Scots Norse: Difference between revisions

(13 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)

Line 25:

|familycolor=Indo-European

|nation=Scotland

|speakers=(L1) 2,~~000~~

|speakers=(L1) 2,500

|speakers2=(L2) < 50,000

|date=~~2019~~

|date=2020

|map=File:Lang Status 20-CR.svg

|mapcaption=Scots Norse is classified as [[w:Critically endangered language|critically endangered]] by the UNESCO ''[[w:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger|Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]''

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}}

Scots Norse ([[w:Autonym|Autonym]]: {{l|snon|Agharsc}} /ˈəːɾsk/) is a West Nordic language spoken in the Hebrides most closely related to [[w:Norn|Norn]], less so to [[w:Icelandic|Icelandic]] and [[w:Faroese|Faroese]], and quite distantly to [[w:Swedish|Swedish]], [[w:Norwegian|Norwegian]], and [[w:Danish|Danish]]. It has extremely significant influence from mainly [[w:Scottish Gaelic|Scots]] and [[w:Irish|Irish]] [[w:Goidelic languages|Gaelic]], and less so from the [[w:Germanic languages|Germanic]] languages [[w:Scots language|Scots]] and [[w:English language|English]]. The Gaelic influence is most noticeable in the [[w:~~Morphophonology~~|~~morphophonology~~]] of Scots Norse, both with the [[w:palatalization (linguistics)|slender]]/[[w:velarization|broad]] distinction in [[w:consonants|consonants]] and the presence of [[w:consonant mutation|initial consonant mutation]].

Scots Norse ([[w:Autonym|Autonym]]: {{l|snon|Agharsc}} /ˈəːɾsk/) is a West Nordic language spoken in the Hebrides most closely related to [[w:Norn|Norn]], less so to [[w:Icelandic|Icelandic]] and [[w:Faroese|Faroese]], and quite distantly to [[w:Swedish|Swedish]], [[w:Norwegian|Norwegian]], and [[w:Danish|Danish]]. It has extremely significant influence from mainly [[w:Scottish Gaelic|Scots]] and [[w:Irish|Irish]] [[w:Goidelic languages|Gaelic]], and less so from the [[w:Germanic languages|Germanic]] languages [[w:Scots language|Scots]] and [[w:English language|English]]. The Gaelic influence is most noticeable in the [[w:Morphology|morphology]] and [[w:Phonology|phonology]] of Scots Norse, both with the [[w:palatalization (linguistics)|slender]]/[[w:velarization|broad]] distinction in [[w:consonants|consonants]] and the presence of [[w:consonant mutation|initial consonant mutation]].

Scots Norse has roughly eleven [[w:dialect|dialects]] that form the language's two [[w:dialect continuum|dialect continuums]], these being ''Western'' and ''Eastern'' Scots Norse respectively, these are further divided into specific dialects. All [[w:variety (linguistics)|varieties]] of Scots Norse are written using the [[w:Latin script|Latin script]], employing [[w:Gaelic Type|Gaelic Type]] or [[w:Insular Script|Insular]] as the [[w:script|hand]], this acts as a notable exception to the general notion that Gaelic Type and Insular only survive for ornamental or historical usages, as they are still the primary hand used for Scots Norse.

Line 56:

Since the early 1990's, Scots Norse has gained a small but dedicated community of linguists that are determined to further document it and make resources more readily available. As of 2018, an online course has been published that goes over Standard Scots Norse, and it has been continually updated since then, improving the quality and extent of the contents, having started out as a rather barebones description of the phonology, orthography, and rudimentary grammar.

==Development==

The development of Scots Norse is one of the best understood aspects of the language, owing to its extreme divergence being an interest to linguists.

===Pre-Scots Norse===

This is the form of Scots Norse when it was still a dialect of Old Norse

*lengthening of stressed vowels in open syllables

*loss of gemination

*final /r̩/ and nominal singular /ɑr, ir/ > /ə/

*final front vowels > /ʲə/, final back vowels to /ə/

*hl, hv, hr > l, v, r

*/ɣ/ > /g/

*/w/ > /v/, causing /f/ [v] to merge back with [f], thus "arfa" [ɑr.vɑ] > [ɑr.fə] (modern /əɾf/)

*/θ, ð/ > /t, d/, with a few cases of /θ, ð/ > /f, v/

*diphthong flattening, /øy, ɒu/ > /øː, oː/

*merger of mid-high and mid-low vowels

*e > ja occasionally when Proto-Germanic *e (typically becomes ja in Old Norse anyways)

*/Cj/ > /Cʲ/

===Sudrey Norse===

Sudrey Norse, also occasionally called "Middle Scots Norse", is the stage directly before Modern, it is in no way intelligible with the modern language.

