~Come in my warm house, o' friend.~~

|-

~~| velkùmha! fàr hèr, siuingh 's dans, èth 's drech~~!

!5

|

|{{l|snon|fi}}

| ~~style="font-style:italic;"~~ | ~~Welcome! Come here, sing and dance, eat and drink!~~

|-

~~| vèrir tesh ètlin mhì.~~

!6

|

|{{l|snon|siach}}

| ~~style="font-style:italic;"~~ | ~~That is my plan.~~

|-

~~| bìthir vat, 's al, 's miòlc go niù frà hi giù unì~~!

!7

|

|{{l|snon|siò}}

| ~~style="font-style:italic;"~~ | ~~We have water, beer, and fresh milk from the cow.~~

|-

| ~~ò, 's sùp varm~~!

!8

|

|{{l|snon|àth}}

| ~~style="font~~-~~style:italic;"~~ | ~~Oh, and warm soup~~!

|-

|}

!9

|{{l|snon|niù}}

~~==Vocabulary==~~

|-

~~===Phrasebook===~~

!10

~~===Numerals===~~

|{{l|snon|tiù}}

|-

!11

|{{l|snon|eliovh}}

|-

!12

|{{l|snon|tòlv}}

|-

|}

===Colors===

===Time===

Line 1,999:

Line 2,075:

| munnrmynni

| {{l|snon|mun}}{{l|snon|miuin}}

| munnur, mynni

| munnurmynni

| mun, mynne

| munmynne

|-

|6

Line 2,074:

Line 2,150:

|16

| louse ([[:w:Phthiraptera|Phthirapteron]])

|

| lús

|

| {{l|snon|lùs}}

|

| lús

| lus

|-

|17

| wing

|

| vængr

|

| {{l|snon|vèngh}}

|

| vængur

| vinge

|-

|18

| flesh/meat

|

| hold

|

| {{l|snon|hold}}

|

| hold

| hull

|-

|19

Line 2,099:

Line 2,178:

|20

| fly ([[:w:Fly|Dipteron]])

|

| fluga

|

| {{l|snon|flùgh}}

|

| fluga

|-

|21

Line 2,112:

Line 2,192:

|22

| ear

|

| eyra

|

| {{l|snon|or}}

|

| eyra

| ör(a)

|-

|23

| neck

|

| hals

|

| {{l|snon|hàls}}

|

| háls

| hals

|-

|24

| far (prep.)

|

| fjarri

|

| {{l|snon|fiaer}}

|

| fjarri

| fjärran

|-

|25

| to do/make

|

| gera

|

| {{l|snon|gèor}}

|

| gera, gjöra

| göra

|-

|26

Line 2,182:

Line 2,266:

| einn

| {{l|snon|è}}

| einn

| en

|-

|34

Line 2,193:

Line 2,279:

| hannhǫ́nþat

| {{l|snon|ha}}{{l|snon|hành}}

| hannhún, hón

| hanhon

|-

|36

Line 2,322:

Line 2,410:

| eigi

| {{l|snon|è}}, {{l|snon|i-}}

| eigi, ei, ekki

| ej, icke

|-

|57

Line 2,334:

Line 2,424:

| kunna(a person) kenna

| {{l|snon|cunh}}

| kunna

|-

|59

Line 2,393:

Line 2,485:

| feldr skinn, húð

| {{l|snon|feld}} {{l|snon|sci}}, {{l|snon|hùd}}

| feldur

| fäll

|-

|69

Line 2,426:

Line 2,520:

|74

| old

|

| gamall

| {{l|snon|ald}}

|

| gamall

| gammal

|-

|75

Line 2,434:

Line 2,529:

| eta

| {{l|snon|èth}}

| eta, éta

| äta

|-

|76

Line 2,542:

Line 2,639:

| fugl

| {{l|snon|fùghl}}

| fugl

| fågel, fogel

|-

|94

Line 2,571:

Line 2,670:

