Naeng/Literature
- This article describes Classical Windermere. See Windermere for Modern Windermere and Windermere/Old for Old (pre-Classical) Windermere.
| Classical Windermere | |
|---|---|
| չէıɱ ғ·ɟ˫ƍ brits Dămea | |
| Created by | IlL, Praimhín |
| Setting | Verse:Tricin |
Lakovic
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | qnt |
Classical Windermere (native name: brits Dămea /brits dəˈmeə/; Skellan: a brits Dymée Yfẃr /ə prits təˈmɛi əˈfur/ or /ə prits təˈme əˈfur/ 'Noble Windermere') was a standardized variety of Windermere spoken in the Imperial Windermere territories (Wen Dămea), based on the language of Windermere texts from ca. fT 900-1100. A classical language of Talma, it lent many words to other Talman languages. A related language Tseezh was used in other parts of the Windermere Empire, and as a result Windermere borrowed many Tseezh words.
Todo
- Use more final /b d/?
- Place name morphemes: frun-
- Infix allomorphs as in mi-ts⟨m⟩ăchean
Neutral:
- Meac id-imstief leth tsip ăłüth no-bătseal.
- sleeping DIR PL-idea green without color ADV-fury
- Colorless green ideas sleep furiously.
Focused:
- Id-imstief leth tsip ăłüth mo-meac no-bătseal.
- DIR=PL-idea green without color REL=sleep ADV=fury
- It is the colorless green ideas that sleep furiously.
- Süeth id-păchnay.
- naked DIR-king
- The king is naked.
Make more derivational use of aspects in Modern Wdm
cămra, ngüe, făm'oy, loch, wănir, yătlech, măley
Change orthography?
Orthography
Consonants
Consonants have capital and lowercase forms. Names and extremely respectful pronouns are written in all caps.
- Ϫϫ Շչ Ɑᶑ Ѡϙ Ғғ Ѵѵ Ƌժ Ƨƨ ſʗ = p b f t d th c g ch
- Ɨɟ ʢє Ϯ₼ = m n ng
- Ϟɥ Ɔɔ Պɱ Պ̃ɱ̃ Ʌʎ = s ł ts tł ș
- Էէ Ӿӿ Գƪ Քƍ Ֆⱷ Пп = r w y h l ʔ
Vowels
The vowel signs are placed to the right of the consonant letter.
- · : ; ı › ˫/⸗ƍ ⸗ = ă u ü i o e a; :ƍ ;ƍ ıƍ ›ƍ ˫ƍ = ua üe ie oa ea
Punctuation
Phonology
Consonants
| Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m /m/ | n /n/ | ng /ŋ/ | ||||
| Plosive | voiced | b /b~β/ | d /d~ð/ | g /g~ɣ/ | |||
| voiceless | p /p⁼/ | t /t⁼/ | c /k⁼/ | ' /ʔ/ | |||
| Affricate | ts /ts̪/ | tł /ts̺~ʈʂ/ | |||||
| Fricative | spirant | f /f/ | th /θ/ | ch /x/ | |||
| nonspirant | s /s̪/ | ł /s̺~ʂ/ | ș /ʃ/ | h /h/ | |||
| Resonant | w /w/ | r /r/ | l /l~ɫ~ɭ/ | y /j/ | |||
The glottal stop is not transcribed word-initially.
Vowels
These are the realization of vowels in Classical Windermere:
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- Notes
- /ə/ occurs only in unstressed syllables.
Stress
Stress is on the last syllable that does not have /ə/ as the vowel.
Phonotactics
Zero and C are the only permitted word-final codas. /g h ʔ/ are prohibited in coda.
Allowed initial clusters in Classical Windermere are similar to Germanic. Here is a list by type of cluster (some clusters may be listed more than once):
- Cl: pl, cl, bl, gl, fl, chl, sl
- Cr: pr, tr, tsr, cr, br, dr, gr, fr, thr, chr, sr
- Cm: tm, thm, cm, chm, sm
- Cn: fn, cn, chn, sn
- Cng: fng, tng, thng, chng, sng
- Cw: tw, thw, cw, chw, gw, sw, șw
- sC: sp, st, sc, sm, sn, sng, sl, sr, sw
- chC: chm, chn, chng, chl, chr, chw
Voiced stops are not allowed to begin minor syllables in roots. This rule does not apply to proper names.
Morphology
Windermere morphology predominantly uses prefixes, infixes, and reduplication.
Nouns
im- is used as the plural prefix.
Prepositions
The case markers are the following:
- id: nominative
- u: accusative
- mi-: locative
- ya-: comitative
- șa-: allative
- ngie: "like"
- fa-: ablative
- tsip : without
- fe: by (passive)
- ło-: on
- tăngap: before
- łăbie: after
- ba: through
Pronouns
Pronouns are only used for animates. Inanimates use the demonstrative fid (pl. imfid).
| I | thou (m.) | thou (f.) | he | she | we (exc.) | we (inc.) | you (pl.) | they (an.) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | rie | łen | łes | in | is | tsa | bang | łănam | ănam |
| Accusative | crie | căłen | căłes | cin | cis | cătsa | căbang | căłnam | cănam |
After a preposition, nominative forms are used.
Demonstratives
- this: __ se (adnominal); sed (pronominal); sen (masculine); ses (feminine)
- that: __ fi (adnominal); fid (pronominal); fin (masculine); fis (feminine)
- here: rădun se, dunse
- there: rădun fi, dumfi
- who: ășac ra, șara
- what: ra (in the sense of which), mül ra (in the sense of which thing)
- where: rădun ra, dura
- when: ngith ra, ngithra
- how: tănsü ra; tăra
- why: fănäl ra, fnăra
- all: tsor (preposed)
- many: mea (preposed)
- some: tăchung (preposed)
- few: łüp (preposed)
- other: nătha
Verbs
Classical Windermere verbs inflect for mood, aspect, and voice, but not for tense.