*development of slender/broad/plain distinction

*front round vowels become slender back vowels

*short vowels > /ɪ, ɛ, ə, ʊ, ɔ/

*long vowels > /i, e, ɑ, u, o/

*loss of /ə/ between two sonorants (such as /jər/ > /ir/), unless part of an inflectional ending.

*unstressed vowels to /ə/.

*/r/ becomes /ɾ/ intervocalically?

===Modern Scots Norse===

*mutations develop through the loss of word final sounds

**lenition: from being intervocalic

**eclipsis: from nasal clusters

*several palatalized sounds shift:

**/s, z, n, l, k, g, h, ɣ/ > /ʃ, ʒ, ɲ, ʎ, c, ɟ, ç, ʝ/

==Phonology==

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Most parts of speech are split among three "types" or "classes" based on the mutation they cause in the following word, these are called "radical", "lenite", and "eclipse", and they generally don't affect the word itself. Verbs form the primary exception, as they very consistently follow a single pattern, with the dictionary form (the infinitive) always being a lenite.

A set of colors will be applied within the tables here, each color highlighting a specific thing.

*red: the ending.

*blue: the mutation.

*green: the impersonal infix. (for verbs)

*purple: the mutation within the ending. (for prepositions)

===Nominals===

====Nouns====

Scots Norse nouns decline for three cases (direct, genitive, and dative), two genders (masculine and feminine), and two numbers (singular and plural). The direct comes the merging of the nominative and the accusative, the two having fell together due to sound changes. The definite forms distinctive of the Nordic languages have been dropped in favor of the standalone article {{l|snon|hi}}.

Nouns generally follow two patterns, which themselves are incredibly similar, the only true distinction being the direct plural, which is -ar in the masculine and -ir in the feminine. Another distinction is the direct singular, where the coda can appear broad in slender roots, such as {{l|snon|bèodh}}, with a root of ''bèdh-'', though this distinction only really exists for elder speakers.

=====Masculines=====

The following set of tables will display a few examples of the native masculine pattern.

{{inflection-table-top|palette=blue|title=Native masculine nouns|tall=yes}}

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===Verbs===

Many significant changes have happened to the verb system since Old Norse, notably both the mood and voice distinctions have been lost. The active indicative has descended into the present and past tense, while the active subjunctive was lost entirely. The mediopassive became the future and imperative (the mood distinction in the mediopassive largely having already collapsed in Old Norse). The reciprocal, originally formed through the mediopassive, has entirely been replaced by {{l|snon|hinhar}}. The ~~original imperative is seemingly preserved as the~~ impersonal ~~form (hence the "~~-sc-"), ~~later having~~ the ~~endings appended~~ to it ~~after they became generally leveled to a single regular pattern~~.

Many significant changes have happened to the verb system since Old Norse, notably both the mood and voice distinctions have been lost. The active indicative has descended into the present and past tense, while the active subjunctive was lost entirely. The mediopassive became the future and imperative (the mood distinction in the mediopassive largely having already collapsed in Old Norse). The reciprocal, originally formed through the mediopassive, has entirely been replaced by {{l|snon|hinhar}}. The impersonal {{l|snon|-t-}} likely descends from a reduced form of Old Norse ''þat'', the development similar to English ''it'' as an impersonal pronoun.

~~Verbs have reduced~~ to such a limited number of forms that ~~analogy and sound changes have~~ leveled them all down to essentially ~~one pattern~~ (excluding a few irregular verbs), which seemingly ~~descends~~ from Old Norse's weak class 2 ~~pattern~~.

The reduction of verbs to such a limited number of forms led to analogy that leveled them all down to essentially two patterns (excluding a few irregular verbs), which seemingly descend from Old Norse's weak class 2.

{{inflection-table-top|title=Conjugation of {{l|snon|tàl}}|palette=blue|tall=yes}}

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''bì'' has developed in such a way where a noun phrase cannot directly act as the predicate, instead needing to be preceded by ''u'', as in:

====Copulative ''vèr''====

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|I am happy

}}

"vèr" in the present tense can often be dropped when paired with an emphatic pronoun, compare '''''vèrir mic hi dèter.''''' vs. '''''mìnhich hi dèter.''''', both meaning "I am the teacher."