| í

| {{l|snon|i}}

| í

| i

|-

|99

@@ Line 25: / Line 25: @@
 |familycolor=Indo-European
 |nation=Scotland
-|speakers=(L1) 2,000
+|speakers=(L1) 2,500
 |speakers2=(L2) < 50,000
-|date=2019
+|date=2020
 |map=File:Lang Status 20-CR.svg
 |mapcaption=Scots Norse is classified as [[w:Critically endangered language|critically endangered]] by the UNESCO ''[[w:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger|Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]''
@@ Line 33: / Line 33: @@
 }}
-Scots Norse ([[w:Autonym|Autonym]]: {{l|snon|Agharsc}} /ˈəːɾsk/) is a West Nordic language spoken in the Hebrides most closely related to [[w:Norn|Norn]], less so to [[w:Icelandic|Icelandic]] and [[w:Faroese|Faroese]], and quite distantly to [[w:Swedish|Swedish]], [[w:Norwegian|Norwegian]], and [[w:Danish|Danish]]. It has extremely significant influence from mainly [[w:Scottish Gaelic|Scots]] and [[w:Irish|Irish]] [[w:Goidelic languages|Gaelic]], and less so from the [[w:Germanic languages|Germanic]] languages [[w:Scots language|Scots]] and [[w:English language|English]]. The Gaelic influence is most noticeable in the [[w:Morphophonology|morphophonology]] of Scots Norse, both with the [[w:palatalization (linguistics)|slender]]/[[w:velarization|broad]] distinction in [[w:consonants|consonants]] and the presence of [[w:consonant mutation|initial consonant mutation]].
+Scots Norse ([[w:Autonym|Autonym]]: {{l|snon|Agharsc}} /ˈəːɾsk/) is a West Nordic language spoken in the Hebrides most closely related to [[w:Norn|Norn]], less so to [[w:Icelandic|Icelandic]] and [[w:Faroese|Faroese]], and quite distantly to [[w:Swedish|Swedish]], [[w:Norwegian|Norwegian]], and [[w:Danish|Danish]]. It has extremely significant influence from mainly [[w:Scottish Gaelic|Scots]] and [[w:Irish|Irish]] [[w:Goidelic languages|Gaelic]], and less so from the [[w:Germanic languages|Germanic]] languages [[w:Scots language|Scots]] and [[w:English language|English]]. The Gaelic influence is most noticeable in the [[w:Morphology|morphology]] and [[w:Phonology|phonology]] of Scots Norse, both with the [[w:palatalization (linguistics)|slender]]/[[w:velarization|broad]] distinction in [[w:consonants|consonants]] and the presence of [[w:consonant mutation|initial consonant mutation]].
 Scots Norse has roughly eleven [[w:dialect|dialects]] that form the language's two [[w:dialect continuum|dialect continuums]], these being ''Western'' and ''Eastern'' Scots Norse respectively, these are further divided into specific dialects. All [[w:variety (linguistics)|varieties]] of Scots Norse are written using the [[w:Latin script|Latin script]], employing [[w:Gaelic Type|Gaelic Type]] or [[w:Insular Script|Insular]] as the [[w:script|hand]], this acts as a notable exception to the general notion that Gaelic Type and Insular only survive for ornamental or historical usages, as they are still the primary hand used for Scots Norse.
@@ Line 56: / Line 56: @@
 Since the early 1990's, Scots Norse has gained a small but dedicated community of linguists that are determined to further document it and make resources more readily available. As of 2018, an online course has been published that goes over Standard Scots Norse, and it has been continually updated since then, improving the quality and extent of the contents, having started out as a rather barebones description of the phonology, orthography, and rudimentary grammar.
+==Development==
+The development of Scots Norse is one of the best understood aspects of the language, owing to its extreme divergence being an interest to linguists.
+===Pre-Scots Norse===
+This is the form of Scots Norse when it was still a dialect of Old Norse
+*lengthening of stressed vowels in open syllables
+*loss of gemination
+*final /r̩/ and nominal singular /ɑr, ir/ > /ə/
+*final front vowels > /ʲə/, final back vowels to /ə/
+*hl, hv, hr > l, v, r
+*/ɣ/ > /g/
+*/w/ > /v/, causing /f/ [v] to merge back with [f], thus "arfa" [ɑr.vɑ] > [ɑr.fə] (modern /əɾf/)
+*/θ, ð/ > /t, d/, with a few cases of /θ, ð/ > /f, v/
+*diphthong flattening, /øy, ɒu/ > /øː, oː/
+*merger of mid-high and mid-low vowels
+*e > ja occasionally when Proto-Germanic *e (typically becomes ja in Old Norse anyways)
+*/Cj/ > /Cʲ/
+===Sudrey Norse===
+Sudrey Norse, also occasionally called "Middle Scots Norse", is the stage directly before Modern, it is in no way intelligible with the modern language.
+*development of slender/broad/plain distinction
+*front round vowels become slender back vowels
+*short vowels > /ɪ, ɛ, ə, ʊ, ɔ/
+*long vowels > /i, e, ɑ, u, o/
+*loss of /ə/ between two sonorants (such as /jər/ > /ir/), unless part of an inflectional ending.
+*unstressed vowels to /ə/.
+*/r/ becomes /ɾ/ intervocalically<sup>?</sup>
+===Modern Scots Norse===
+*mutations develop through the loss of word final sounds
+**lenition: from being intervocalic
+**eclipsis: from nasal clusters
+*several palatalized sounds shift:
+**/s, z, n, l, k, g, h, ɣ/ > /ʃ, ʒ, ɲ, ʎ, c, ɟ, ç, ʝ/
 ==Phonology==
@@ Line 174: / Line 210: @@
 ==Orthography==
-(updated to "bh")
+(updated up to "c")
 {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
 ! colspan=5 | Consonants
@@ Line 192: / Line 228: @@
 |-
 | before back vowel
-| {{IPA|/pj/}}
+| {{IPA|/bj/}}
 | {{l|snon|biargh}} {{IPA|/pjəɾ/}}
 |-
@@ Line 216: / Line 252: @@
 | {{l|snon|}} {{IPA|//}}
 |-
-| rowspan=8 | '''c'''
+| rowspan=2 | '''c'''
-| rowspan=4 | broad
+| colspan=2 | broad
-| initially, or non-finally after consonant
-| {{IPA|/kʰ/}}
-| {{lang|gd|cas}} {{IPA|/kʰas̪/}}, {{lang|gd|cam}} {{IPA|/kʰaum/}}
-|-
-| between vowels
-| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/ʰk/}}
-| {{lang|gd|bacadh}} {{IPA|/ˈpaʰkəɣ/}}, {{lang|gd|mucan}} {{IPA|/ˈmuʰkən/}}
-|-
-| finally after vowel
-| {{lang|gd|mac}} {{IPA|/maʰk/}}
-|-
-| finally after consonant
 | {{IPA|/k/}}
-| {{lang|gd|corc}} {{IPA|/kʰɔɾʰk/}}
+| {{l|snon|cath}} {{IPA|/kax/}}, {{l|snon|Col}} {{IPA|/kɔɫ/}}
 |-
-| rowspan=4 | slender
+| colspan=2 | slender
-| initially or after consonant
+| {{IPA|/c/}}
-| {{IPA|/kʰʲ/}}
+| {{l|snon|ceth}} {{IPA|/cɛç/}}, {{l|snon|cìs}} {{IPA|/ciʃ/}}
-| {{lang|gd|ceòl}} {{IPA|/kʰʲɔːl̪ˠ/}}, {{lang|gd|ceum}} {{IPA|/kʰʲeːm/}}
-|-
-| between vowels
-| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/ʰkʲ/}}
-| {{lang|gd|lice}} {{IPA|/ˈʎiʰkʲə/}}, {{lang|gd|brice}} {{IPA|/ˈpɾʲiʰkʲə/}}
-|-
-| finally after vowel
-| {{lang|gd|mic}} {{IPA|/miʰkʲ/}}
-|-
-| finally after consonant
-| {{IPA|/kʲ/}}
-| {{lang|gd|cuilc}} {{IPA|/kʰulʰkʲ/}}
 |-
 | rowspan=2 | '''ch'''
@@ Line 607: / Line 619: @@
 Most parts of speech are split among three "types" or "classes" based on the mutation they cause in the following word, these are called "radical", "lenite", and "eclipse", and they generally don't affect the word itself. Verbs form the primary exception, as they very consistently follow a single pattern, with the dictionary form (the infinitive) always being a lenite.
+A set of colors will be applied within the tables here, each color highlighting a specific thing.
+*red: the ending.
+*blue: the mutation.
+*green: the impersonal infix. (for verbs)
+*purple: the mutation within the ending. (for prepositions)
 ===Nominals===
 ====Nouns====
 Scots Norse nouns decline for three cases (direct, genitive, and dative), two genders (masculine and feminine), and two numbers (singular and plural). The direct comes the merging of the nominative and the accusative, the two having fell together due to sound changes. The definite forms distinctive of the Nordic languages have been dropped in favor of the standalone article {{l|snon|hi}}.
+Nouns generally follow two patterns, which themselves are incredibly similar, the only true distinction being the direct plural, which is -ar in the masculine and -ir in the feminine. Another distinction is the direct singular, where the coda can appear broad in slender roots, such as {{l|snon|bèodh}}, with a root of ''bèdh-'', though this distinction only really exists for elder speakers.
+=====Masculines=====
 The following set of tables will display a few examples of the native masculine pattern.
 {{inflection-table-top|palette=blue|title=Native masculine nouns|tall=yes}}
@@ Line 914: / Line 933: @@
 {{inflection-table-bottom|notes=<sup>L</sup> Triggers lenition &emsp; <sup>E</sup> Triggers eclipsis}}
-====Numerals====
+===Prepositions===
-{|class="wikitable"
+Scots Norse has a system of inflected prepositions incredibly similar to the Gaelic languages, these are required, thus ''**vid hành'' is ungrammatical, instead requiring ''videnh''. Scots Norse is incredibly unusual in that prepositions are split into three classes or patterns based on the interaction between the root and the ending.
-!1
-|{{l|snon|è}}
-|-
+{{inflection-table-top|title=Inflection of {{l|snon|til}} (class 1)|palette=blue|tall=yes}}
-!2
+! class=outer colspan=3 |
-|{{l|snon|tfè}}, {{l|snon|tfèr}}
+! plain
+! emphatic
 |-
-!3
+! class=outer rowspan=4 | singular
-|{{l|snon|trì}}
+! colspan=2 | 1st
+| til<span style="color:red">mì</span> <sup>E</sup>
+| til<span style="color:red">mìnhic</span>
 |-
-!4
+! colspan=2 | 2nd
-|{{l|snon|fiòer}}
+| til<span style="color:red">tì</span> <sup>E</sup>
+| til<span style="color:red">tìda</span>
 |-
-!5
+! rowspan=2 | 3rd
-|{{l|snon|fi}}
+! class=secondary | ''m''
+| til<span style="color:red">az</span>
+| til<span style="color:red">aza</span> <sup>E</sup>
 |-
-!6
+! class=secondary | ''f''
-|{{l|snon|siach}}
+| til<span style="color:red">enh</span>
+| til<span style="color:red">enha</span> <sup>E</sup>
 |-
-!7
+! class=outer rowspan=3 | plural
-|{{l|snon|siò}}
+! colspan=2 | 1st
+| til<span style="color:red">ach</span>
+| til<span style="color:red">achúith</span>
 |-
-!8
+! colspan=2 | 2nd
-|{{l|snon|àth}}
+| til<span style="color:red">ich</span>
+| til<span style="color:red">ichith</span>
 |-
-!9
+! colspan=2 | 3rd
-|{{l|snon|niù}}
+| til<span style="color:red">tèor</span> <sup>L</sup>
+| til<span style="color:red">tèorthi</span>
 |-
-!10
+{{inflection-table-bottom|notes=<sup>E</sup>: Triggers eclipsis&emsp;<sup>L</sup>: Triggers lenition}}
-|{{l|snon|tiù}}
+{{inflection-table-top|title=Inflection of {{l|snon|vid}} (class 1)|palette=blue|tall=yes}}
-|-
-!11
-|{{l|snon|eliovh}}
-|-
-!12
-|{{l|snon|tòlv}}
-|-
-|}
-===Prepositions===
-Scots Norse has a system of inflected prepositions incredibly similar to the Gaelic languages, these are required, thus ''**vid hành'' is ungrammatical, instead requiring ''videnh''. Scots Norse is incredibly unusual in that prepositions are split into three classes or patterns based on the interaction between the root and the ending.
-{{inflection-table-top|title=Inflection of {{l|snon|til}} (class 1)|palette=blue|tall=yes}}
 ! class=outer colspan=3 |
 ! plain
@@ Line 965: / Line 981: @@
 ! class=outer rowspan=4 | singular
 ! colspan=2 | 1st
-| til<span style="color:red">mì</span> <sup>E</sup>
+| vid<span style="color:red">mì</span> <sup>E</sup>
-| til<span style="color:red">mìnhic</span>
+| vid<span style="color:red">mìnhic</span>
 |-
 ! colspan=2 | 2nd
-| til<span style="color:red">tì</span> <sup>E</sup>
+| vid<span style="color:red">tì</span> <sup>E</sup>
-| til<span style="color:red">tìda</span>
+| vid<span style="color:red">tìda</span>
 |-
 ! rowspan=2 | 3rd
 ! class=secondary | ''m''
-| til<span style="color:red">az</span>
+| vid<span style="color:red">az</span>
-| til<span style="color:red">aza</span> <sup>E</sup>
+| vid<span style="color:red">aza</span> <sup>E</sup>
 |-
 ! class=secondary | ''f''
-| til<span style="color:red">enh</span>
+| vid<span style="color:red">enh</span>
-| til<span style="color:red">enha</span> <sup>E</sup>
+| vid<span style="color:red">enha</span> <sup>E</sup>
 |-
 ! class=outer rowspan=3 | plural
 ! colspan=2 | 1st
-| til<span style="color:red">ach</span>
+| vid<span style="color:red">ach</span>
-| til<span style="color:red">achúith</span>
+| vid<span style="color:red">achúith</span>
 |-
 ! colspan=2 | 2nd
-| til<span style="color:red">ich</span>
+| vid<span style="color:red">ich</span>
-| til<span style="color:red">ichith</span>
+| vid<span style="color:red">ichith</span>
 |-
 ! colspan=2 | 3rd
-| til<span style="color:red">tèor</span> <sup>L</sup>
+| vid<span style="color:red">tèor</span> <sup>L</sup>
-| til<span style="color:red">tèorthi</span>
+| vid<span style="color:red">tèorthi</span>
 |-
 {{inflection-table-bottom|notes=<sup>E</sup>: Triggers eclipsis&emsp;<sup>L</sup>: Triggers lenition}}
-{{inflection-table-top|title=Inflection of {{l|snon|vid}} (class 1)|palette=blue|tall=yes}}
+{{inflection-table-top|title=Inflection of {{l|snon|frà}} (class 2)|palette=blue|tall=yes}}
 ! class=outer colspan=3 |
 ! plain
@@ Line 1,002: / Line 1,020: @@
 ! class=outer rowspan=4 | singular
 ! colspan=2 | 1st
-| vid<span style="color:red">mì</span> <sup>E</sup>
+| frà<span style="color:purple">mh</span><span style="color:red">ì</span> <sup>E</sup>
-| vid<span style="color:red">mìnhic</span>
