Naeng/Classical

From Linguifex
< Naeng
Revision as of 20:00, 11 February 2019 by IlL (talk | contribs)
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Classical Windermere
Created byIlL, Praimhín
SettingVerse:Tricin
Lakovic
  • Ashanic
    • Classical Windermere
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Classical Windermere (native name: brits Dămè /brits dəˈmeə/; Skellan: a brits Dymée Yfẃr /ə prits təˈmɛi əˈfur/ or /ə prits təˈme əˈfur/ 'Noble Windermere') was a standardized variety of Windermere spoken in the Imperial Windermere territories (Wen Dămea), based on the language of Windermere texts from ca. fT 0-500. A classical language of Talma, it lent many words to other Talman languages. A related language Tseezh was used in other parts of the Windermere Empire, and as a result Windermere borrowed many Tseezh words.

Phonology

Consonants

Labial Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m /m/ n /n/ ng /ŋ/
Plosive voiced b /b~β/ d /d~ð/ g /g~ɣ/
voiceless p /p⁼/ t /t⁼/ c /k⁼/ ' /ʔ/
Affricate ts /ts̪/ /ts̺~ʈʂ/
Fricative spirant f /f/ th /θ/ ch /x/
nonspirant s /s̪/ ł /s̺~ʂ/ ș /ʃ/ h /h/
Resonant w /w/ r /r/ l /l~ɫ~ɭ/ y /j/

The glottal stop is not transcribed word-initially.

Vowels

Classical Windermere had breathy voiced vowels à è ì ò ù ǜ /aʱ eʱ iʱ oʱ uʱ yʱ/ which became ä ea ie oa ua üe in Middle Windermere.

Classical Windermere had more vowel contrasts in preinitial syllables: it had two reduced vowels, ă /ə/ and i /ɪ/, which merged to ă in Classical Windermere. This contrast is retained in Pradiul as palatalization.

Morphophonology

Sandhi

Classical Windermere had a complex sandhi system (somewhere between Biblical Hebrew and Sanskrit) which was no longer productive in Classical Windermere; most notably it affected plurals and verb forms, making them less predictable.

  • fth, fch > -pt-, -pc-
  • th + fric → fric + t
    • ths → st, as in sèf 'go' → *thsèfstèf 'to drive' (Modern binsteaf 'energy', sămteaf 'to energize')
    • thf → ft, e.g. tăfi 'laugh' → *tithfitifti 'to mock' (Classical and Modern Wdm. tăfi, tifti)
    • thch → cht e.g. Proto-Windermere àrθχarăchta 'to die'
    • thł, thș → łt, șt
  • ch + f, s, th, ł, ș → chw, ??? ??? ??? ??? ???
  • s + f, th, ch → sp, st, sc
  • rC, lC > Cr, Cl
  • ps pn png → sp fn fng
  • tp thp tsp kp chp → tw thw tsw cw chw; Proto-Windermere breathy vowel + tp tsp kp > dw tsw gw
  • tsc cts tsp pts sts ts > sc sc sp sp st st
Initial
Consonant
Final Consonant
f p b m th t d n ch c g ng s ts ł ș h ' l r w y
f f p sp fn ft ft ft fn pc pc pc fng ps fts ftł f f' fl fr fw fy
p
b
m
th
t
d
n
ch
g
c
ng
s
ts
ł
ș
h
'
l
r
w
y

Grassmann's law

Grassmann's law was productive in Classical Windermere: when there were two spirant consonants before a stressed vowel in a word, the first was despirantized. e.g. *chăfol > căfol 'to turn'.

Morphology

Nouns

Classical Windermere had many irregular plurals due to the effects of sandhi.

Examples:

Regular plurals:

  • cnul 'leaf' > nălcnul 'leaves'

Sandhi plurals:

  • drong 'kernel' > tăngrădong 'kernels'

Suppletive plurals:

  • croth 'person' > hingüs 'people'

Verbs

Trigger infixes, which became derivational in Classical Windermere, still functioned as voice markers.

Pronouns

Pronouns were similar to later Windermere, but with feminine plural pronouns.

  • 1sg: rih
  • 2sg: łen (m), łes (f)
  • 3sg: in (m), is (f)
  • 1pl exclusive: tsa
  • 1pl inclusive: ăbang
  • 2pl: łinam (m), łisam (f)
  • 3pl: inam (m), isam (f)

Derivation

(Anything else?)

  • *th- (causative; denominal verbs)
  • pi- (agentive; triggers voicing of following voiceless stops p t c to b d g)
    • da (know) -> pida 'sage' (Classical păda, Modern pda)
    • tüth (to grasp) -> pidüth 'meaning, intention'
  • ha- (passive)

Classical Windermere also used breathy voice ablaut to denote tools: snar (capture) -> snàr (trap, snare) which survives in Modern Windermere as snär.