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! colspan="3" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Greetings

|- style="font-weight:bold;"

! ~~Gothevian~~

! Scots Norse

! English

! Usage notes

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| (good)bye

|-

|}

{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:center;"

|- style="font-weight:bold;"

! colspan="3" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Introductions

|- style="font-style:normal; font-weight:bold;"

! Scots Norse

! English

|-

| style="font-style:normal;" | {{l|snon|vàrt}} {{l|snon|bìthir}} {{l|snon|nav}} {{l|snon|atì}}?

| what is your name? ''(lit. "what name have you?")''

|-

| style="font-style:normal;" | {{l|snon|bì|bìthir}} {{l|snon|hi}} {{l|snon|nav}} ... {{l|snon|u|atmì}}

| my name is... ''(lit. "I have the name...")''

|-

| style="font-style:normal;" | {{l|snon|vernig}} {{l|snon|tù}}?; {{l|snon|vergù}}?

| how are you?

|-

| style="font-style:normal;" | {{l|snon|vèrir}} {{l|snon|mic}} [], {{l|snon|'s}} {{l|snon|tù}}?

| I am [adj], and you?

|-

| style="font-style:normal;" | {{l|snon|vàrt}} {{l|snon|fàr|fàradhir}} {{l|snon|frà}} {{l|snon|tù}} {{l|snon|ver}}?

| where are you from?

|-

| style="font-style:normal;" | {{l|snon|fàradhir}} {{l|snon|frà}} {{l|snon|mic}}...

| I am from...

|}

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| munnrmynni

| {{l|snon|mun}}{{l|snon|miuin}}

| munnur, mynni

| munnurmynni

| mun, mynne

| munmynne

|-

|6

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|16

| louse ([[:w:Phthiraptera|Phthirapteron]])

|

| lús

|

| {{l|snon|lùs}}

|

| lús

| lus

|-

|17

| wing

|

| vængr

|

| {{l|snon|vèngh}}

|

| vængur

| vinge

|-

|18

| flesh/meat

|

| hold

|

| {{l|snon|hold}}

|

| hold

| hull

|-

|19

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|20

| fly ([[:w:Fly|Dipteron]])

|

| fluga

|

| {{l|snon|flùgh}}

|

| fluga

|-

|21

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|22

| ear

|

| eyra

|

| {{l|snon|or}}

|

| eyra

| ör(a)

|-

|23

| neck

|

| hals

|

| {{l|snon|hàls}}

|

| háls

| hals

|-

|24

| far (prep.)