+| frà<span style="color:purple">mh</span><span style="color:red">ìnhic</span>
 |-
 ! colspan=2 | 2nd
-| vid<span style="color:red">tì</span> <sup>E</sup>
+| frà<span style="color:purple">th</span><span style="color:red">ì</span> <sup>E</sup>
-| vid<span style="color:red">tìda</span>
+| frà<span style="color:purple">th</span><span style="color:red">ìda</span>
 |-
 ! rowspan=2 | 3rd
 ! class=secondary | ''m''
-| vid<span style="color:red">az</span>
+| frà<span style="color:purple">h</span><span style="color:red">az</span>
-| vid<span style="color:red">aza</span> <sup>E</sup>
+| frà<span style="color:purple">h</span><span style="color:red">aza</span> <sup>E</sup>
 |-
 ! class=secondary | ''f''
-| vid<span style="color:red">enh</span>
+| frà<span style="color:purple">h</span><span style="color:red">enh</span>
-| vid<span style="color:red">enha</span> <sup>E</sup>
+| frà<span style="color:purple">h</span><span style="color:red">enha</span> <sup>E</sup>
 |-
 ! class=outer rowspan=3 | plural
 ! colspan=2 | 1st
-| vid<span style="color:red">ach</span>
+| frà<span style="color:purple">th</span><span style="color:red">ach</span>
-| vid<span style="color:red">achúith</span>
+| frà<span style="color:purple">th</span><span style="color:red">achúith</span>
 |-
 ! colspan=2 | 2nd
-| vid<span style="color:red">ich</span>
+| frà<span style="color:purple">th</span><span style="color:red">ich</span>
-| vid<span style="color:red">ichith</span>
+| frà<span style="color:purple">th</span><span style="color:red">ichith</span>
 |-
 ! colspan=2 | 3rd
-| vid<span style="color:red">tèor</span> <sup>L</sup>
+| frà<span style="color:purple">th</span><span style="color:red">èor</span> <sup>L</sup>
-| vid<span style="color:red">tèorthi</span>
+| frà<span style="color:purple">th</span><span style="color:red">èorthi</span>
 |-
 {{inflection-table-bottom|notes=<sup>E</sup>: Triggers eclipsis&emsp;<sup>L</sup>: Triggers lenition}}
+{{inflection-table-top|title=Inflection of {{l|snon|ì}} (class 2)|palette=blue|tall=yes}}
-{{inflection-table-top|title=Inflection of {{l|snon|frà}} (class 2)|palette=blue|tall=yes}}
 ! class=outer colspan=3 |
 ! plain
@@ Line 1,041: / Line 1,057: @@
 ! class=outer rowspan=4 | singular
 ! colspan=2 | 1st
-| frà<span style="color:purple">mh</span><span style="color:red">ì</span> <sup>E</sup>
+| ì<span style="color:purple">mh</span><span style="color:red">ì</span> <sup>E</sup>
-| frà<span style="color:purple">mh</span><span style="color:red">ìnhic</span>
+| ì<span style="color:purple">mh</span><span style="color:red">ìnhic</span>
 |-
 ! colspan=2 | 2nd
-| frà<span style="color:purple">th</span><span style="color:red">ì</span> <sup>E</sup>
+| ì<span style="color:purple">th</span><span style="color:red">ì</span> <sup>E</sup>
-| frà<span style="color:purple">th</span><span style="color:red">ìda</span>
+| ì<span style="color:purple">th</span><span style="color:red">ìda</span>
 |-
 ! rowspan=2 | 3rd
 ! class=secondary | ''m''
-| frà<span style="color:purple">h</span><span style="color:red">az</span>
+| ì<span style="color:purple">h</span><span style="color:red">az</span>
-| frà<span style="color:purple">h</span><span style="color:red">aza</span> <sup>E</sup>
+| ì<span style="color:purple">h</span><span style="color:red">aza</span> <sup>E</sup>
 |-
 ! class=secondary | ''f''
-| frà<span style="color:purple">h</span><span style="color:red">enh</span>
+| ì<span style="color:purple">h</span><span style="color:red">enh</span>
-| frà<span style="color:purple">h</span><span style="color:red">enha</span> <sup>E</sup>
+| ì<span style="color:purple">h</span><span style="color:red">enha</span> <sup>E</sup>
 |-
 ! class=outer rowspan=3 | plural
 ! colspan=2 | 1st
-| frà<span style="color:purple">th</span><span style="color:red">ach</span>
+| ì<span style="color:purple">th</span><span style="color:red">ach</span>
-| frà<span style="color:purple">th</span><span style="color:red">achúith</span>
+| ì<span style="color:purple">th</span><span style="color:red">achúith</span>
 |-
 ! colspan=2 | 2nd
-| frà<span style="color:purple">th</span><span style="color:red">ich</span>
+| ì<span style="color:purple">th</span><span style="color:red">ich</span>
-| frà<span style="color:purple">th</span><span style="color:red">ichith</span>
+| ì<span style="color:purple">th</span><span style="color:red">ichith</span>
 |-
 ! colspan=2 | 3rd
-| frà<span style="color:purple">th</span><span style="color:red">èor</span> <sup>L</sup>
+| ì<span style="color:purple">th</span><span style="color:red">èor</span> <sup>L</sup>
-| frà<span style="color:purple">th</span><span style="color:red">èorthi</span>
+| ì<span style="color:purple">th</span><span style="color:red">èorthi</span>
 |-
 {{inflection-table-bottom|notes=<sup>E</sup>: Triggers eclipsis&emsp;<sup>L</sup>: Triggers lenition}}
-{{inflection-table-top|title=Inflection of {{l|snon|ì}} (class 2)|palette=blue|tall=yes}}
+{{inflection-table-top|title=Inflection of {{l|snon|i}} (class 2)|palette=blue|tall=yes}}
 ! class=outer colspan=3 |
 ! plain
@@ Line 1,078: / Line 1,097: @@
 ! class=outer rowspan=4 | singular
 ! colspan=2 | 1st
-| ì<span style="color:purple">mh</span><span style="color:red">ì</span> <sup>E</sup>
+| i<span style="color:purple">n</span><span style="color:red">ì</span> <sup>E</sup>
-| ì<span style="color:purple">mh</span><span style="color:red">ìnhic</span>
+| i<span style="color:purple">n</span><span style="color:red">ìnhic</span>
 |-
 ! colspan=2 | 2nd
-| ì<span style="color:purple">th</span><span style="color:red">ì</span> <sup>E</sup>
+| i<span style="color:purple">d</span><span style="color:red">ì</span> <sup>E</sup>
-| ì<span style="color:purple">th</span><span style="color:red">ìda</span>
+| i<span style="color:purple">d</span><span style="color:red">ìda</span>
 |-
 ! rowspan=2 | 3rd
 ! class=secondary | ''m''
-| ì<span style="color:purple">h</span><span style="color:red">az</span>
+| i<span style="color:purple">gh</span><span style="color:red">az</span>
-| ì<span style="color:purple">h</span><span style="color:red">aza</span> <sup>E</sup>
+| i<span style="color:purple">gh</span><span style="color:red">aza</span> <sup>E</sup>
 |-
 ! class=secondary | ''f''
-| ì<span style="color:purple">h</span><span style="color:red">enh</span>
+| i<span style="color:purple">gh</span><span style="color:red">enh</span>
-| ì<span style="color:purple">h</span><span style="color:red">enha</span> <sup>E</sup>
+| i<span style="color:purple">gh</span><span style="color:red">enha</span> <sup>E</sup>
 |-
 ! class=outer rowspan=3 | plural
 ! colspan=2 | 1st
-| ì<span style="color:purple">th</span><span style="color:red">ach</span>
+| i<span style="color:purple">nh</span><span style="color:red">ach</span>
-| ì<span style="color:purple">th</span><span style="color:red">achúith</span>
+| i<span style="color:purple">nh</span><span style="color:red">achúith</span>
 |-
 ! colspan=2 | 2nd
-| ì<span style="color:purple">th</span><span style="color:red">ich</span>
+| i<span style="color:purple">nh</span><span style="color:red">ich</span>
-| ì<span style="color:purple">th</span><span style="color:red">ichith</span>
+| i<span style="color:purple">nh</span><span style="color:red">ichith</span>
 |-
 ! colspan=2 | 3rd
-| ì<span style="color:purple">th</span><span style="color:red">èor</span> <sup>L</sup>
+| i<span style="color:purple">d</span><span style="color:red">èor</span> <sup>L</sup>
-| ì<span style="color:purple">th</span><span style="color:red">èorthi</span>
+| i<span style="color:purple">d</span><span style="color:red">èorthi</span>
 |-
 {{inflection-table-bottom|notes=<sup>E</sup>: Triggers eclipsis&emsp;<sup>L</sup>: Triggers lenition}}
+{{inflection-table-top|title=Inflection of {{l|snon|anh}} (class 2)|palette=blue|tall=yes}}
-{{inflection-table-top|title=Inflection of {{l|snon|i}} (class 2)|palette=blue|tall=yes}}
 ! class=outer colspan=3 |
 ! plain
@@ Line 1,118: / Line 1,134: @@
 ! class=outer rowspan=4 | singular
 ! colspan=2 | 1st
-| i<span style="color:purple">n</span><span style="color:red">ì</span> <sup>E</sup>
+| anh<span style="color:purple">n</span><span style="color:red">ì</span> <sup>E</sup>
-| i<span style="color:purple">n</span><span style="color:red">ìnhic</span>
+| anh<span style="color:purple">n</span><span style="color:red">ìnhic</span>
 |-
 ! colspan=2 | 2nd
-| i<span style="color:purple">d</span><span style="color:red">ì</span> <sup>E</sup>
+| anh<span style="color:purple">d</span><span style="color:red">ì</span> <sup>E</sup>
-| i<span style="color:purple">d</span><span style="color:red">ìda</span>
+| anh<span style="color:purple">d</span><span style="color:red">ìda</span>
 |-
 ! rowspan=2 | 3rd
 ! class=secondary | ''m''
-| i<span style="color:purple">gh</span><span style="color:red">az</span>
+| anh<span style="color:purple">gh</span><span style="color:red">az</span>
-| i<span style="color:purple">gh</span><span style="color:red">aza</span> <sup>E</sup>
+| anh<span style="color:purple">gh</span><span style="color:red">aza</span> <sup>E</sup>
 |-
 ! class=secondary | ''f''
-| i<span style="color:purple">gh</span><span style="color:red">enh</span>
+| anh<span style="color:purple">gh</span><span style="color:red">enh</span>
-| i<span style="color:purple">gh</span><span style="color:red">enha</span> <sup>E</sup>
+| anh<span style="color:purple">gh</span><span style="color:red">enha</span> <sup>E</sup>
 |-
 ! class=outer rowspan=3 | plural
 ! colspan=2 | 1st
-| i<span style="color:purple">nh</span><span style="color:red">ach</span>
+| anh<span style="color:red">ach</span>
-| i<span style="color:purple">nh</span><span style="color:red">achúith</span>
+| anh<span style="color:red">achúith</span>
 |-
 ! colspan=2 | 2nd
-| i<span style="color:purple">nh</span><span style="color:red">ich</span>
+| anh<span style="color:red">ich</span>
-| i<span style="color:purple">nh</span><span style="color:red">ichith</span>
+| anh<span style="color:red">ichith</span>
 |-
 ! colspan=2 | 3rd
-| i<span style="color:purple">d</span><span style="color:red">èor</span> <sup>L</sup>
+| anh<span style="color:purple">d</span><span style="color:red">èor</span> <sup>L</sup>
-| i<span style="color:purple">d</span><span style="color:red">èorthi</span>
+| anh<span style="color:purple">d</span><span style="color:red">èorthi</span>
 |-
 {{inflection-table-bottom|notes=<sup>E</sup>: Triggers eclipsis&emsp;<sup>L</sup>: Triggers lenition}}
-{{inflection-table-top|title=Inflection of {{l|snon|anh}} (class 2)|palette=blue|tall=yes}}
-! class=outer colspan=3 |
+===Verbs===
-! plain
+Many significant changes have happened to the verb system since Old Norse, notably both the mood and voice distinctions have been lost. The active indicative has descended into the present and past tense, while the active subjunctive was lost entirely. The mediopassive became the future and imperative (the mood distinction in the mediopassive largely having already collapsed in Old Norse). The reciprocal, originally formed through the mediopassive, has entirely been replaced by {{l|snon|hinhar}}. The impersonal {{l|snon|-t-}} likely descends from a reduced form of Old Norse ''þat'', the development similar to English ''it'' as an impersonal pronoun.
-! emphatic
-|-
+The reduction of verbs to such a limited number of forms led to analogy that leveled them all down to essentially two patterns (excluding a few irregular verbs), which seemingly descend from Old Norse's weak class 2.
-! class=outer rowspan=4 | singular
-! colspan=2 | 1st
+{{inflection-table-top|title=Conjugation of {{l|snon|tàl}}|palette=blue|tall=yes}}
-| anh<span style="color:purple">n</span><span style="color:red">ì</span> <sup>E</sup>
+! class=outer colspan=2 |
-| anh<span style="color:purple">n</span><span style="color:red">ìnhic</span>
+! present
+! past
+! future
+! conditional
 |-
-! colspan=2 | 2nd
+! colspan=2 | infinitive
-| anh<span style="color:purple">d</span><span style="color:red">ì</span> <sup>E</sup>
+| tàl(<span style="color:red">aich</span>)
-| anh<span style="color:purple">d</span><span style="color:red">ìda</span>
+| tàl<span style="color:red">adh</span>
+| tàl<span style="color:red">ast</span>
+| tàl<span style="color:red">adhast</span>
 |-
-! rowspan=2 | 3rd
+! colspan=2 | participle
-! class=secondary | ''m''
+| tàl<span style="color:red">in</span>
-| anh<span style="color:purple">gh</span><span style="color:red">az</span>
+| tàl<span style="color:red">a</span>
-| anh<span style="color:purple">gh</span><span style="color:red">aza</span> <sup>E</sup>
+| tàl<span style="color:red">anist</span>
+| tàl<span style="color:red">ast</span>
 |-
-! class=secondary | ''f''
+| class=separator colspan=9 |
-| anh<span style="color:purple">gh</span><span style="color:red">enh</span>
-| anh<span style="color:purple">gh</span><span style="color:red">enha</span> <sup>E</sup>
 |-
-! class=outer rowspan=3 | plural
+! rowspan=2 colspan=2 |
-! colspan=2 | 1st
+! colspan=2 | positive
-| anh<span style="color:red">ach</span>
+! colspan=2 | negative
