Naeng/Classical
| Old Windermere | |
|---|---|
| Created by | IlL, Praimhín |
| Setting | Verse:Tricin |
Lakovic
| |
Old Windermere is the oldest attested form of Windermere, contemporaneous with Tigol.
Phonology
Consonants
Essentially identical to Classical Windermere
Vowels
Old Windermere had breathy voiced vowels ah eh ih oh uh üh /aʱ eʱ iʱ oʱ uʱ yʱ/ which became ä ea ie oa ua üe in Classical Winderemre.
Old Windermere had more vowel contrasts in preinitial syllables: it had two reduced vowels, ă /ə/ and i /ɪ~ɨ/, which merged to ă in Classical Windermere. This contrast is retained in Pradiul as palatalization.
Morphophonology
Sandhi
Old Windermere had a complex sandhi system (somewhere between Biblical Hebrew and Sanskrit) which was no longer productive in Classical Windermere; most notably it affected plurals and verb forms, making them less predictable.
- fth, fch > -pt-, -pc-
- th + fric → fric + t
- ths → st, as in sehf 'go' → *thsehf → stehf 'to drive' (Modern binsteaf 'energy', sămteaf 'to energize')
- thf → ft, e.g. tăfi 'laugh' → *tithfi → tifti 'to mock' (Classical and Modern Wdm. tăfi, tifti)
- thch → cht e.g. Proto-Windermere àrθχa → răchta 'to die'
- thł, thș → łt, șt
- ch + f, s, th, ł, ș → chw, ??? ??? ??? ??? ???
- s + f, th, ch → sp, st, sc
- rC, lC > Cr, Cl
- ps pn png → sp fn fng
- tp thp tsp kp chp → tw thw tsw cw chw; Proto-Windermere breathy vowel + tp tsp kp > dw tsw gw
- tsc cts tsp pts sts ts > sc sc sp sp st st
| Initial Consonant |
Final Consonant | ||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| f | p | b | m | th | t | d | n | ch | c | g | ng | s | ts | ł | tł | ș | h | ' | l | r | w | y | |
| f | f | sp | sp | fn | ft | ft | ft | fn | pc | pc | pc | fng | ps | fts | pł | ftł | pș | f | f' | fl | fr | fw | fy |
| p | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| b | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| m | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| th | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| t | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| d | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| n | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| ch | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| g | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| c | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| ng | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| s | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| ts | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| ł | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| tł | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| ș | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| h | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| ' | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| l | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| r | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| w | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| y | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Grassmann's law
Grassmann's law was productive in Old Windermere: when there were two spirant consonants before a stressed vowel in a word, the first was despirantized. e.g. *chăfol > căfol 'to turn'.
Morphology
Nouns
Old Windermere had many irregular plurals due to the effects of sandhi.
Examples:
Regular plurals:
- cnul 'leaf' > nălcnul 'leaves'
Sandhi plurals:
- drong 'kernel' > tăngrădong 'kernels'
Suppletive plurals:
- croth 'person' > hingüs 'people'
Verbs
Trigger infixes, which became derivational in Classical Windermere, still functioned as voice markers.
Pronouns
Pronouns were similar to later Windermere, but with feminine plural pronouns.
- 1sg: rih
- 2sg: łen (m), łes (f)
- 3sg: in (m), is (f)
- 1pl exclusive: tsa
- 1pl inclusive: ăbang
- 2pl: łinam (m), łisam (f)
- 3pl: inam (m), isam (f)
Derivation
(Anything else?)
- *th- (causative; denominal verbs)
- pi- (agentive; triggers voicing of following voiceless stops p t c to b d g)
- da (know) -> pida 'sage' (Classical păda, Modern pda)
- tüth (to grasp) -> pidüth 'meaning, intention'
- ha- (passive)
Old Windermere also used breathy voice ablaut to denote tools: snar (capture) -> snahr (trap, snare) which survives in Modern Windermere as snär.