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|imagesize = 250px | |imagesize = 250px | ||
|name = Ris | |name = Ris | ||
|nativename = | |nativename = oī́kas ri | ||
|pronunciation= | |pronunciation= ɔˈɪːkas rɪ | ||
| | |setting = [[w:Mediterranean|Mediterranean]] | ||
| | |nation = [[w:Italy|Italy]], [[w:Cyprus|Cyprus]]; [[w:Sicily|Sicily]] | ||
|speakers = 301,486 | |speakers = 301,486 | ||
|date = 2012 | |date = 2012 | ||
|familycolor= American | |familycolor= American | ||
|family= | |family=Jasi-Jivan languages | ||
|ancestor=Proto- | |ancestor=Proto-Jivan | ||
|script1=Latn | |||
|script2=Grek | |||
| | |clcr=qri | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|notice=IPA | |notice=IPA | ||
|creator=User:Waahlis | |||
}} | }} | ||
'''Ris''' is | The '''Ris''' language, ''oī́kas ri'', /ɔˈɪːkas rɪ/ or simply '''Ris''' /rɪs/, is a Jasi-Jivan language related to the [[Kiwi]] and [[Kandi]] languages. | ||
Grammatically speaking, the Ris language is morphologically [[w:fusional|fusional]] with a few [[w:agglutinative|agglutinative]] characteristics. It has [[Ris#Enclitic|enclitic]] pronouns representing the core arguments of agent and patient. It also has an unsusual [[Ris#Morphosyntactic-alignment|morphosyntactic alignment]]; the [[w:active-stative languages|active-stative]] one, in the [[w:Fluid-S|fluid subject]] subtype. This implies a system of [[Ris#Control|control]] and volition, closely tied to a distinction in [[Ris#Animacy|animacy]]. The [[w:morphology|morphology]] is evenly split between nominal and verbal inflections. | |||
Phonologically and phonaesthetically, the language is modelled after [[w:Greek language|Greek]]. Other influences are [[w:native American languages|native American languages]], the [[w:Shona language|Shona language]] and to certain degree [[w:Swedish language|Swedish]]. Ris has a normal-sized inventory of consonants and a fair amount of [[w:allophony|allophony]]. | |||
Ris is my attempt to unite the sketchy constructed languages of mine; those lost forever in incomprehensible grammar, unsatisfying aesthetics and cumbersome phonologies. They stand united by the one shared feature - their relationship to the [[w:Greek language|Greek language]]; my greatest influence no matter the language. | |||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
The following is the inventory of consonants in the Ris language. There are | The following is the inventory of consonants in the Ris language. There are 19 contrastive consonants. The inventory is very similar to what you would expect from an Indo-European language, except for the voiceless sonorant, /r̥/. | ||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 700px; text-align: center;" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 700px; text-align: center;" | ||
|+'''Ris consonants''' | |+'''Ris consonants''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan=" | ! colspan="8"|Consonants | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan | ! colspan="2"| | ||
! | ! Bilabial | ||
! | ! Dental | ||
! | ! Alveolar | ||
! | ! Postalveolar | ||
! | ! Velar | ||
! Glottal | |||
|- align="center" | |- align="center" | ||
!Nasals | !Nasals | ||
!<small>plain</small> | !<small>plain</small> | ||
|'''m''' /m/ | |'''m''' /m/ | ||
|'''n '''/n/ | |colspan="2"|'''n '''/n/ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="3"|Plosives | ! rowspan="3"|Plosives | ||
!<small> | !<small>affricate</small> | ||
|''' | |'''ph''' /p͡f/ | ||
|'''th''' / | |'''th''' /t͡θ/ | ||
| | |'''ts''' /t͡s/ | ||
| | | | ||
|'''kh | |'''kh''' /k͡x/ | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
!<small>unvoiced</small> | !<small>unvoiced</small> | ||
|'''p''' /p/ | |'''p''' /p/ | ||
|'''t''' /t/ | |colspan="2"|'''t''' /t/ | ||
| | | | ||
|'''k''' /k/ | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
!<small> | !<small>voiced</small> | ||
|'''b''' / | |'''b''' /b/ | ||
|'''d''' / | |colspan="2"|'''d''' /d/ | ||
| | | | ||
|'''g''' /g/ | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="1" rowspan="2"|Fricatives | ! colspan="1" rowspan="2"|Fricatives | ||
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| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|'''s''' /s | |'''s''' /s/ | ||
| colspan=" | |'''sh''' /ʃ/ | ||