-| anh<span style="color:red">achúith</span>
 |-
-! colspan=2 | 2nd
+! class=secondary | personal
-| anh<span style="color:red">ich</span>
+! class=secondary | impersonal
-| anh<span style="color:red">ichith</span>
+! class=secondary | personal
+! class=secondary | impersonal
 |-
-! colspan=2 | 3rd
+! rowspan=4 | ind.
-| anh<span style="color:purple">d</span><span style="color:red">èor</span> <sup>L</sup>
+! class=secondary | pres.
-| anh<span style="color:purple">d</span><span style="color:red">èorthi</span>
+| tàl<span style="color:red">ir</span>
+| tàl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ir</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red">ir</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ir</span>
 |-
-{{inflection-table-bottom|notes=<sup>E</sup>: Triggers eclipsis&emsp;<sup>L</sup>: Triggers lenition}}
+! class=secondary | past
+| tàl<span style="color:red">adhir</span>
-===Verbs===
+| tàl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhir</span>
-Many significant changes have happened to the verb system since Old Norse, notably both the mood and voice distinctions have been lost. The active indicative has descended into the present and past tense, while the active subjunctive was lost entirely. The mediopassive became the future and imperative (the mood distinction in the mediopassive largely having already collapsed in Old Norse). The reciprocal, originally formed through the mediopassive, has entirely been replaced by {{l|snon|hinhar}}. The original imperative is seemingly preserved as the impersonal form (hence the "-sc-"), later having the endings appended to it after they became generally leveled to a single regular pattern.
+| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red">adhir</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhir</span>
-Verbs have reduced to such a limited number of forms that analogy and sound changes have leveled them all down to essentially one pattern (excluding a few irregular verbs), which seemingly descends from Old Norse's weak class 2 pattern.
-{{inflection-table-top|title=Conjugation of {{l|snon|tàl}}|palette=blue|tall=yes}}
-! class=outer colspan=2 |
-! present
-! past
-! future
-! conditional
 |-
-! colspan=2 | infinitive
+! class=secondary | fut.
-| tàl(<span style="color:red">aich</span>)
+| tàl<span style="color:red">ist</span>
-| tàl<span style="color:red">adh</span>
+| tàl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ist</span>
-| tàl<span style="color:red">ast</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red">ist</span>
-| tàl<span style="color:red">adhast</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ist</span>
 |-
-! colspan=2 | participle
+! class=secondary | cond.
-| tàl<span style="color:red">in</span>
+| tàl<span style="color:red">adhist</span>
-| tàl<span style="color:red">a</span>
+| tàl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhist</span>
-| tàl<span style="color:red">anist</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red">adhist</span>
-| tàl<span style="color:red">ast</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhist</span>
 |-
-| class=separator colspan=9 |
+! rowspan=4 | cont.
+! class=secondary | pres.
+| tàl<span style="color:red">irúi</span>
+| tàl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúi</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red">irúi</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúi</span>
 |-
-! rowspan=2 colspan=2 |
+! class=secondary | past
-! colspan=2 | positive
+| tàl<span style="color:red">adhirúi</span>
-! colspan=2 | negative
+| tàl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúi</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red">adhirúi</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúi</span>
 |-
-! class=secondary | personal
+! class=secondary | fut.
-! class=secondary | impersonal
+| tàl<span style="color:red">istúi</span>
-! class=secondary | personal
+| tàl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúi</span>
-! class=secondary | impersonal
+| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red">istúi</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúi</span>
+|-
+! class=secondary | cond.
+| tàl<span style="color:red">adhistúi</span>
+| tàl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúi</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red">adhistúi</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúi</span>
 |-
-! rowspan=4 | ind.
+! rowspan=4 | perf.
 ! class=secondary | pres.
-| tàl<span style="color:red">ir</span>
+| tàl<span style="color:red">irúa</span>
-| tàl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ir</span>
+| tàl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúa</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red">ir</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red">irúa</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ir</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúa</span>
 |-
 ! class=secondary | past
-| tàl<span style="color:red">adhir</span>
+| tàl<span style="color:red">adhirúa</span>
-| tàl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhir</span>
+| tàl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúa</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red">adhir</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red">adhirúa</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhir</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúa</span>
 |-
 ! class=secondary | fut.
-| tàl<span style="color:red">ist</span>
+| tàl<span style="color:red">istúa</span>
-| tàl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ist</span>
+| tàl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúa</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red">ist</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red">istúa</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ist</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúa</span>
 |-
 ! class=secondary | cond.
-| tàl<span style="color:red">adhist</span>
+| tàl<span style="color:red">adhistúa</span>
-| tàl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhist</span>
+| tàl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúa</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red">adhist</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red">adhistúa</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhist</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúa</span>
 |-
-! rowspan=4 | cont.
+! colspan=2 | imp.
-! class=secondary | pres.
+| tàl
-| tàl<span style="color:red">irúi</span>
+| tàl<span style="color:green">t</span>
-| tàl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúi</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl
-| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red">irúi</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">t</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúi</span>
 |-
-! class=secondary | past
+{{inflection-table-bottom}}
-| tàl<span style="color:red">adhirúi</span>
-| tàl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúi</span>
+{{inflection-table-top|title=Conjugation of {{l|snon|mèl}}|palette=blue|tall=yes}}
-| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red">adhirúi</span>
+! class=outer colspan=2 |
-| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúi</span>
+! present
+! past
+! future
+! conditional
+|-
+! colspan=2 | infinitive
+| mèl(<span style="color:red">ich</span>)
+| mèl<span style="color:red">adh</span>
+| mèl<span style="color:red">ast</span>
+| mèl<span style="color:red">adhast</span>
 |-
-! class=secondary | fut.
+! colspan=2 | participle
-| tàl<span style="color:red">istúi</span>
+| mèl<span style="color:red">in</span>
-| tàl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúi</span>
+| mèl<span style="color:red">a</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red">istúi</span>
+| mèl<span style="color:red">anist</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúi</span>
+| mèl<span style="color:red">ast</span>
 |-
-! class=secondary | cond.
+| class=separator colspan=9 |
-| tàl<span style="color:red">adhistúi</span>
-| tàl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúi</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red">adhistúi</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúi</span>
 |-
-! rowspan=4 | perf.
+! rowspan=2 colspan=2 |
-! class=secondary | pres.
+! colspan=2 | positive
-| tàl<span style="color:red">irúa</span>
+! colspan=2 | negative
-| tàl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúa</span>
+|-
-| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red">irúa</span>
+! class=secondary | personal
-| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúa</span>
+! class=secondary | impersonal
+! class=secondary | personal
+! class=secondary | impersonal
+|-
+! rowspan=4 | ind.
+! class=secondary | pres.
+| mèl<span style="color:red">ir</span>
+| mèl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ir</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red">ir</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ir</span>
 |-
 ! class=secondary | past
-| tàl<span style="color:red">adhirúa</span>
+| mèl<span style="color:red">adhir</span>
-| tàl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúa</span>
+| mèl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhir</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red">adhirúa</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red">adhir</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúa</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhir</span>
 |-
 ! class=secondary | fut.
-| tàl<span style="color:red">istúa</span>
+| mèl<span style="color:red">ist</span>
-| tàl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúa</span>
+| mèl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ist</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red">istúa</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red">ist</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúa</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ist</span>
 |-
 ! class=secondary | cond.
-| tàl<span style="color:red">adhistúa</span>
+| mèl<span style="color:red">adhist</span>
-| tàl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúa</span>
+| mèl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhist</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red">adhistúa</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red">adhist</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúa</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhist</span>
+|-
+! rowspan=4 | cont.
+! class=secondary | pres.
+| mèl<span style="color:red">irúi</span>
+| mèl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúi</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red">irúi</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúi</span>
 |-
-! colspan=2 | imp.
+! class=secondary | past
-| tàl
+| mèl<span style="color:red">adhirúi</span>
-| tàl<span style="color:green">t</span>
+| mèl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúi</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl
+| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red">adhirúi</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">t</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúi</span>
 |-
-{{inflection-table-bottom}}
+! class=secondary | fut.
+| mèl<span style="color:red">istúi</span>
-{{inflection-table-top|title=Conjugation of {{l|snon|mèl}}|palette=blue|tall=yes}}
+| mèl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúi</span>
-! class=outer colspan=2 |
+| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red">istúi</span>
-! present
+| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúi</span>
-! past
-! future
-! conditional
 |-
-! colspan=2 | infinitive
+! class=secondary | cond.
-| mèl(<span style="color:red">ich</span>)
+| mèl<span style="color:red">adhistúi</span>
-| mèl<span style="color:red">adh</span>
+| mèl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúi</span>
-| mèl<span style="color:red">ast</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red">adhistúi</span>
-| mèl<span style="color:red">adhast</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúi</span>
 |-
-! colspan=2 | participle
+! rowspan=4 | perf.
-| mèl<span style="color:red">in</span>
+! class=secondary | pres.
-| mèl<span style="color:red">a</span>
+| mèl<span style="color:red">irúa</span>
-| mèl<span style="color:red">anist</span>
+| mèl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúa</span>
-| mèl<span style="color:red">ast</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red">irúa</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúa</span>
 |-
-| class=separator colspan=9 |
+! class=secondary | past
-|-
+| mèl<span style="color:red">adhirúa</span>
-! rowspan=2 colspan=2 |
