Naeng/Literature

This article describes Middle Windermere. See Windermere for Modern Windermere and Windermere/Classical for Classical Windermere.

Middle Windermere
չէıɱ ғ·ɟ˫ƍ brits Dămea
Created by	IlL, Praimhín
Setting	Verse:Tricin
Language family	Lakovic Ashanic Middle Windermere
Language codes
ISO 639-3	qnt

Todo

• Use more final /b d/?
• Place name morphemes: frun-
• Infix allomorphs as in mi-ts⟨m⟩ăchean

Neutral:

Meac id-imstief leth tsip ăłüth no-bătseal.

sleeping DIR PL-idea green without color ADV-fury

Colorless green ideas sleep furiously.

Focused:

Id-imstief leth tsip ăłüth mo-meac no-bătseal.

DIR=PL-idea green without color REL=sleep ADV=fury

It is the colorless green ideas that sleep furiously.

Süeth id-păchnay.

naked DIR-king

The king is naked.

Make more derivational use of aspects in Modern Wdm

cămra, ngüe, făm'oy, loch, wănir, yătlech, măley

Change orthography?

Orthography

Consonants

Consonants have capital and lowercase forms. Names and extremely respectful pronouns are written in all caps.

• Ϫϫ Շչ Ɑᶑ Ѡϙ Ғғ Ѵѵ Ƌժ Ƨƨ ſʗ = p b f t d th c g ch
• Ɨɟ ʢє Ϯ₼ = m n ng
• Ϟɥ Ɔɔ Պɱ Պ̃ɱ̃ Ʌʎ = s ł ts tł ș
• Էէ Ӿӿ Գƪ Քƍ Ֆⱷ Пп = r w y h l ʔ

Vowels

The vowel signs are placed to the right of the consonant letter.

• · : ; ı › ˫/⸗ƍ ⸗ = ă u ü i o e a; :ƍ ;ƍ ıƍ ›ƍ ˫ƍ = ua üe ie oa ea

Phonology

Consonants

		Labial	Dental	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		m /m/	n /n/			ng /ŋ/
Plosive	voiced	b /b~β/	d /d~ð/			g /g~ɣ/
	voiceless	p /p⁼/	t /t⁼/			c /k⁼/	' /ʔ/
Affricate			ts /ts̪/	tł /ts̺~ʈʂ/
Fricative	spirant	f /f/	th /θ/			ch /x/
	nonspirant		s /s̪/	ł /s̺~ʂ/	ș /ʃ/		h /h/
Resonant		w /w/	r /r/	l /l~ɫ~ɭ/	y /j/

The glottal stop is not transcribed word-initially.

Vowels

These are the realization of vowels in Classical Windermere:

Monophthongs

	Front		Central	Back
	unrounded	rounded
Close	i /i/	ü /y/		u /u/
Mid	e /e/		ă /ə/	o /o/
Open	ä /æ/		a /a̠/

Diphthongs

	Front		Central	Back
	unrounded	rounded
Close	ie /iə/	üe /yə/		ua /uə/
Mid	ea /eə/			oa /oə/

Notes

• /ə/ occurs only in unstressed syllables.

Stress

Stress is on the last syllable that does not have /ə/ as the vowel.

Phonotactics

Zero and C are the only permitted word-final codas. /g h ʔ/ are prohibited in coda.

Allowed initial clusters in Classical Windermere are similar to Germanic. Here is a list by type of cluster (some clusters may be listed more than once):

• Cl: pl, cl, bl, gl, fl, chl, sl
• Cr: pr, tr, tsr, cr, br, dr, gr, fr, thr, chr, sr
• Cm: tm, thm, cm, chm, sm
• Cn: fn, cn, chn, sn
• Cng: fng, tng, thng, chng, sng
• Cw: tw, thw, cw, chw, gw, sw, șw
• sC: sp, st, sc, sm, sn, sng, sl, sr, sw
• chC: chm, chn, chng, chl, chr, chw

Voiced stops are not allowed to begin minor syllables in roots. This rule does not apply to proper names.

Morphology

Windermere morphology predominantly uses prefixes, infixes, and reduplication.

Nouns

im- is used as the plural prefix.

Prepositions

The case markers are the following:

• id: nominative
• u: accusative
• mi-: locative
• ya-: comitative
• șa-: allative
• ngie: "like"
• fa-: ablative
• tsip : without
• fe: by (passive)
• ło-: on
• tăngap: before
• łăbie: after
• ba: through

Pronouns

Pronouns are only used for animates. Inanimates use the demonstrative fid (pl. imfid).