| colspan="2" |'''h''' /x ~ h/ | |||
|- | |- | ||
!<small>voiced</small> | !<small>voiced</small> | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | |'''z''' /z/ | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="2"|Trills | ! rowspan="2"|Trills | ||
!<small> | !<small>voiceless</small> | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| '''rh''' /r̥/ | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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!<small>voiced</small> | !<small>voiced</small> | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| '''r''' /r/ | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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! colspan="2" rowspan="1"|Laterals | ! colspan="2" rowspan="1"|Laterals | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|'''l''' /ɫ/ | |||
| | | | ||
|} | |} | ||
====Consonant allophony==== | ====Consonant allophony==== | ||
[[w:Allophony|Allophony]] is common | [[w:Allophony|Allophony]] is common, and a variety of processes affect the consonants. | ||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
There are 6 [[w:vowel|vowel]] phonemes in the Ris language. | |||
All vowels are pronounced short. The transcription into the Latin alphabet includes no single grapheme <nowiki><u></nowiki>. | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 375px; text-align: center;" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 375px; text-align: center;" | ||
|+'''Ris vowels''' | |+'''Ris vowels''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan=" | ! colspan="1"| | ||
! Front | ! Front | ||
! Near-front | ! Near-front | ||
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! Back | ! Back | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! Close | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | !Near-close | ||
| | | | ||
|'''i '''/ɪ/ | |'''i '''/ɪ/ · '''y''' /ʏ/ | ||
| | | | ||
|'''ou''' /ʊ/ | |'''ou '''/ʊ/ | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | !Close-mid | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | !Mid | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | !Open-mid | ||
|'''e''' /ɛ/ | |'''e''' /ɛ/ | ||
| | | | ||
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|'''o''' /ɔ/ | |'''o''' /ɔ/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | !Near-open | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | !Open | ||
|'''a '''/a/ | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
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|gloss = to want-IND.PRFV.1.SG.M wheat.IV-{{blue|PAT}}.SG | |gloss = to want-IND.PRFV.1.SG.M wheat.IV-{{blue|PAT}}.SG | ||
|translation = I want a grain of wheat. | |translation = I want a grain of wheat. | ||
|index = 7 | |index = 4.7 | ||
}}{{Gloss/indexable | }}{{Gloss/indexable | ||
|phrase = Mnio mna koupar. | |phrase = Mnio mna koupar. | ||
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|gloss = to see-IND.PRFV.1.SG.M one ram.I.{{blue|PAT}}.SG | |gloss = to see-IND.PRFV.1.SG.M one ram.I.{{blue|PAT}}.SG | ||
|translation = I see a ram. | |translation = I see a ram. | ||
| index = 8 | | index = 4.8 | ||
}}{{Gloss/indexable | }}{{Gloss/indexable | ||
|phrase = Imbrouas pagma? | |phrase = Imbrouas pagma? | ||
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| gloss = to hold-SUBJ.PRFV-2.SG.M time.IV-{{blue|PAT}}.SG | | gloss = to hold-SUBJ.PRFV-2.SG.M time.IV-{{blue|PAT}}.SG | ||
| translation = Do you have a minute? | | translation = Do you have a minute? | ||
| index = 9 | | index = 4.9 | ||
}} | }} | ||
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| gloss = always fish.I-PAT.{{blue|INDEF.PL}} to_want-IND.IPFV-1.PAT.SG | | gloss = always fish.I-PAT.{{blue|INDEF.PL}} to_want-IND.IPFV-1.PAT.SG | ||
| translation = I always want [two] fish(es). | | translation = I always want [two] fish(es). | ||
| index= 10 | | index= 4.10 | ||
}}{{Gloss/indexable | }}{{Gloss/indexable | ||
|phrase = {{blue|Aganti}} ous imistir {{blue|bhouna}}. | |phrase = {{blue|Aganti}} ous imistir {{blue|bhouna}}. | ||
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| gloss = head.II/LOC.{{blue|INDEF.PL}} too to_have-POT.IPFV-3.PAT.DC fat.II-PAT.{{blue|INDEF.PL}} | | gloss = head.II/LOC.{{blue|INDEF.PL}} too to_have-POT.IPFV-3.PAT.DC fat.II-PAT.{{blue|INDEF.PL}} | ||