+| mèl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúa</span>
-! colspan=2 | positive
+| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red">adhirúa</span>
-! colspan=2 | negative
+| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúa</span>
-|-
-! class=secondary | personal
-! class=secondary | impersonal
-! class=secondary | personal
-! class=secondary | impersonal
-|-
-! rowspan=4 | ind.
-! class=secondary | pres.
-| mèl<span style="color:red">ir</span>
-| mèl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ir</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red">ir</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ir</span>
-|-
-! class=secondary | past
-| mèl<span style="color:red">adhir</span>
-| mèl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhir</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red">adhir</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhir</span>
 |-
 ! class=secondary | fut.
-| mèl<span style="color:red">ist</span>
+| mèl<span style="color:red">istúa</span>
-| mèl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ist</span>
+| mèl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúa</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red">ist</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red">istúa</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ist</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúa</span>
 |-
 ! class=secondary | cond.
-| mèl<span style="color:red">adhist</span>
+| mèl<span style="color:red">adhistúa</span>
-| mèl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhist</span>
+| mèl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúa</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red">adhist</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red">adhistúa</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhist</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúa</span>
 |-
-! rowspan=4 | cont.
+! colspan=2 | imp.
-! class=secondary | pres.
+| mèl
-| mèl<span style="color:red">irúi</span>
+| mèl<span style="color:green">t</span>
-| mèl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúi</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl
-| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red">irúi</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">t</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúi</span>
 |-
-! class=secondary | past
+{{inflection-table-bottom}}
-| mèl<span style="color:red">adhirúi</span>
-| mèl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúi</span>
+{{inflection-table-top|title=Conjugation of {{l|snon|àgh}}|palette=blue|tall=yes}}
-| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red">adhirúi</span>
+! class=outer colspan=2 |
-| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúi</span>
+! present
+! past
+! future
+! conditional
 |-
-! class=secondary | fut.
+! colspan=2 | infinitive
-| mèl<span style="color:red">istúi</span>
+| àgh(<span style="color:red">aich</span>)
-| mèl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúi</span>
+| àgh<span style="color:red">adh</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red">istúi</span>
+| àgh<span style="color:red">ast</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúi</span>
+| àgh<span style="color:red">adhast</span>
 |-
-! class=secondary | cond.
+! colspan=2 | participle
-| mèl<span style="color:red">adhistúi</span>
+| àgh<span style="color:red">in</span>
-| mèl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúi</span>
+| àgh<span style="color:red">a</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red">adhistúi</span>
+| àgh<span style="color:red">anist</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúi</span>
+| àgh<span style="color:red">ast</span>
 |-
-! rowspan=4 | perf.
+| class=separator colspan=9 |
-! class=secondary | pres.
-| mèl<span style="color:red">irúa</span>
-| mèl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúa</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red">irúa</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúa</span>
 |-
-! class=secondary | past
+! rowspan=2 colspan=2 |
-| mèl<span style="color:red">adhirúa</span>
+! colspan=2 | positive
-| mèl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúa</span>
+! colspan=2 | negative
-| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red">adhirúa</span>
+|-
-| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúa</span>
+! class=secondary | personal
+! class=secondary | impersonal
+! class=secondary | personal
+! class=secondary | impersonal
+|-
+! rowspan=4 | ind.
+! class=secondary | pres.
+| àgh<span style="color:red">ir</span>
+| àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ir</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">ir</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ir</span>
+|-
+! class=secondary | past
+| àgh<span style="color:red">adhir</span>
+| àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhir</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">adhir</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhir</span>
 |-
 ! class=secondary | fut.
-| mèl<span style="color:red">istúa</span>
+| àgh<span style="color:red">ist</span>
-| mèl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúa</span>
+| àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ist</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red">istúa</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">ist</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúa</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ist</span>
 |-
 ! class=secondary | cond.
-| mèl<span style="color:red">adhistúa</span>
+| àgh<span style="color:red">adhist</span>
-| mèl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúa</span>
+| àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhist</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red">adhistúa</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">adhist</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúa</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhist</span>
 |-
-! colspan=2 | imp.
+! rowspan=4 | cont.
-| mèl
+! class=secondary | pres.
-| mèl<span style="color:green">t</span>
+| àgh<span style="color:red">irúi</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl
+| àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúi</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">t</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">irúi</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúi</span>
 |-
-{{inflection-table-bottom}}
+! class=secondary | past
+| àgh<span style="color:red">adhirúi</span>
-{{inflection-table-top|title=Conjugation of {{l|snon|àgh}}|palette=blue|tall=yes}}
+| àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúi</span>
-! class=outer colspan=2 |
+| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">adhirúi</span>
-! present
+| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúi</span>
-! past
-! future
-! conditional
 |-
-! colspan=2 | infinitive
+! class=secondary | fut.
-| àgh(<span style="color:red">aich</span>)
+| àgh<span style="color:red">istúi</span>
-| àgh<span style="color:red">adh</span>
+| àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúi</span>
-| àgh<span style="color:red">ast</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">istúi</span>
-| àgh<span style="color:red">adhast</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúi</span>
 |-
-! colspan=2 | participle
+! class=secondary | cond.
-| àgh<span style="color:red">in</span>
+| àgh<span style="color:red">adhistúi</span>
-| àgh<span style="color:red">a</span>
+| àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúi</span>
-| àgh<span style="color:red">anist</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">adhistúi</span>
-| àgh<span style="color:red">ast</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúi</span>
 |-
-| class=separator colspan=9 |
+! rowspan=4 | perf.
-|-
-! rowspan=2 colspan=2 |
-! colspan=2 | positive
-! colspan=2 | negative
-|-
-! class=secondary | personal
-! class=secondary | impersonal
-! class=secondary | personal
-! class=secondary | impersonal
-|-
-! rowspan=4 | ind.
 ! class=secondary | pres.
-| àgh<span style="color:red">ir</span>
+| àgh<span style="color:red">irúa</span>
-| àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ir</span>
+| àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúa</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">ir</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">irúa</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ir</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúa</span>
 |-
 ! class=secondary | past
-| àgh<span style="color:red">adhir</span>
+| àgh<span style="color:red">adhirúa</span>
-| àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhir</span>
+| àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúa</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">adhir</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">adhirúa</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhir</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúa</span>
 |-
 ! class=secondary | fut.
-| àgh<span style="color:red">ist</span>
+| àgh<span style="color:red">istúa</span>
-| àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ist</span>
+| àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúa</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">ist</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">istúa</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ist</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúa</span>
 |-
 ! class=secondary | cond.
-| àgh<span style="color:red">adhist</span>
+| àgh<span style="color:red">adhistúa</span>
-| àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhist</span>
+| àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúa</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">adhist</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">adhistúa</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhist</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúa</span>
 |-
-! rowspan=4 | cont.
+! colspan=2 | imp.
-! class=secondary | pres.
+| àgh
-| àgh<span style="color:red">irúi</span>
+| àgh<span style="color:green">t</span>
-| àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúi</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh
-| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">irúi</span>
+| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">t</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúi</span>
 |-
-! class=secondary | past
+{{inflection-table-bottom}}
-| àgh<span style="color:red">adhirúi</span>
-| àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúi</span>
+====''i-''negatives====
-| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">adhirúi</span>
+This is a very small class of verbs that take {{l|snon|i-}} to form the negative, this prefix causing eclipsis in the root, thus a verb like ''bì'' will have a negative ''imì'', as seen below.
-| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúi</span>
+{{inflection-table-top|title=Conjugation of {{l|snon|bì}}|palette=blue|tall=yes}}
+! class=outer colspan=2 |
+! present
+! past
+! future
+! conditional
 |-
-! class=secondary | fut.
+! colspan=2 | infinitive
-| àgh<span style="color:red">istúi</span>
+| bì(th<span style="color:red">ich</span>)
-| àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúi</span>
+| bìth<span style="color:red">adh</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">istúi</span>
+| bìth<span style="color:red">ast</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúi</span>
+| bìth<span style="color:red">adhast</span>
 |-
-! class=secondary | cond.
+! colspan=2 | participle
-| àgh<span style="color:red">adhistúi</span>
+| bìth<span style="color:red">in</span>
-| àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúi</span>
+| bìth<span style="color:red">a</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">adhistúi</span>
+| bìth<span style="color:red">anist</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúi</span>
+| bìth<span style="color:red">ast</span>
+|-
+| class=separator colspan=9 |
+|-
+! rowspan=2 colspan=2 |
+! colspan=2 | positive
+! colspan=2 | negative
+|-
+! class=secondary | personal
+! class=secondary | impersonal
+! class=secondary | personal
+! class=secondary | impersonal
 |-
-! rowspan=4 | perf.
+! rowspan=4 | ind.
 ! class=secondary | pres.
-| àgh<span style="color:red">irúa</span>
+| bìth<span style="color:red">ir</span>
-| àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúa</span>
+| bì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ir</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">irúa</span>
+| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ìth<span style="color:red">ir</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúa</span>
+| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ir</span>
 |-
 ! class=secondary | past
-| àgh<span style="color:red">adhirúa</span>
+| bìth<span style="color:red">adhir</span>
-| àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúa</span>
+| bì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhir</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">adhirúa</span>
+| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ìth<span style="color:red">adhir</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúa</span>
+| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhir</span>
 |-
 ! class=secondary | fut.
-| àgh<span style="color:red">istúa</span>
+| bìth<span style="color:red">ist</span>
-| àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúa</span>
+| bì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ist</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">istúa</span>
+| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ìth<span style="color:red">ist</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúa</span>
+| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ist</span>
 |-
 ! class=secondary | cond.
-| àgh<span style="color:red">adhistúa</span>
+| bìth<span style="color:red">adhist</span>
-| àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúa</span>
+| bì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhist</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">adhistúa</span>
+| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ìth<span style="color:red">adhist</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúa</span>
+| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhist</span>
 |-
-! colspan=2 | imp.
+! rowspan=4 | cont.
-| àgh
+! class=secondary | pres.
-| àgh<span style="color:green">t</span>
+| bìth<span style="color:red">irúi</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh
+| bì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúi</span>
-| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">t</span>
+| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ìth<span style="color:red">irúi</span>
+| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúi</span>
 |-
-{{inflection-table-bottom}}
+! class=secondary | past
+| bìth<span style="color:red">adhirúi</span>
-====''i-''negatives====
+| bì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúi</span>
-This is a very small class of verbs that take {{l|snon|i-}} to form the negative, this prefix causing eclipsis in the root, thus a verb like ''bì'' will have a negative ''imì'', as seen below.
+| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ìth<span style="color:red">adhirúi</span>
+| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúi</span>
-{{inflection-table-top|title=Conjugation of {{l|snon|bì}}|palette=blue|tall=yes}}
-! class=outer colspan=2 |
-! present
-! past
-! future
-! conditional
 |-
-! colspan=2 | infinitive
+! class=secondary | fut.
-| bì(th<span style="color:red">ich</span>)
+| bìth<span style="color:red">istúi</span>
-| bìth<span style="color:red">adh</span>
+| bì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúi</span>
-| bìth<span style="color:red">ast</span>
+| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ìth<span style="color:red">istúi</span>
-| bìth<span style="color:red">adhast</span>
+| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúi</span>
 |-
-! colspan=2 | participle
+! class=secondary | cond.
-| bìth<span style="color:red">in</span>
+| bìth<span style="color:red">adhistúi</span>
-| bìth<span style="color:red">a</span>
+| bì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúi</span>
-| bìth<span style="color:red">anist</span>
+| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ìth<span style="color:red">adhistúi</span>
-| bìth<span style="color:red">ast</span>
+| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúi</span>
 |-
-| class=separator colspan=9 |
+! rowspan=4 | perf.
-|-
+! class=secondary | pres.
-! rowspan=2 colspan=2 |
+| bìth<span style="color:red">irúa</span>
-! colspan=2 | positive
+| bì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúa</span>
-! colspan=2 | negative
+| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ìth<span style="color:red">irúa</span>
-|-
+| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúa</span>
-! class=secondary | personal
-! class=secondary | impersonal
-! class=secondary | personal
-! class=secondary | impersonal
-|-
-! rowspan=4 | ind.
-! class=secondary | pres.
-| bìth<span style="color:red">ir</span>
-| bì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ir</span>
-| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ìth<span style="color:red">ir</span>
-| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ir</span>
 |-
 ! class=secondary | past
-| bìth<span style="color:red">adhir</span>
+| bìth<span style="color:red">adhirúa</span>
-| bì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhir</span>
+| bì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúa</span>
-| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ìth<span style="color:red">adhir</span>
+| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ìth<span style="color:red">adhirúa</span>
-| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhir</span>
+| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúa</span>
 |-
 ! class=secondary | fut.
-| bìth<span style="color:red">ist</span>
+| bìth<span style="color:red">istúa</span>
-| bì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ist</span>
+| bì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúa</span>
-| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ìth<span style="color:red">ist</span>
+| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ìth<span style="color:red">istúa</span>
-| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ist</span>
+| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúa</span>
 |-
 ! class=secondary | cond.
-| bìth<span style="color:red">adhist</span>
+| bìth<span style="color:red">adhistúa</span>
-| bì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhist</span>
+| bì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúa</span>
-| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ìth<span style="color:red">adhist</span>
+| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ìth<span style="color:red">adhistúa</span>
-| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhist</span>
+| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúa</span>
 |-
-! rowspan=4 | cont.
+! colspan=2 | imp.
-! class=secondary | pres.
+| bì
-| bìth<span style="color:red">irúi</span>
+| bì<span style="color:green">t</span>
-| bì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúi</span>
+| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ì
-| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ìth<span style="color:red">irúi</span>
+| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ì<span style="color:green">t</span>
-| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúi</span>
 |-
-! class=secondary | past
+{{inflection-table-bottom}}
-| bìth<span style="color:red">adhirúi</span>
-| bì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúi</span>
+{{inflection-table-top|title=Conjugation of {{l|snon|vèr}}|palette=blue|tall=yes}}
-| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ìth<span style="color:red">adhirúi</span>
+! class=outer colspan=2 |
-| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúi</span>
+! present
+! past
+! future
+! conditional
 |-
-! class=secondary | fut.
+! colspan=2 | infinitive
-| bìth<span style="color:red">istúi</span>
+| vèr(<span style="color:red">ich</span>)
-| bì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúi</span>
+| vèr<span style="color:red">adh</span>
-| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ìth<span style="color:red">istúi</span>
+| vèr<span style="color:red">ast</span>
-| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúi</span>
+| vèr<span style="color:red">adhast</span>
 |-
-! class=secondary | cond.
+! colspan=2 | participle
-| bìth<span style="color:red">adhistúi</span>
+| vèr<span style="color:red">in</span>
-| bì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúi</span>
+| vèr<span style="color:red">a</span>
-| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ìth<span style="color:red">adhistúi</span>
+| vèr<span style="color:red">anist</span>
-| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúi</span>
+| vèr<span style="color:red">ast</span>
 |-
-! rowspan=4 | perf.
+| class=separator colspan=9 |
-! class=secondary | pres.
-| bìth<span style="color:red">irúa</span>
-| bì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúa</span>
-| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ìth<span style="color:red">irúa</span>
-| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúa</span>
 |-
-! class=secondary | past
+! rowspan=2 colspan=2 |
-| bìth<span style="color:red">adhirúa</span>
+! colspan=2 | positive
-| bì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúa</span>
+! colspan=2 | negative
-| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ìth<span style="color:red">adhirúa</span>
+|-
-| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúa</span>
+! class=secondary | personal
+! class=secondary | impersonal
+! class=secondary | personal
+! class=secondary | impersonal
+|-
+! rowspan=4 | ind.
+! class=secondary | pres.
+| vèr<span style="color:red">ir</span>
+| vèr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ir</span>
+| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:red">ir</span>
+| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ir</span>
+|-
+! class=secondary | past
+| vèr<span style="color:red">adhir</span>
+| vèr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhir</span>
+| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:red">adhir</span>
+| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhir</span>
 |-
 ! class=secondary | fut.
-| bìth<span style="color:red">istúa</span>
+| vèr<span style="color:red">ist</span>
-| bì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúa</span>
+| vèr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ist</span>
-| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ìth<span style="color:red">istúa</span>
+| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:red">ist</span>
-| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúa</span>
+| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ist</span>
 |-
 ! class=secondary | cond.
-| bìth<span style="color:red">adhistúa</span>
+| vèr<span style="color:red">adhist</span>
-| bì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúa</span>
+| vèr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhist</span>
-| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ìth<span style="color:red">adhistúa</span>
+| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:red">adhist</span>
-| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ì<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúa</span>
+| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhist</span>
 |-
-! colspan=2 | imp.
+! rowspan=4 | cont.
-| bì
+! class=secondary | pres.
-| bì<span style="color:green">t</span>
+| vèr<span style="color:red">irúi</span>
-| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ì
+| vèr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúi</span>
-| i<span style="color:blue">m</span>ì<span style="color:green">t</span>
+| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:red">irúi</span>
+| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúi</span>
 |-
-{{inflection-table-bottom}}
+! class=secondary | past
+| vèr<span style="color:red">adhirúi</span>
-{{inflection-table-top|title=Conjugation of {{l|snon|vèr}}|palette=blue|tall=yes}}
+| vèr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúi</span>
-! class=outer colspan=2 |
+| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:red">adhirúi</span>
-! present
+| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúi</span>
-! past
-! future
-! conditional
 |-
-! colspan=2 | infinitive
+! class=secondary | fut.
-| vèr(<span style="color:red">ich</span>)
+| vèr<span style="color:red">istúi</span>
-| vèr<span style="color:red">adh</span>
+| vèr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúi</span>
-| vèr<span style="color:red">ast</span>
+| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:red">istúi</span>
-| vèr<span style="color:red">adhast</span>
+| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúi</span>
 |-
-! colspan=2 | participle
+! class=secondary | cond.
-| vèr<span style="color:red">in</span>
+| vèr<span style="color:red">adhistúi</span>
-| vèr<span style="color:red">a</span>
+| vèr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúi</span>
-| vèr<span style="color:red">anist</span>
+| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:red">adhistúi</span>
-| vèr<span style="color:red">ast</span>
+| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúi</span>
 |-
-| class=separator colspan=9 |
+! rowspan=4 | perf.
+! class=secondary | pres.
+| vèr<span style="color:red">irúa</span>
+| vèr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúa</span>
+| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:red">irúa</span>
+| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúa</span>
 |-
-! rowspan=2 colspan=2 |
+! class=secondary | past
-! colspan=2 | positive
+| vèr<span style="color:red">adhirúa</span>
-! colspan=2 | negative
+| vèr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúa</span>
+| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:red">adhirúa</span>
+| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúa</span>
 |-
-! class=secondary | personal
+! class=secondary | fut.
-! class=secondary | impersonal
+| vèr<span style="color:red">istúa</span>
-! class=secondary | personal
+| vèr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúa</span>
-! class=secondary | impersonal
+| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:red">istúa</span>
+| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúa</span>
 |-
-! rowspan=4 | ind.
+! class=secondary | cond.
-! class=secondary | pres.
+| vèr<span style="color:red">adhistúa</span>
-| vèr<span style="color:red">ir</span>
+| vèr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúa</span>
-| vèr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ir</span>
+| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:red">adhistúa</span>
-| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:red">ir</span>
+| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúa</span>
-| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ir</span>
 |-
-! class=secondary | past
+! colspan=2 | imp.
-| vèr<span style="color:red">adhir</span>
+| vèr
-| vèr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhir</span>
+| vèr<span style="color:green">t</span>
-| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:red">adhir</span>
+| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr
-| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhir</span>
+| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:green">t</span>
 |-
-! class=secondary | fut.
+{{inflection-table-bottom}}
-| vèr<span style="color:red">ist</span>
-| vèr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ist</span>
+==Syntax==
-| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:red">ist</span>
+===Word order===
-| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ist</span>
+Scots Norse word order is incredibly strict, relying more on particles than word order for changing the sentence type. The typical order is:
-|-
+#Preverbal particle(s)
-! class=secondary | cond.
+#Verb
-| vèr<span style="color:red">adhist</span>
+#Postverbal particle(s)
-| vèr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhist</span>
+#Subject
-| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:red">adhist</span>
+#Preposition(s) (usually)
-| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhist</span>
+#Direct object or predicate adjective
-|-
+#Indirect object
-! rowspan=4 | cont.
-! class=secondary | pres.
+An example:
-| vèr<span style="color:red">irúi</span>
+{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(1)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case
-| vèr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúi</span>
+| èthir mic hi màth.
-| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:red">irúi</span>
+| eat.PRES 1sg the food.DIR
-| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúi</span>
+| I eat the food.
-|-
+}}
-! class=secondary | past
-| vèr<span style="color:red">adhirúi</span>
+Prepositions are placed largely as in English, but the usage can often differ, eg. "i" ("in") goes before the direct object, but is also used for many other things, such as "under" in "under construction" ("i miùeghi", literally "in building").
-| vèr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúi</span>
-| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:red">adhirúi</span>
+Adjectives and genitives, much like in Gàidhlig, come after the noun, eg. "blòemh ròdh" for "red flower" and "blòemh mì" for "my flower".
-| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúi</span>
+{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(2)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case
-|-
+|{⟨i⟩ mlòmhir ⟨u⟩} blòm ròdh mì
-! class=secondary | fut.
+|⟨CONT⟩bloom.PRES flower.DIR red.DIR 1sg.POSS
-| vèr<span style="color:red">istúi</span>
+|
-| vèr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúi</span>
+}}
-| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:red">istúi</span>
-| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúi</span>
+===Questions and answers===
-|-
+Scots Norse lacks a true equivalent to "no", the closest thing being "è(gh)" ("not"), which can often be used on it's own when a form of "be" + "not" suffices for an answer, as in:
-! class=secondary | cond.
+{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(3)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case
-| vèr<span style="color:red">adhistúi</span>
+| vàrt mèlir tic vidmì?
-| vèr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúi</span>
+| Q speak.PRES 2sg with.1sg
-| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:red">adhistúi</span>
+| Will you speak with me?
-| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúi</span>
+}}
-|-
+{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=&emsp;(3.1)|indent=6
-! rowspan=4 | perf.
+| ègh
-! class=secondary | pres.
+| NEG
-| vèr<span style="color:red">irúa</span>
+| I won't
-| vèr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúa</span>
+}}
-| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:red">irúa</span>
-| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">irúa</span>
+Following this usage of "ègh", "ghià" (Old Norse "já") is often used as an affirmative, as in:
-|-
+{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(4)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case
-! class=secondary | past
+| vàrt èthist tic màenh-màls vidmìnhic?
-| vèr<span style="color:red">adhirúa</span>
+| Q eat.FUT 2sg dinner.DIR with.1sg.EMP
-| vèr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúa</span>
+| Will you eat dinner with me?
-| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:red">adhirúa</span>
+}}
-| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhirúa</span>
+{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=&emsp;(4.1)|indent=6
-|-
+| ghià!
-! class=secondary | fut.
+| AFF
-| vèr<span style="color:red">istúa</span>
+| I will!
-| vèr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúa</span>
+}}
-| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:red">istúa</span>
-| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istúa</span>
+As has likely been noticed by now, questions consistently contain "vàrt" at the beginning, this is a general question particle, akin to Gàidhlig "an".
-|-
-! class=secondary | cond.
-| vèr<span style="color:red">adhistúa</span>
-| vèr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúa</span>
-| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:red">adhistúa</span>
-| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">adhistúa</span>
-|-
-! colspan=2 | imp.
-| vèr
-| vèr<span style="color:green">t</span>
-| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr
-| i<span style="color:blue">b</span>èr<span style="color:green">t</span>
-|-
-{{inflection-table-bottom}}
-==Syntax==
+==="To be"===
-===Word order===
+====Existential ''bì''====
-Scots Norse word order is incredibly strict, relying more on particles than word order for changing the sentence type. The typical order is:
+Likely under the influence of Irish, the verb "bìodh" (Old Norse "bíða") shifted to an existential copula, expressing existence, location, and condition, rather than an impersonal one, while an odd development, the extreme influence of the Gaelic languages does well explain it, in this sense it's most often spelt "bì", with the various endings being appended with an apostrophe, as in "bì'ir" or "bì'adhist", in these forms it is often pronounced /bj-/, thus /bjəjʃt/ for "bì'adhist".
-#Preverbal particle(s)
-#Verb
-#Postverbal particle(s)
-#Subject
-#Preposition(s) (usually)
-#Direct object or predicate adjective
-#Indirect object
-An example:
+{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(5)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case
-{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(1)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case
+|bì'ir Gud
-| èthir mic hi màth.
+|EXIST.PRES God.DIR
-| eat.PRES 1sg the food.DIR
+|God exists
-| I eat the food.
+}}
+{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(6)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case
+|bì'ir hìnhar eplar o ghình moerdh
+|EXIST.PRES the.PL.DIR apple.PL.DIR on the.DAT table.DAT
+|the apples are on the table
 }}
-Prepositions are placed largely as in English, but the usage can often differ, eg. "i" ("in") goes before the direct object, but is also used for many other things, such as "under" in "under construction" ("i miùeghi", literally "in building").
+''bì'' has developed in such a way where a noun phrase cannot directly act as the predicate, instead needing to be preceded by ''u'', as in:
-Adjectives and genitives, much like in Gàidhlig, come after the noun, eg. "blòemh ròdh" for "red flower" and "blòemh mì" for "my flower".
+====Copulative ''vèr''====
-{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(2)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case
+The verb {{l|snon|vèr}} acts as the so-called "equative 'to be'", eg. the verb "to be" as used to mean "X = Y", as in:
-|{⟨i⟩ mlòmhir ⟨u⟩} blòm ròdh mì
+{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(8)
-|⟨CONT⟩bloom.PRES flower.DIR red.DIR 1sg.POSS
+|vèrir mic sèl
-|
+|COP.PRES 1sg happy
+|I am happy
 }}
-===Questions and answers===
+"vèr" in the present tense can often be dropped when paired with an emphatic pronoun, compare '''''vèrir mic hi dèter.''''' vs. '''''mìnhich hi dèter.''''', both meaning "I am the teacher."
-Scots Norse lacks a true equivalent to "no", the closest thing being "è(gh)" ("not"), which can often be used on it's own when a form of "be" + "not" suffices for an answer, as in:
-{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(3)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case
+When saying "this/that is", "tèsh" and "ta" are used, with the verb dropped in the present tense.
-| vàrt mèlir tic vidmì?
+:(5a) ''tèsh thèter mì'' "This (is) my teacher"
-| Q speak.PRES 2sg with.1sg
+:(5b) ''ta hi dèter'' "That's the teacher"
-| Will you speak with me?
-}}
+"in him/her" can also be used with an adjective to intensify it.
-{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=&emsp;(3.1)|indent=6
+{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(9)
-| ègh
+|vèrir ha zèol h'ighaz
-| NEG
+|COP.PRES 3sg.M happy in.3sg.M
-| I won't
+|He is happy
 }}
-Following this usage of "ègh", "ghià" (Old Norse "já") is often used as an affirmative, as in:
+{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(10)
-{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(4)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case
+|vèrir hành bhrìa h'ighenh
-| vàrt èthist tic màenh-màls vidmìnhic?
+|COP.PRES 3sg.F beautiful in.3sg.F
-| Q eat.FUT 2sg dinner.DIR with.1sg.EMP
+|She is beautiful
-| Will you eat dinner with me?
-}}
-{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=&emsp;(4.1)|indent=6
-| ghià!
-| AFF
-| I will!
 }}
-As has likely been noticed by now, questions consistently contain "vàrt" at the beginning, this is a general question particle, akin to Gàidhlig "an".
+===Evidentiality===
+Evidentiality in Scots Norse is entirely analytical, though based on the verb. There are three main classes of evidentials; the factual, the direct, and the indirect. The factual is distinguished from the direct by moreso conveying what is known to be correct than what is witnessed to be correct, eg. "humans need oxygen" vs "the injured dog has healed (and I saw it)", the former being factual while the latter is direct.
-==="To be"===
+The factual is typically formed through a verbs' indicative, but it can also take the long infinitive of "bì" ("bìthich"; "to exist") for emphasis, such as:
-====Existential ''bì''====
+{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(11)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case
-Likely under the influence of Irish, the verb "bìodh" (Old Norse "bíða") shifted to an existential copula, expressing existence, location, and condition, rather than an impersonal one, while an odd development, the extreme influence of the Gaelic languages does well explain it, in this sense it's most often spelt "bì", with the various endings being appended with an apostrophe, as in "bì'ir" or "bì'adhist", in these forms it is often pronounced /bj-/, thus /bjəjʃt/ for "bì'adhist".
