Naeng/Classical

Classical Windermere
Created by	IlL, Praimhín
Setting	Verse:Tricin
Language family	Lakovic Ashanic Classical Windermere

Classical Windermere (CWdm, native name: băyrits Dămee /bəjrits dəˈmeʱ/; Modern Wdm.: fi cduay Dămea Ăfur [fi kduəj dəmeə ʔəvur]; Skellan: a brits Dymée Yfẃr /ə prits təˈmɛi əˈfur/ or /ə prits təˈme əˈfur/ 'Noble Windermere') was a standardized variety of Windermere spoken in the Imperial Windermere territories (Wen Dămee), based on the language of Windermere texts from ca. fT 0-500. A classical language of Talma, it lent many words to other Talman languages. A related language Tseer was used in other parts of the Windermere Empire, and as a result Windermere borrowed many Classical Tseer words.

Phonology

Consonants

		Labial	Dental	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		m /m/	n /n/			ng /ŋ/
Plosive	voiced	b /b~β/	d /d~ð/			g /g~ɣ/
	tenuis	p /p⁼/	t /t⁼/			c /k⁼/	' /ʔ/
	aspirated	φ /pʰ/	θ /tʰ/			χ /kʰ/
Affricate			ts /ts̪/	tł /ts̺~ʈʂ/
Fricative			s /s̪/	ł /s̺~ʂ/	ș /ʃ/		h /h/
Resonant		w /w/	r /r/	l /l/	y /j/

The glottal stop is not transcribed word-initially.

Vowels

Classical Windermere had six stressed vowels a e i o u ü /a e i o u ü/ (ü was central unlike in Modern Windermere). It also had breathy voiced vowels aa ee ii oo uu üü /aʱ eʱ iʱ oʱ uʱ üʱ/ which became ä ea ie oa ua üe in Middle Windermere.

Classical Windermere had more vowel contrasts in minor syllables: it had two reduced vowels, ă /ɔ/ and ĭ /ə~ɪ/, which merged to ă /ə/ in Modern Windermere. ă comes from Proto-Ashanic unstressed *a, *o, *u, and ĭ comes from Proto-Ashanic unstressed *i, *ü, *e. This contrast is retained in Pradiul as palatalization.

Phonotactics

CWdm allowed initial bd bg db dg gb gd.

Morphophonology

Sandhi

Classical Windermere had a complex sandhi system (somewhere between Biblical Hebrew and Sanskrit) which is no longer productive in Modern Windermere; most notably it affected plurals and verb forms, making them less predictable.

• th + fric → fric + t
  • θs → st, as in sèf 'go' → *thsèf → steeφ 'to drive' (Modern binsteaf 'energy', sămteaf 'to energize')
  • θφ → φθ, e.g. tăfi 'laugh' → *tithfi → tiφθi 'to mock' (Classical and Modern Wdm. tăfi, tifti)
  • θχ → χθ e.g. Proto-Windermere àrθχa → răχθa 'to die'
  • thł, thș → łt, șt
• ch + f, s, th, ł, ș → chw, ??? ??? ??? ??? ???
• s + f, th, ch → sp, st, sc
• rC, lC > Cr, Cl
• ps pn png → sp fn fng
• tp thp tsp kp chp → tw thw tsw cw chw; Proto-Windermere breathy vowel + tp tsp kp > dw tsw gw
• tsc cts tsp pts sts ts > sc sc sp sp st st

Sandhi table

Initial Consonant	Final Consonant
	f	p	b	m	th	t	d	n	ch	c	g	ng	s	ts	ł	tł	ș	h	'	l	r	w	y
f	f	p	sp	fn	ft	ft	ft	fn	fch	pc	pc	fng	ps	fts	pł	ftł	pș	f	f'	fl	fr	f	fy
p	f	p	sp	fn	ft	ft	ft	fn	pc	pc	pc	fng	ps	fts	pł	ftł	pș	f	p'	pl	pr	p	py
b	f	p	sp	fn	fth	ft	ft	fn	fch	pc	pc	fng	ps	fts	pł	ftł	pș	f	p'	bl	br	b	by
m	mf	mp/mb	mp/mb	m	mth	mt/md	mt/md	mn	mch	mc/mg	mc/mg	mng	ms	mts	mł	mtł	mș	mh	m'	ml	mr	m	my
th	ft	ft	sp	thm	th	t	st	thn	cht	cht	cht	thng	st	tst	łt	tłt	șt	th	t'	thl	thr	thw	thy
t	ft	ft	sp	tm	th	t	st	tn	cht	cht	cht	tng	st	tst	łt	tłt	șt	th	t'	tl	tr	tw	ty
d	ft	ft	sp	tm	th	t	st	tn	cht	cht	cht	tng	st	tst	łt	tłt	șt	th	d'	dl	dr	dw	dy
n	mp	mp	nf	nm	nth	nt	nt	nn	nch	ngc	ngc	nng	ns	nts	nł	ntł	nș	nth	n'	l	r	nw	ny
ch	chp	chp	chp	chm	cht	cht	cht	chn	ch	c	c	chng	chs	chts	chł	chtł	chș	cht	ch'	chl	chr	chw	chy
g	cp	cp	cp	cm	cht	cht	cht	gn	ch	g	c	cng	cs	cts	cł	ctł	cș	cht	g'	gl	gr	gw	gy
c
ng
s
ts
ł
tł
ș
h
'
l
r
w
y