|

| fjarri

|

| {{l|snon|fiaer}}

|

| fjarri

| fjärran

|-

|25

| to do/make

|

| gera

|

| {{l|snon|gèor}}

|

| gera, gjöra

| göra

|-

|26

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| einn

| {{l|snon|è}}

| einn

| en

|-

|34

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| hannhǫ́nþat

| {{l|snon|ha}}{{l|snon|hành}}

| hannhún, hón

| hanhon

|-

|36

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| eigi

| {{l|snon|è}}, {{l|snon|i-}}

| eigi, ei, ekki

| ej, icke

|-

|57

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| kunna(a person) kenna

| {{l|snon|cunh}}

| kunna

|-

|59

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| feldr skinn, húð

| {{l|snon|feld}} {{l|snon|sci}}, {{l|snon|hùd}}

| feldur

| fäll

|-

|69

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|74

| old

|

| gamall

| {{l|snon|ald}}

|

| gamall

| gammal

|-

|75

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| eta

| {{l|snon|èth}}

| eta, éta

| äta

|-

|76

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| fugl

| {{l|snon|fùghl}}

| fugl

| fågel, fogel

|-

|94

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| í

| {{l|snon|i}}

| í

| i

|-

|99

@@ Line 25: / Line 25: @@
 |familycolor=Indo-European
 |nation=Scotland
-|speakers=(L1) 2,000
+|speakers=(L1) 2,500
 |speakers2=(L2) < 50,000
-|date=2019
+|date=2020
 |map=File:Lang Status 20-CR.svg
 |mapcaption=Scots Norse is classified as [[w:Critically endangered language|critically endangered]] by the UNESCO ''[[w:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger|Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]''
@@ Line 33: / Line 33: @@
 }}
-Scots Norse ([[w:Autonym|Autonym]]: {{l|snon|Agharsc}} /ˈəːɾsk/) is a West Nordic language spoken in the Hebrides most closely related to [[w:Norn|Norn]], less so to [[w:Icelandic|Icelandic]] and [[w:Faroese|Faroese]], and quite distantly to [[w:Swedish|Swedish]], [[w:Norwegian|Norwegian]], and [[w:Danish|Danish]]. It has extremely significant influence from mainly [[w:Scottish Gaelic|Scots]] and [[w:Irish|Irish]] [[w:Goidelic languages|Gaelic]], and less so from the [[w:Germanic languages|Germanic]] languages [[w:Scots language|Scots]] and [[w:English language|English]]. The Gaelic influence is most noticeable in the [[w:Morphophonology|morphophonology]] of Scots Norse, both with the [[w:palatalization (linguistics)|slender]]/[[w:velarization|broad]] distinction in [[w:consonants|consonants]] and the presence of [[w:consonant mutation|initial consonant mutation]].
+Scots Norse ([[w:Autonym|Autonym]]: {{l|snon|Agharsc}} /ˈəːɾsk/) is a West Nordic language spoken in the Hebrides most closely related to [[w:Norn|Norn]], less so to [[w:Icelandic|Icelandic]] and [[w:Faroese|Faroese]], and quite distantly to [[w:Swedish|Swedish]], [[w:Norwegian|Norwegian]], and [[w:Danish|Danish]]. It has extremely significant influence from mainly [[w:Scottish Gaelic|Scots]] and [[w:Irish|Irish]] [[w:Goidelic languages|Gaelic]], and less so from the [[w:Germanic languages|Germanic]] languages [[w:Scots language|Scots]] and [[w:English language|English]]. The Gaelic influence is most noticeable in the [[w:Morphology|morphology]] and [[w:Phonology|phonology]] of Scots Norse, both with the [[w:palatalization (linguistics)|slender]]/[[w:velarization|broad]] distinction in [[w:consonants|consonants]] and the presence of [[w:consonant mutation|initial consonant mutation]].
 Scots Norse has roughly eleven [[w:dialect|dialects]] that form the language's two [[w:dialect continuum|dialect continuums]], these being ''Western'' and ''Eastern'' Scots Norse respectively, these are further divided into specific dialects. All [[w:variety (linguistics)|varieties]] of Scots Norse are written using the [[w:Latin script|Latin script]], employing [[w:Gaelic Type|Gaelic Type]] or [[w:Insular Script|Insular]] as the [[w:script|hand]], this acts as a notable exception to the general notion that Gaelic Type and Insular only survive for ornamental or historical usages, as they are still the primary hand used for Scots Norse.
@@ Line 56: / Line 56: @@
 Since the early 1990's, Scots Norse has gained a small but dedicated community of linguists that are determined to further document it and make resources more readily available. As of 2018, an online course has been published that goes over Standard Scots Norse, and it has been continually updated since then, improving the quality and extent of the contents, having started out as a rather barebones description of the phonology, orthography, and rudimentary grammar.