	I	thou (m.)	thou (f.)	he	she	we (exc.)	we (inc.)	you (pl.)	they (an.)
Nominative	rie	łen	łes	in	is	tsa	bang	łănam	ănam
Accusative	crie	căłen	căłes	cin	cis	cătsa	căbang	căłnam	cănam

After a preposition, nominative forms are used.

Demonstratives

• this: __ se (adnominal); sed (pronominal); sen (masculine); ses (feminine)
• that: __ fi (adnominal); fid (pronominal); fin (masculine); fis (feminine)
• here: rădun se, dunse
• there: rădun fi, dumfi
• who: ășac ra, șara
• what: ra (in the sense of which), mül ra (in the sense of which thing)
• where: rădun ra, dura
• when: ngith ra, ngithra
• how: tănsü ra; tăra
• why: fănäl ra, fnăra
• all: tsor (preposed)
• many: mea (preposed)
• some: tăchung (preposed)
• few: łüp (preposed)
• other: nătha

Verbs

Classical Windermere verbs inflect for mood, aspect, and voice, but not for tense.

In the imperative, the subject is omitted. The cohortative ('let's VERB') uses the syntax VERB ya-tsa, lit. 'VERB with us (exc)'.

Verbs and adjectives are actually predicate nouns, so a patient trigger verb can be used as a patient noun just by placing a case marker in front of it.

Aspect

Aspect inflection uses a combination of prefixes and reduplication.

Reduplicant uses 1st consonant (F) or last consonant (L)

• imperfective/stative = unmarked
• perfective = marked with em-
• prospective = hef- (closest equivalent of future tense)
• momentane = bla-
• progressive = ăL-
• gnomic, habitual = marked with li-
• iterative = FăL-
• frequentative = eNFă-
• inchoative/inceptive = osăL-
• graduative = tăFa-

Intensive

• thu- = intensive prefix

Voice affixes

Voice affixes are obsolete in Modern Windermere.

• ‹ăch› = Dynamic passive
• ‹ră›, ‹wă› = Stative passive
• ‹ăp› = Reflexive

Adjectives

Adjectives are stative verbs: they behave almost identically to verbs but they cannot take the imperative by themselves.

• rech = comparative marker
• nüep = superlative marker (replaced by hă'et in Modern Windermere)

Derivational morphology

• TODO: another nominalizer?
• ‹i› = nominalizer for underived verbs
• bin- = nominalizer for derived verbs
• hăl- = nominalizer for adjectives
• sa- = nominalizer
• di- = negation
• ing- or ngi- = verbalizer (from ieng 'to do')
• mo- (+ voicing of plosives) = adjectivizer
• lă = verbalizer (how productive?)
• yă- = adjectivizer
• nu- = agentive (Classical Windermere; and productive to an extent in Modern Windermere)
• pa- = patientive (from Old Windermere *p + *ha)
• ⟨năr⟩ = a result/state (which becomes another adjectivizer?)
• Că(syllable S) -> Că(S reduced)(S) = diminutive (used for both nouns and verbs)
  • yar = flower > yăryar 'little flower'
  • chnur = song > chnărnur 'little song'

• Head-initial concatenation. Common concatenated morphemes:
  • hălwier = '-logy' (lit. 'beauty of')
  • wang = 'matter, affairs'
  • ngoth = 'manner, way, belief system'
  • sces = 'style of, à la'
  • ăma = 'proto, ur-' (lit. 'mother of')

"Trigger" verb affixes

These were originally trigger affixes but had become derivational affixes to derive verbs by Classical Windermere times.

• ‹ăn/ăng› = Applicative trigger
• ‹ith› = Locative trigger
• ‹ăw› = Instrumental trigger
• ‹ăfong› = Destination trigger
  • răfongüe 'to endow' < rüe 'to give'
• ‹ălis› = Comitative trigger
• ‹ăm› = Source/cause trigger
• ‹ăchem› = Benefactive/purpose trigger
• ‹ărea› = Malefactive trigger

Syntax

Constituent order

The basic word order of Windermere is VSO. All modifiers except adverbs come after heads.

The question particle is lea, which is preposed before the sentence.

Verb phrase

There is a preverbal negative particle die.

Time clauses

For a non-finite time clause, mi- + verbal noun may be used.

Relative clauses

mo- = relativizer

• often combined with the complementizer: mong

Complement clauses

nga = complementizer