Grassmann's law

Grassmann's law was productive in Classical Windermere: when there were two aspirated consonants before a stressed vowel in a word, the first was deaspirated. e.g. *χăφol > căφol 'to turn'.

Morphology

Nouns

Plurals

Classical Windermere had many irregular plurals due to the effects of sandhi.

Examples:

Regular reduplicated plurals:

• cnul 'leaf' > nălcnul 'leaves'

Sandhi plurals:

• drong 'kernel' > tăngrădong 'kernels'

Suppletive plurals:

• croth 'person' > hĭngüs 'people'

Concatenative plurals (especially for longer words):

• păltsif 'merchant' > impăltsif 'merchants'

Gender

Classical Windermere had grammatical gender, with masculine and feminine genders.

• For "basic" words, nouns with breathy voice were feminine: tge /tge/ 'voice' was masculine, while trămaay /trəmaʱj/ 'rain' was feminine.
• Exceptions were human nouns, for which the gender followed natural gender.
• Words with certain affixes
  • Words with the nominalizer ⟨ăy⟩ were masculine.
  • Words with nominalizers hăl- or să- were feminine.

Verbs

Trigger infixes and certain aspects had become derivational in Classical Windermere, but not other aspects or tenses.

Gender

The feminine agreement prefix u- (wă- before a single consonant that is not the glottal stop; from Proto-Lakovic *ʔu-) goes before TAM markers:

• șroy 'pays' > ușroy
• emșroy 'paid' > umșroy
• tășăyșroy 'pays in installments' > wătășăyșroy

Tense

Verbs have the following principal parts: present, imperfect, perfect, subjunctive/imperative and verbal noun, which are marked with reduplication, ablaut, and/or prefixes.

• Present: present or present progressive
• Imperfect: Like the Spanish imperfect; sometimes an English pluperfect
• Perfect: Past completed action
• Future/Subjunctive I: future imperfective
• Future/Subjunctive II: future perfective
• Imperative: Present or Subjunctive II

The exact paradigm depends on the verb. For stative verbs like plang 'to stand', present and perfect forms are identical.

Example:

• Present = Perfect: plang 'stands; (has) stood'; feminine uplang
• Imperfect: plăplang 'was standing; had stood' (from PLak reduplication for iterative); feminine uplăplang
• Future: hepălang 'will stand' (from heφ- future tense marker + nominal grade pälŋ of root √pläŋ); feminine wepălang
• Infinitive: pălang (from nominal grade *pəlng)

Personal pronouns

Pronouns were similar to later Windermere, but with feminine plural pronouns, possessive pronouns, and inflected prepositions.

Independent pronouns

The independent pronouns were used as subjects and direct objects.

• 1sg: rii
• 2sg: łen (m), łes (f)
• 3sg: in (m), is (f)
• 1pl exclusive: tsa
• 1pl inclusive: bang
• 2pl: łĭnam (m), łĭsam (f)
• 3pl: ĭnam (m), ĭsam (f)

Possessive pronouns

Possessive pronouns preceded the noun, unlike genitive nouns.

• 1sg: rĭ
• 2sg: łĭn (m), łĭs (f)
• 3sg: ĭn (m), ĭs (f)
• 1pl exclusive: tsă
• 1pl inclusive: su (from a fossilized seew 'here')
• 2pl: łăm (both m and f)
• 3pl: năm (m), săm (f)

Prepositions

Classical Windermere had inflected prepositions, like Tigol and most modern Talmic languages and unlike Modern Windermere. Some prepositions had suppletive forms when inflected.

The regular pronominal affixes:

• 1sg: -ir
• 2sg: -eł (m), -łes (f)
• 3sg: -in (m), -is (f)
• 1pl.ex: -ats
• 1pl.in: -ang
• 2pl: -łam (both genders)
• 3pl: -nam (m), -sam (f)

Examples:

• mi 'in, at': mir, mił, miłes, min, mis, mits, ming, miłam, miłam, minam, misam
• șa 'to, for': șar, șał, șăłes, șan, șas, șats, șang, șăłam, șăłam, șănam, șăsam
• φa 'from': ăχir, ăχeł, ăχłes, ăχin, ăχis, ăχats, ăχang, ăχłam, ăχłam, ăχnam, ăχsam

Derivation

(Anything else?)