+==Development==
+The development of Scots Norse is one of the best understood aspects of the language, owing to its extreme divergence being an interest to linguists.
+===Pre-Scots Norse===
+This is the form of Scots Norse when it was still a dialect of Old Norse
+*lengthening of stressed vowels in open syllables
+*loss of gemination
+*final /r̩/ and nominal singular /ɑr, ir/ > /ə/
+*final front vowels > /ʲə/, final back vowels to /ə/
+*hl, hv, hr > l, v, r
+*/ɣ/ > /g/
+*/w/ > /v/, causing /f/ [v] to merge back with [f], thus "arfa" [ɑr.vɑ] > [ɑr.fə] (modern /əɾf/)
+*/θ, ð/ > /t, d/, with a few cases of /θ, ð/ > /f, v/
+*diphthong flattening, /øy, ɒu/ > /øː, oː/
+*merger of mid-high and mid-low vowels
+*e > ja occasionally when Proto-Germanic *e (typically becomes ja in Old Norse anyways)
+*/Cj/ > /Cʲ/
+===Sudrey Norse===
+Sudrey Norse, also occasionally called "Middle Scots Norse", is the stage directly before Modern, it is in no way intelligible with the modern language.
+*development of slender/broad/plain distinction
+*front round vowels become slender back vowels
+*short vowels > /ɪ, ɛ, ə, ʊ, ɔ/
+*long vowels > /i, e, ɑ, u, o/
+*loss of /ə/ between two sonorants (such as /jər/ > /ir/), unless part of an inflectional ending.
+*unstressed vowels to /ə/.
+*/r/ becomes /ɾ/ intervocalically<sup>?</sup>
+===Modern Scots Norse===
+*mutations develop through the loss of word final sounds
+**lenition: from being intervocalic
+**eclipsis: from nasal clusters
+*several palatalized sounds shift:
+**/s, z, n, l, k, g, h, ɣ/ > /ʃ, ʒ, ɲ, ʎ, c, ɟ, ç, ʝ/
 ==Phonology==
@@ Line 583: / Line 619: @@
 Most parts of speech are split among three "types" or "classes" based on the mutation they cause in the following word, these are called "radical", "lenite", and "eclipse", and they generally don't affect the word itself. Verbs form the primary exception, as they very consistently follow a single pattern, with the dictionary form (the infinitive) always being a lenite.
+A set of colors will be applied within the tables here, each color highlighting a specific thing.
+*red: the ending.
+*blue: the mutation.
+*green: the impersonal infix. (for verbs)
+*purple: the mutation within the ending. (for prepositions)
 ===Nominals===
 ====Nouns====
 Scots Norse nouns decline for three cases (direct, genitive, and dative), two genders (masculine and feminine), and two numbers (singular and plural). The direct comes the merging of the nominative and the accusative, the two having fell together due to sound changes. The definite forms distinctive of the Nordic languages have been dropped in favor of the standalone article {{l|snon|hi}}.
+Nouns generally follow two patterns, which themselves are incredibly similar, the only true distinction being the direct plural, which is -ar in the masculine and -ir in the feminine. Another distinction is the direct singular, where the coda can appear broad in slender roots, such as {{l|snon|bèodh}}, with a root of ''bèdh-'', though this distinction only really exists for elder speakers.
+=====Masculines=====
 The following set of tables will display a few examples of the native masculine pattern.
 {{inflection-table-top|palette=blue|title=Native masculine nouns|tall=yes}}
@@ Line 1,123: / Line 1,166: @@
 ===Verbs===
-Many significant changes have happened to the verb system since Old Norse, notably both the mood and voice distinctions have been lost. The active indicative has descended into the present and past tense, while the active subjunctive was lost entirely. The mediopassive became the future and imperative (the mood distinction in the mediopassive largely having already collapsed in Old Norse). The reciprocal, originally formed through the mediopassive, has entirely been replaced by {{l|snon|hinhar}}. The original imperative is seemingly preserved as the impersonal form (hence the "-sc-"), later having the endings appended to it after they became generally leveled to a single regular pattern.
+Many significant changes have happened to the verb system since Old Norse, notably both the mood and voice distinctions have been lost. The active indicative has descended into the present and past tense, while the active subjunctive was lost entirely. The mediopassive became the future and imperative (the mood distinction in the mediopassive largely having already collapsed in Old Norse). The reciprocal, originally formed through the mediopassive, has entirely been replaced by {{l|snon|hinhar}}. The impersonal {{l|snon|-t-}} likely descends from a reduced form of Old Norse ''þat'', the development similar to English ''it'' as an impersonal pronoun.