In the imperative, the subject is omitted. The cohortative ('let's VERB') uses the syntax VERB ya-tsa, lit. 'VERB with us (exc)'.
Verbs and adjectives are actually predicate nouns, so a patient trigger verb can be used as a patient noun just by placing a case marker in front of it.
Aspect
Aspect inflection uses a combination of prefixes and reduplication.
Reduplicant uses 1st consonant (F) or last consonant (L)
- imperfective/stative = unmarked
- perfective = marked with em-
- prospective = hef- (closest equivalent of future tense)
- momentane = bla-
- progressive = ăL-
- gnomic, habitual = marked with li-
- iterative = FăL-
- frequentative = eNFă-
- inchoative/inceptive = osăL-
- graduative = tăFa-
Intensive
- thu- = intensive prefix
Voice affixes
Voice affixes are obsolete in Modern Windermere.
- ‹ăch› = Dynamic passive
- ‹ră›, ‹wă› = Stative passive
- ‹ăp› = Reflexive
Adjectives
Adjectives are stative verbs: they behave almost identically to verbs but they cannot take the imperative by themselves.
- rech = comparative marker
- nüep = superlative marker (replaced by hă'et in Modern Windermere)
Derivational morphology
- TODO: another nominalizer?
- ‹i› = nominalizer for underived verbs
- bin- = nominalizer for derived verbs
- hăl- = nominalizer for adjectives
- sa- = nominalizer
- di- = negation
- ing- or ngi- = verbalizer (from ieng 'to do')
- mo- (+ voicing of plosives) = adjectivizer
- lă = verbalizer (how productive?)
- yă- = adjectivizer
- nu- = agentive (Classical Windermere; and productive to an extent in Modern Windermere)
- pa- = patientive (from Old Windermere *p + *ha)
- ⟨năr⟩ = a result/state (which becomes another adjectivizer?)
- Că(syllable S) -> Că(S reduced)(S) = diminutive (used for both nouns and verbs)
- yar = flower > yăryar 'little flower'
- chnur = song > chnărnur 'little song'
- Head-initial concatenation. Common concatenated morphemes:
- hălwier = '-logy' (lit. 'beauty of')
- wang = 'matter, affairs'
- ngoth = 'manner, way, belief system'
- sces = 'style of, à la'
- ăma = 'proto, ur-' (lit. 'mother of')
"Trigger" verb affixes
These were originally trigger affixes but had become derivational affixes to derive verbs by Classical Windermere times.
- ‹ăn/ăng› = Applicative trigger
- ‹ith› = Locative trigger
- ‹ăw› = Instrumental trigger
- ‹ăfong› = Destination trigger
- răfongüe 'to endow' < rüe 'to give'
- ‹ălis› = Comitative trigger
- ‹ăm› = Source/cause trigger
- ‹ăchem› = Benefactive/purpose trigger
- ‹ărea› = Malefactive trigger
Syntax
Constituent order
The basic word order of Windermere is VSO. All modifiers except adverbs come after heads.
The question particle is lea, which is preposed before the sentence.
Noun phrase
Verb phrase
There is a preverbal negative particle die.
Time clauses
For a non-finite time clause, mi- + verbal noun may be used.
Relative clauses
mo- = relativizer
- often combined with the complementizer: mong
Complement clauses
nga = complementizer
Reason clauses
Verbal noun clauses
Example texts
"The Round Table", from the Imthumăytil
Doan ngith, dur id tach chäth mi mogor lăytheath. Embiets Păda Brăwied: "Mea ra łănam dunse?" Roac ăngnung imchäth nătha, enwăsma doan: "Müeșrüch te-stiw: tsin tach mognas, șrüch te-stiw thräf, șrüch te-chloas chustiw..." Łop embiets Păda Brăwied: "Ǎna mea ra moach, srüe hădean do croth nătha?" Emcă'aw id chäth ăfăyfay, "Op călu, Păda: șa-bang tsor tăy'uac paleac, sach făbeang imtăy'ua nătha ya-croth nătha fi!"
Gloss
Doan ngith, dur id tach chäth mi mogor lăytheath. Embiets Păda Brăwied: "Mea ra łănam dunse?"
one time, sit NOM six child in circle VN.discuss. PFV-ask Master B.: "many what 2PL here?"
Once, six children were in a round table. Master Brăwied asked them: "How many of you are here?"
Mi-ăngnung imchäth nătha, emrătsal doan: "Müeșrüch te-stiw: tsin tach mognas, șrüch te-stiw thräf, șrüch te-chloas chustiw..."
in-PROG-count PL-child other PFV-call one: 63 because six individual, 15 pair, 20 group_of_3
While the others were still counting, one child replied: "Sixty-three: 6 individuals, 15 teams of two, 20 teams of 3, ..."
Łop embiets Păda Brăwied: "Ǎna mea ra moach, srüe hădean do croth nătha?"
then PFV-ask Master B.: "then many what be_at, if enter one person other"
Now Master Brăwied asked: "Well then, how many people will be there if another person enters?"
Emcă'aw id chäth ăfăyfay, "Op călu, Păda: șa-bang tsor tăy'ua paleac, sach făbeang imtăy'ua nătha ya-croth nătha fi!"
PFV-answer NOM child nonchalantly "here, clear Master to-us all team previous, as_well_as <REFL>form PL-team other with-person other that"
The child nonchalantly responded: "It is plain, Master: here we have all of the old teams, as well as another set of teams with the new person!"