• *θ-/θă- (causative; denominal verbs)
• θu- = intensive
• pĭ- (agentive; triggers voicing of following voiceless stops p t c to b d g)
  • da (know) -> pĭda 'sage' (Medieval păda, Modern pda)
  • tüθ (to grasp) -> pĭdüθ 'meaning, intention'
• ha- (passive)

Breathy voice

Words with breathy voice alternations are explained by older which have lost their productivity:

• feminine *-s for nouns, which often derives instruments from verbs: snar < *snär 'catch' (Modern Wdm. snar 'to know'), snaar < *snär-s 'trap, snare' (Modern Wdm. snär).
• an infix *⟨H⟩ for verbs?

Aktionsart

Reduplicant uses 1st consonant (F) or last consonant (L)

• imperfective/stative = unmarked
• perfective = marked with em-
• prospective = heφ- (closest equivalent of future tense)
• momentane = bla-
• progressive = ăL-
• gnomic, habitual = marked with lĭ-
• iterative = FăL-
• frequentative = eNFă-
• inchoative/inceptive = osăL-
• graduative = tăFa-

Sample texts

"The Round Table", from the Imθumăytil

The following story is from the Imθumăytil, a major Talman religious text.

Ngiθ dur taχ χaaθ mogor. Tăbiits Pĭda Brăwiid: "Măra łĭnam?" Mi-ăngnung năθa emrĭtsal doon: "Șrüχ te-stiw: taχ mognas, θaφ te-müüts θraaφ, liiw stăliw, θaφ te-müüts mălsaaχ, taχ mălüüts, doon tălaχ." Tăbiits Pĭda Brăwiid: "Ǎna mee ra, srüü hĭdeen croθ năθa?" Emcă'aw χaaθ ĭpăyφay, "Op cănga, Pĭda: tsor pădiiχ φnărtaang, te ămsaχ păχwădiiχ năθa ya-croθ φi!" Șăbech Pĭda Brăwiid șa-χaaθ șa-ngil, "Ăruuy șa-χaaθ se tsărüüng φănaw φănaw."

Gloss

Ngiθ dur taχ χaaθ mogor. Tăbiits Pida Brăwiid: "Măra łinam dunse?"

time sit.STAT six child circle. ask.PFV Master B.: "how_many 2PL?"

Once, six children were in a round table. Master Brăwiid asked them: "How many of you are here?"

Mi-ăngnung căχθaaθ năθa emrĭtsal doon: "Șrüχ te-stiw: taχ mognas, θaφ te-müüts θraaφ, liiw stăliw, θaφ te-müüts mălsaaχ, taχ mălüüts, doon tălaχ."

in-PROG-count other PFV-call one: 63: six individual, 15 pair, 20 triad, 15 tetrad, 6 pentad, 1 hexad

While the others were still counting, one child replied: "Sixty-three: 6 individuals, 15 teams of two, 20 teams of 3, 15 teams of 4, 6 teams of 5, and one team of 6."

Tăbiits Pida Brăwiid: "Ǎna mee ra, srüü hădeen croθ năθa?"

PFV-ask Master B.: "then many what, if enter person other"

Now Master Brăwiid asked: "Well then, how many people will be there if another person enters?"

Emcă'aw χaaθ ipăyφay, "Op cănga, Pida: tsor pădiiχ φnărtaang, te ămsaχ păχwădiiχ năθa ya-croθ φi!"

PFV-answer child nonchalantly "lo, clear Master all team previous, and add PL-team other with-person that"

The child nonchalantly responded: "It is plain, Master: all of the old teams, as well as another set of teams with the new person!"

Șăbech Pĭda Brăwiid șa-χaaθ șa-ngil, "Ăruuy șa-χaaθ se tsărüüng φănaw φănaw."

PFV-praise Master B. to-child to-say, "exist to-child this wisdom true true"

Poetry

Early Classical poetry

Early Classical Windermere poetry, such as poetic parts of the Imθumăytil, was a form of rhymed prose. (cf. saj3 in the Qur'an)

Later Classical poetry

Classical Tseer poetry (which used both rhyme and meter) introduced meter to Windermere poetry. As in Tseer prosody, a meter was determined by the number of syllables per line and the placement of the caesura. The notation "m+n" denotes a meter of m syllables + caesura + n syllables.

Some meters were:

• 4+4
• 4+6
• 5+5
• 6+4
• 4+7
• 6+5
• 6+6
• 7+7

4+4

An average early Late-Classical philosophical poem:

Hay croθ φnărooχ / χĭrał mi-tliis,
Răwoł łĭn speel / tsor pĭχăngdiis.
Da łĭn φăytür, / woch hogăsgiis,
Łĭn tgun cămbey, / heneeb θăyφiis.

O fleeting man / swept by desire,
Your maw dissolves / all fine repast. (lit. your ear forgets all pĭχăngdiis, a type of joyful dance music)
Know your good sense / and light your fire;
Consume your food; / your life won't last.