-Verbs have reduced to such a limited number of forms that analogy and sound changes have leveled them all down to essentially one pattern (excluding a few irregular verbs), which seemingly descends from Old Norse's weak class 2 pattern.
+The reduction of verbs to such a limited number of forms led to analogy that leveled them all down to essentially two patterns (excluding a few irregular verbs), which seemingly descend from Old Norse's weak class 2.
 {{inflection-table-top|title=Conjugation of {{l|snon|tàl}}|palette=blue|tall=yes}}
@@ Line 1,766: / Line 1,809: @@
 ''bì'' has developed in such a way where a noun phrase cannot directly act as the predicate, instead needing to be preceded by ''u'', as in:
 ====Copulative ''vèr''====
@@ Line 1,775: / Line 1,817: @@
 |I am happy
 }}
 "vèr" in the present tense can often be dropped when paired with an emphatic pronoun, compare '''''vèrir mic hi dèter.''''' vs. '''''mìnhich hi dèter.''''', both meaning "I am the teacher."
@@ Line 1,891: / Line 1,932: @@
 ! colspan="3" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Greetings
 |- style="font-weight:bold;"
-! Gothevian
+! Scots Norse
 ! English
 ! Usage notes
@@ Line 1,919: / Line 1,960: @@
 | (good)bye
 |-
+|}
+{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:center;"
+|- style="font-weight:bold;"
+! colspan="3" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Introductions
+|- style="font-style:normal; font-weight:bold;"
+! Scots Norse
+! English
+|-
+| style="font-style:normal;" | {{l|snon|vàrt}} {{l|snon|bìthir}} {{l|snon|nav}} {{l|snon|atì}}?
+| what is your name? <small>''(lit. "what name have you?")''</small>
+|-
+| style="font-style:normal;" | {{l|snon|bì|bìthir}} {{l|snon|hi}} {{l|snon|nav}} ... {{l|snon|u|atmì}}
+| my name is... <small>''(lit. "I have the name...")''</small>
+|-
+| style="font-style:normal;" | {{l|snon|vernig}} {{l|snon|tù}}?; {{l|snon|vergù}}?
+| how are you?
+|-
+| style="font-style:normal;" | {{l|snon|vèrir}} {{l|snon|mic}} [], {{l|snon|'s}} {{l|snon|tù}}?
+| I am [adj], and you?
+|-
+| style="font-style:normal;" | {{l|snon|vàrt}} {{l|snon|fàr|fàradhir}} {{l|snon|frà}} {{l|snon|tù}} {{l|snon|ver}}?
+| where are you from?
+|-
+| style="font-style:normal;" | {{l|snon|fàradhir}} {{l|snon|frà}} {{l|snon|mic}}...
+| I am from...
 |}
@@ Line 2,007: / Line 2,075: @@
 | munnr</br>mynni
 | {{l|snon|mun}}</br>{{l|snon|miuin}}
-| munnur, mynni
+| munnur</br>mynni
-| mun, mynne
+| mun</br>mynne
 |-
 |6
@@ Line 2,082: / Line 2,150: @@
 |16
 | louse ([[:w:Phthiraptera|Phthirapteron]])
-|
+| lús
-|
+| {{l|snon|lùs}}
-|
+| lús
+| lus
 |-
 |17
 | wing
-|
+| vængr
-|
+| {{l|snon|vèngh}}
-|
+| vængur
+| vinge
 |-
 |18
 | flesh/meat
-|
+| hold
-|
+| {{l|snon|hold}}
-|
+| hold
+| hull
 |-
 |19
@@ Line 2,107: / Line 2,178: @@
 |20
 | fly ([[:w:Fly|Dipteron]])
-|
+| fluga
-|
+| {{l|snon|flùgh}}
-|
+| fluga
+| fluga
 |-
 |21
@@ Line 2,120: / Line 2,192: @@
 |22
 | ear
-|
+| eyra
-|
+| {{l|snon|or}}
-|
+| eyra
+| ör(a)
 |-
 |23
 | neck
-|
+| hals
-|
+| {{l|snon|hàls}}
-|
+| háls
+| hals
 |-
 |24
 | far (prep.)
-|
+| fjarri
-|
+| {{l|snon|fiaer}}
-|
+| fjarri
+| fjärran
 |-
 |25
 | to do/make
-|
+| gera
-|
+| {{l|snon|gèor}}
-|
+| gera, gjöra
+| göra
 |-
 |26
@@ Line 2,190: / Line 2,266: @@
 | einn
 | {{l|snon|è}}
+| einn
+| en
 |-
 |34
@@ Line 2,201: / Line 2,279: @@
 | hann</br>hǫ́n</br>þat
 | {{l|snon|ha}}</br>{{l|snon|hành}}
+| hann</br>hún, hón
+| han</br>hon
 |-
 |36
@@ Line 2,330: / Line 2,410: @@
 | eigi
 | {{l|snon|è}}, {{l|snon|i-}}
+| eigi, ei, ekki
+| ej, icke
 |-
 |57
@@ Line 2,342: / Line 2,424: @@
 | kunna</br>(a person) kenna
 | {{l|snon|cunh}}
+| kunna
+| kunna
 |-
 |59
@@ Line 2,401: / Line 2,485: @@
 | feldr</br> skinn, húð
 | {{l|snon|feld}}</br> {{l|snon|sci}}, {{l|snon|hùd}}
+| feldur
+| fäll
 |-
 |69
@@ Line 2,434: / Line 2,520: @@
 |74
 | old
-|
+| gamall
 | {{l|snon|ald}}
-|
+| gamall
+| gammal
 |-
 |75
@@ Line 2,442: / Line 2,529: @@
 | eta
 | {{l|snon|èth}}
+| eta, éta
+| äta
 |-
 |76
@@ Line 2,550: / Line 2,639: @@
 | fugl
 | {{l|snon|fùghl}}
+| fugl
+| fågel, fogel
 |-
 |94
@@ Line 2,579: / Line 2,670: @@
 | í
 | {{l|snon|i}}
+| í
+| i
 |-
 |99