+|crevhir me màth
+|require.PRES human.DIR.PL food.DIR
+|humans require food
+}}
+{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(12)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case
+|crevhir bìthich me màth
+|require.PRES EXIST.INF human.DIR.PL food.DIR
+|humans require food (and I ''know'' it)
+}}
-{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(5)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case
+The direct is typically formed with the past infinitive of "sià" ("siàthadh"; "perceived"), thus:
-|bì'ir Gud
+{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(13)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case
-|EXIST.PRES God.DIR
+|{⟨as⟩ lèocnscir ⟨u⟩} siàthadh hi gù
-|God exists
+|⟨PERF⟩heal.PRES.IMPRS see.PAST.INF the.DIR dog.DIR
+|the dog has healed (and I saw it)
 }}
-{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(6)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case
+The indirect tends to be formed with the past infinitive of "seogh" ("seoghadh"; "told"):
-|bì'ir hìnhar eplar o ghình moerdh
+{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(14)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case
-|EXIST.PRES the.PL.DIR apple.PL.DIR on the.DAT table.DAT
+|fàradhir seoghadh tèr circh
-|the apples are on the table
+|fare.PAST tell.PAST.INF 3pl church.DAT
+|they went to church (so I was told)
 }}
-''bì'' has developed in such a way where a noun phrase cannot directly act as the predicate, instead needing to be preceded by ''u'', as in:
+To better show all three classes, the sentence "he went home" will be used to show each.
+{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(15a)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case
+|fàradhir (bìthich) ha hèmh
-====Copulative ''vèr''====
+|fare.PAST (EXIST.INF) 3sg.m home.DAT
-The verb {{l|snon|vèr}} acts as the so-called "equative 'to be'", eg. the verb "to be" as used to mean "X = Y", as in:
+|he went home
-{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(8)
+}}
-|vèrir mic sèl
+{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(15b)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case
-|COP.PRES 1sg happy
+|fàradhir siàthadh ha hèmh
-|I am happy
+|fare.PAST perceive.PAST.INF 3sg.m home.DAT
+|(I saw that) he went home
+}}
+{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(15b)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case
+|fàradhir seoghadh ha hèmh
+|fare.PAST tell.PAST.INF 3sg.m home.DAT
+|(I was told that) he went home
 }}
+==Texts==
+===UDHR Article 1===
+:'''Original (English)'''
+All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
-"vèr" in the present tense can often be dropped when paired with an emphatic pronoun, compare '''''vèrir mic hi dèter.''''' vs. '''''mìnhich hi dèter.''''', both meaning "I am the teacher."
+:'''Old Norse (modern translation)'''
+Allir menn eru bornir frjálsir ok jafnir at virðingu ok réttum. Þeir eru allir viti gœddir ok samvizku, ok skulu gøra hvárr til annars bróðurliga.
-When saying "this/that is", "tèsh" and "ta" are used, with the verb dropped in the present tense.
+:'''Scots Norse'''
-:(5a) ''tèsh thèter mì'' "This (is) my teacher"
+vèrir me n'al bhòri vrials 's ghiab, vhèrin vhirdhi 's rèth h'attì. vèrin giòedh 's sabasc h'attì, 's scùl ghiòer hinhar til bròdhligh.
-:(5b) ''ta hi dèter'' "That's the teacher"
+:"all men are born free and equal, having dignity and rights. they have reason and conscience, and should act to eachother as a brotherhood"
-"in him/her" can also be used with an adjective to intensify it.
+===The Cold Winter is Near===
-{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(9)
+{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
-|vèrir ha zèol h'ighaz
+! Scots Norse
-|COP.PRES 3sg.M happy in.3sg.M
+!
-|He is happy
+! English
-}}
+|-
+| vèrir hi bèth cald faisg, fàr cathadh hèr.
-{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(10)
+| &emsp;
-|vèrir hành bhrìa h'ighenh
+| style="font-style:italic;" | The cold winter is near, a blizzard will come.
-|COP.PRES 3sg.F beautiful in.3sg.F
+|-
-|She is beautiful
+| fhiàr hùs varm mhì, n'a vhìonh.
-}}
+|
+| style="font-style:italic;" | Come in my warm house, o' friend.
-===Evidentiality===
+|-
-Evidentiality in Scots Norse is entirely analytical, though based on the verb. There are three main classes of evidentials; the factual, the direct, and the indirect. The factual is distinguished from the direct by moreso conveying what is known to be correct than what is witnessed to be correct, eg. "humans need oxygen" vs "the injured dog has healed (and I saw it)", the former being factual while the latter is direct.
+| velkùmha! fàr hèr, siuingh 's dans, èth 's drech!
+|
+| style="font-style:italic;" | Welcome! Come here, sing and dance, eat and drink!
+|-
+| vèrir tesh ètlin mhì.
+|
+| style="font-style:italic;" | That is my plan.
+|-
+| bìthir vat, 's al, 's miòlc go niù frà hi giù unì!
+|
+| style="font-style:italic;" | We have water, beer, and fresh milk from the cow.
+|-
+| ò, 's sùp varm!
+|
+| style="font-style:italic;" | Oh, and warm soup!
+|}
-The factual is typically formed through a verbs' indicative, but it can also take the long infinitive of "bì" ("bìthich"; "to exist") for emphasis, such as:
+==Vocabulary==
-{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(11)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case
+===Phrasebook===
-|crevhir me màth
+{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:center;"
-|require.PRES human.DIR.PL food.DIR
+|- style="font-weight:bold;"
-|humans require food
+! colspan="3" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Greetings
-}}
+|- style="font-weight:bold;"
-{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(12)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case
+! Scots Norse
-|crevhir bìthich me màth
+! English
-|require.PRES EXIST.INF human.DIR.PL food.DIR
+! Usage notes
-|humans require food (and I ''know'' it)
+|-
-}}
+| {{l|snon|velcùmha}}
+| welcome
+| style="font-style:italic;" |
+|-
+| {{l|snon|morgu ngòdh}} (masc), {{l|snon|morgu ngòd}} (fem), {{l|snon|morgu ngòdhar}} (pl)
+| good morning
+| rowspan=3 style="font-style:italic;" | must agree for gender
+|-
+| {{l|snon|afta ngòdh}} (masc), {{l|snon|afta ngòd}} (fem), {{l|snon|afta ngòdhar}} (pl)
+| good evening
+|-
+| {{l|snon|dàgh ghòdh}} (masc), {{l|snon|dàgh ghòd}} (fem), {{l|snon|dàgh ghòdhar}} (pl)
+| good day, (formal) hello
+|-
+| {{l|snon|farvel}}
+| farewell, goodbye
+|-
+| {{l|snon|halò}}
+| hello, hi
+| rowspan=2 style="font-style:italic;" | casual
+|-
+| {{l|snon|bái}}
+| (good)bye
+|-
+|}
-The direct is typically formed with the past infinitive of "sià" ("siàthadh"; "perceived"), thus:
-{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(13)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case
-|{⟨as⟩ lèocnscir ⟨u⟩} siàthadh hi gù
-|⟨PERF⟩heal.PRES.IMPRS see.PAST.INF the.DIR dog.DIR
-|the dog has healed (and I saw it)
-}}
-The indirect tends to be formed with the past infinitive of "seogh" ("seoghadh"; "told"):
+{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:center;"
-{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(14)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case
+|- style="font-weight:bold;"
-|fàradhir seoghadh tèr circh
+! colspan="3" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Introductions
-|fare.PAST tell.PAST.INF 3pl church.DAT
+|- style="font-style:normal; font-weight:bold;"
-|they went to church (so I was told)
+! Scots Norse
-}}
+! English
+|-
+| style="font-style:normal;" | {{l|snon|vàrt}} {{l|snon|bìthir}} {{l|snon|nav}} {{l|snon|atì}}?
+| what is your name? <small>''(lit. "what name have you?")''</small>
+|-
+| style="font-style:normal;" | {{l|snon|bì|bìthir}} {{l|snon|hi}} {{l|snon|nav}} ... {{l|snon|u|atmì}}
+| my name is... <small>''(lit. "I have the name...")''</small>
+|-
+| style="font-style:normal;" | {{l|snon|vernig}} {{l|snon|tù}}?; {{l|snon|vergù}}?
+| how are you?
+|-
+| style="font-style:normal;" | {{l|snon|vèrir}} {{l|snon|mic}} [], {{l|snon|'s}} {{l|snon|tù}}?
+| I am [adj], and you?
+|-
+| style="font-style:normal;" | {{l|snon|vàrt}} {{l|snon|fàr|fàradhir}} {{l|snon|frà}} {{l|snon|tù}} {{l|snon|ver}}?
+| where are you from?
+|-
+| style="font-style:normal;" | {{l|snon|fàradhir}} {{l|snon|frà}} {{l|snon|mic}}...
+| I am from...
+|}
-To better show all three classes, the sentence "he went home" will be used to show each.
+===Numerals===
-{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(15a)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case
+{|class="wikitable"
-|fàradhir (bìthich) ha hèmh
+!1
-|fare.PAST (EXIST.INF) 3sg.m home.DAT
+|{{l|snon|è}}
-|he went home
-}}
-{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(15b)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case
-|fàradhir siàthadh ha hèmh
-|fare.PAST perceive.PAST.INF 3sg.m home.DAT
-|(I saw that) he went home
-}}
-{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(15b)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case
-|fàradhir seoghadh ha hèmh
-|fare.PAST tell.PAST.INF 3sg.m home.DAT
-|(I was told that) he went home
-}}
-==Texts==
-===UDHR Article 1===
-:'''Original (English)'''
-All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
-:'''Old Norse (modern translation)'''
-Allir menn eru bornir frjálsir ok jafnir at virðingu ok réttum. Þeir eru allir viti gœddir ok samvizku, ok skulu gøra hvárr til annars bróðurliga.
-:'''Scots Norse'''
-vèrir me n'al bhòri vrials 's ghiab, vhèrin vhirdhi 's rèth h'attì. vèrin giòedh 's sabasc h'attì, 's scùl ghiòer hinhar til bròdhligh.
-:"all men are born free and equal, having dignity and rights. they have reason and conscience, and should act to eachother as a brotherhood"
-===The Cold Winter is Near===
-{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
-! Scots Norse
-!
-! English
 |-
-| vèrir hi bèth cald faisg, fàr cathadh hèr.
+!2
-| &emsp;
+|{{l|snon|tfè}}, {{l|snon|tfèr}}
-| style="font-style:italic;" | The cold winter is near, a blizzard will come.
+|-
+!3
+|{{l|snon|trì}}
 |-
-| fhiàr hùs varm mhì, n'a vhìonh.
+!4
-|
+|{{l|snon|fiòer}}
-| style="font-style:italic;" | Come in my warm house, o' friend.
 |-
-| velkùmha! fàr hèr, siuingh 's dans, èth 's drech!
+!5
-|
+|{{l|snon|fi}}
-| style="font-style:italic;" | Welcome! Come here, sing and dance, eat and drink!
 |-
-| vèrir tesh ètlin mhì.
+!6
-|
+|{{l|snon|siach}}
-| style="font-style:italic;" | That is my plan.
 |-
-| bìthir vat, 's al, 's miòlc go niù frà hi giù unì!
+!7
-|
+|{{l|snon|siò}}
-| style="font-style:italic;" | We have water, beer, and fresh milk from the cow.
 |-
-| ò, 's sùp varm!
+!8
-|
+|{{l|snon|àth}}
-| style="font-style:italic;" | Oh, and warm soup!
+|-
-|}
+!9
+|{{l|snon|niù}}
-==Vocabulary==
+|-
-===Phrasebook===
+!10
-===Numerals===
+|{{l|snon|tiù}}
+|-
+!11
+|{{l|snon|eliovh}}
+|-
+!12
+|{{l|snon|tòlv}}
+|-
+|}
 ===Colors===
 ===Time===
@@ Line 1,999: / Line 2,075: @@
 | munnr</br>mynni
 | {{l|snon|mun}}</br>{{l|snon|miuin}}
-| munnur, mynni
+| munnur</br>mynni
-| mun, mynne
+| mun</br>mynne
 |-
 |6
@@ Line 2,074: / Line 2,150: @@
 |16
 | louse ([[:w:Phthiraptera|Phthirapteron]])
-|
+| lús
-|
+| {{l|snon|lùs}}
-|
+| lús
+| lus
 |-
 |17
 | wing
-|
+| vængr
-|
+| {{l|snon|vèngh}}
-|
+| vængur
+| vinge
 |-
 |18
 | flesh/meat
-|
+| hold
-|
+| {{l|snon|hold}}
-|
+| hold
+| hull
 |-
 |19
@@ Line 2,099: / Line 2,178: @@
 |20
 | fly ([[:w:Fly|Dipteron]])
-|
+| fluga
-|
+| {{l|snon|flùgh}}
-|
+| fluga
+| fluga
 |-
 |21
@@ Line 2,112: / Line 2,192: @@
 |22
 | ear
-|
+| eyra
-|
+| {{l|snon|or}}
-|
+| eyra
+| ör(a)
 |-
 |23
 | neck
-|
+| hals
-|
+| {{l|snon|hàls}}
-|
+| háls
+| hals
 |-
 |24
 | far (prep.)
-|
+| fjarri
-|
+| {{l|snon|fiaer}}
-|
+| fjarri
+| fjärran
 |-
 |25
 | to do/make
-|
+| gera
-|
+| {{l|snon|gèor}}
-|
+| gera, gjöra
+| göra
 |-
 |26
@@ Line 2,182: / Line 2,266: @@
 | einn
 | {{l|snon|è}}
+| einn
+| en
 |-
 |34
@@ Line 2,193: / Line 2,279: @@
 | hann</br>hǫ́n</br>þat
 | {{l|snon|ha}}</br>{{l|snon|hành}}
+| hann</br>hún, hón
+| han</br>hon
 |-
 |36
@@ Line 2,322: / Line 2,410: @@
 | eigi
 | {{l|snon|è}}, {{l|snon|i-}}
+| eigi, ei, ekki
+| ej, icke
 |-
 |57
@@ Line 2,334: / Line 2,424: @@
 | kunna</br>(a person) kenna
 | {{l|snon|cunh}}
+| kunna
+| kunna
 |-
 |59
@@ Line 2,393: / Line 2,485: @@
 | feldr</br> skinn, húð
 | {{l|snon|feld}}</br> {{l|snon|sci}}, {{l|snon|hùd}}
+| feldur
+| fäll
 |-
 |69
@@ Line 2,426: / Line 2,520: @@
 |74
 | old
-|
+| gamall
 | {{l|snon|ald}}
-|
+| gamall
+| gammal
 |-
 |75
@@ Line 2,434: / Line 2,529: @@
 | eta
 | {{l|snon|èth}}
+| eta, éta
+| äta
 |-
 |76
@@ Line 2,542: / Line 2,639: @@
 | fugl
 | {{l|snon|fùghl}}
+| fugl
+| fågel, fogel
 |-
 |94
@@ Line 2,571: / Line 2,670: @@
 | í
 | {{l|snon|i}}
+| í
+| i
 |-
 |99