Holenagic
| Holenagic | |
|---|---|
| Hgoailnaighiael kjeirsy hgoailnaighiael | |
| Pronunciation | [[Help:IPA|[[ˈɣɔʎnᵞadʑʑɛʎ] [ˈc͡çiːrʲʃy ˈɣɔʎnᵞadʑʑɛʎ]]]] |
| Created by | Lili21 |
| Date | Sep 2017 |
| Setting | Calémere |
| Ethnicity | Holenagics |
| Native speakers | 16,000,000 (2312) |
Evandorian languages
| |
Holenagic — natively called Hgoailnaighiael [ˈɣɔʎnᵞadʑʑɛʎ] or kjeirsy hgoailnaighiael [ˈc͡çiːrʲʃy ˈɣɔʎnᵞadʑʑɛʎ]] — is a language of the planet of Calémere, spoken natively by about 13 million people on Holenagika (Hol.: Hgoailnaigkae [ˈɣɔʎnᵞadʑtɕɛː] (commonly [-nᵞattɕɛː]) Ísc.: Holenágieca; Cer.: Holenájica; Chl.: Hålinaika), Calémere's largest island, located in the northwestern corner of Evandor (mostly covered by mountains, taiga, and tundra in the north).
It is an Evandorian language and an isolate in the family, as it developed early enough to have its own peculiarities, not shared with any other Evandorian language, both in the sounds and in the grammar - for example, it is the only Evandorian language to have developed person marking on verbs - cf. ehd [eː] "to reach" (< Proto-Evandorian *etmeȟ "to close"; cf. Íscégon and Cerian éma, Besagren ema (all "to finish")) and ehdvṅ [ˈeɪ̯wəŋ] "he/she/it reaches" (cf. Ísc. and Cer. éma which needs a pronoun). Also notable are the various sound changes, which led Holenagic to develop many clusters; anyway, it is the only Evandorian language that has kept original /q/ and (often) /ŋ/ from Proto-Evandorian. These two consonants, extremely rare in the modern languages of the family, give Holenagic its unique sound, also because of their use in common words - cf. fuq "he", fqa "she".
It also keeps a highly etymological orthography, with many silent letters, as in hdieigv "road" /iːvʎ/ [iːvʲ] (Western Holenagic dialects: /iː/).
Introduction
Phonology
Orthography
Consonants
| → PoA ↓ Manner |
Labial | Labiodental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasals | m | n̥ nᵞ nʲ | ŋ̊ ŋ | |||
| Plosives | p b | t d | k ɡ | q | ||
| Affricates | ts dz | tɕ dʑ cç | ||||
| Fricatives | f v | s z | ʃ ʒ ç | x ɣ | ||
| Laterals | l̥ lᵞ | ʎ | ||||
| Trill | r̥ r rʲ | |||||
| Approximants | j | w |
All consonants except for /n̥ ŋ̊ cç q ç l̥ r̥ j w/ are part of morphophonemic soft-hard alternation pairs. They are the following:
| Hard | Soft |
|---|---|
| /m p b f v/ | [mlʲ plʲ blʲ flʲ vlʲ] /mʎ pʎ bʎ fʎ vʎ/ |
| /t d lᵞ r/ | /ts dz ʎ rʲ/ |
| /s z/ | /ʃ ʒ/ |
| /ŋ k ɡ x ɣ/ | /ŋj tɕ dʑ ç ç/ |
Vowels
Prosody
Stress
Intonation
Phonotactics
Morphophonology
Morphology
Mutations
Nouns
Verbs
Present tense
The present tense endings are agglutinative, but all of them except 2SG and 3SG are added to the extended stem instead of the infinitive one (with the exception of 2PL if the extended stem ends in -ṅ).
| 1SG | 2SG | 3SG | 1PL | 2PL | 3PL | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Written | -* | -uis | -vṅ | -*viehh | -*hr | -*ves |
| Common pronunciation | ∅ | -uʃ | -wəŋ | -vlʲəx | -r̥ | -vlʲəʃ |
Examples:
- hjeilshn /ˈçiːʎəsʲn̥/ "to read", no ext. stem : hjeilshn, hjeilshnuis [ˈçiːʎəsʲn̥uʃ], hjeilshnvṅ [ˈçiːʎəsʲn̥əu̯ŋ], hjeilshnviehh [ˈçiːʎəsʲn̥ix], hjeilshnhr [ˈçiːʎəsʲn̥ər̥], hjeilsnves [ˈçiːʎəsʲn̥ɪu̯ʃ]
- ehd /ˈeː/ "to go out", ext. stem ehdṅ- : ehdṅ [ˈeɪ̯əŋ], ehduis [ˈeɣuʃ], ehdvṅ [ˈe(ɪ̯)wːəŋ], ehdṅviehh [ˈeɪ̯ŋvlʲəx], ehdhr [eɪ̯r̥] ehdṅves [eɪ̯ŋvlʲəʃ]
- orehg /oˈrʲeɪ̯/ "to carry", ext. stem orehgl-: orehgl [oˈrʲeːʎ], orehguis [oˈrʲeɣuʃ], orehglvṅ [oˈrʲeːlᵞuŋ] orehglviehh [oˈrʲeːlᵞvlʲəx], orehghr [oˈrʲeːr̥], orehglves [oˈrʲeːlᵞvlʲəʃ]
Reflexive verbs use the following endings (all of them after the extended stem):
| 1SG | 2SG | 3SG | 1PL | 2PL | 3PL | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Written | -ohbd | -yhbd | -vuds | -eshb | -ykhbo | -vehhds |
| Common pronunciation | -oʊ̯d | -yːd | -vudz | -eʃoʊ̯ | -ytɕwo | -weːdz |
- bods orehg /bodz oˈrʲeɪ̯/ "to go", ext. stem orehgl- : orehglohbd [oˈrʲeɪ̯lᵞoʊ̯d], orehglyhbd [oˈrʲeɪ̯ʎyːd], orehglvyds [oˈrʲeɪ̯lᵞvudz], orehgleshb [oˈrʲeɪ̯ʎeʃoʊ̯], orehglykhbo [oˈrʲeɪ̯ʎytɕwo], orehglvehhds [oˈrʲeɪ̯lᵞweːdz]