| translation = You can have fat on your head as well. | | translation = You can have fat on your head as well. | ||
|index = 11 | |index = 4.11 | ||
}}{{Gloss/indexable | }}{{Gloss/indexable | ||
|phrase = Kerak{{blue|ne}} noukist{{blue|ine}} | |phrase = Kerak{{blue|ne}} noukist{{blue|ine}} | ||
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| gloss = bird.II-INV.PAT.{{blue|INDEF.PL}} to_fly-IND.IPFV-3.INV.PAT.DC | | gloss = bird.II-INV.PAT.{{blue|INDEF.PL}} to_fly-IND.IPFV-3.INV.PAT.DC | ||
| translation = Birds fly. | | translation = Birds fly. | ||
|index = 12 | |index = 4.12 | ||
}} | }} | ||
======Definite plural====== | ======Definite plural====== | ||
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| gloss = before eye.III/LOC.INDF.PL my/LOC.SG to_see-IND.IPFV-1.PAT.SG ball.IV-PAT.{{blue|DEF.PL}} to_roll-IND.IPFV-3{{blue|DEF.PL}}.PAT | | gloss = before eye.III/LOC.INDF.PL my/LOC.SG to_see-IND.IPFV-1.PAT.SG ball.IV-PAT.{{blue|DEF.PL}} to_roll-IND.IPFV-3{{blue|DEF.PL}}.PAT | ||
| translation = I see balls rolling before my eyes. | | translation = I see balls rolling before my eyes. | ||
| index= 13 | | index= 4.13 | ||
}}{{Gloss/indexable | }}{{Gloss/indexable | ||
|phrase = Ai ourani {{blue|ouekitsoi}}. | |phrase = Ai ourani {{blue|ouekitsoi}}. | ||
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| gloss = from<ref name="alpha"></ref> heaven.IV-GEN.SG tomato.IV-PAT.{{blue|DEF.PL}} | | gloss = from<ref name="alpha"></ref> heaven.IV-GEN.SG tomato.IV-PAT.{{blue|DEF.PL}} | ||
| translation = The tomatoes from heaven. | | translation = The tomatoes from heaven. | ||
|index = 14 | |index = 4.14 | ||
}}{{Gloss/indexable | }}{{Gloss/indexable | ||
|phrase = Inaskho {{blue|tabellithoulianta}}. | |phrase = Inaskho {{blue|tabellithoulianta}}. | ||
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| gloss = to_be-IND.CES-1SG.PAT marker_pen.IV-INST.{{blue|DEF.PL}} | | gloss = to_be-IND.CES-1SG.PAT marker_pen.IV-INST.{{blue|DEF.PL}} | ||
| translation = I'm out of marker pens.<ref name="beta"></ref> | | translation = I'm out of marker pens.<ref name="beta"></ref> | ||
|index = 15 | |index = 4.15 | ||
}} | }} | ||
<ref name="alpha">''ai'', ''au'' and ''ati'' are in fact demonstrative pronouns, but in many contexts, they get an adpositional meaning.</ref> | <ref name="alpha">''ai'', ''au'' and ''ati'' are in fact demonstrative pronouns, but in many contexts, they get an adpositional meaning.</ref> | ||
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{{Gloss/indexable | {{Gloss/indexable | ||
|phrase = thyrri, thyrrini | |phrase = thyrri, thyrrini | ||
|IPA = /ˈtʰʉːr̥ʰːɪ | |IPA = /ˈtʰʉːr̥ʰːɪ ˈtʰʉːr̥ʰːɪnɪ/ | ||
|morphemes = thyrrhi-∅ thyrri-ni | |morphemes = thyrrhi-∅ thyrri-ni | ||
|gloss = woman.I-SG woman.I-INDEF.PL | |gloss = woman.I-SG woman.I-INDEF.PL | ||
|translation = a woman, women | |translation = a woman, women | ||
|index = 16 | |index = 4.16 | ||
}}{{Gloss/indexable | }}{{Gloss/indexable | ||
|phrase = oryx, orygma | |phrase = oryx, orygma | ||
|IPA = /ˈoːrʉgz | |IPA = /ˈoːrʉgz ˈoːrʉgma/ | ||
|morphemes = oryx-∅ oryg-ma | |morphemes = oryx-∅ oryg-ma | ||
|gloss = whale.II-INDEF.PL whale.II-SG | |gloss = whale.II-INDEF.PL whale.II-SG | ||
|translation = whales, a whale<ref name="gamma"></ref> | |translation = whales, a whale<ref name="gamma"></ref> | ||
|index = 17 | |index = 4.17 | ||
}}{{Gloss/indexable | }}{{Gloss/indexable | ||
|phrase = kanthra, kanthrani | |phrase = kanthra, kanthrani | ||
|IPA = /ˈkaːntʰra | |IPA = /ˈkaːntʰra ˈkaːntʰranɪ/ | ||
|morphemes = kanthra-∅ kanthra-ni | |morphemes = kanthra-∅ kanthra-ni | ||
|gloss = heart.III-SG heart.III-INDEF.PL | |gloss = heart.III-SG heart.III-INDEF.PL | ||
|translation = a heart, hearts | |translation = a heart, hearts | ||
|index = 18 | |index = 4.18 | ||
}}{{Gloss/indexable | }}{{Gloss/indexable | ||
|phrase = issix, issigma | |phrase = issix, issigma | ||
|IPA = /ˈɪːsːɪgz | |IPA = /ˈɪːsːɪgz ˈɪːsːɪgma/ | ||
|morphemes = issix-∅ issig-ma | |morphemes = issix-∅ issig-ma | ||
|gloss = hair.IV-INDEF.PL hair.IV-SG | |gloss = hair.IV-INDEF.PL hair.IV-SG | ||
|translation = hair, strand of hair | |translation = hair, strand of hair | ||
|index = 19 | |index = 4.19 | ||
}}{{Gloss/indexable | }}{{Gloss/indexable | ||
|phrase = ankis, ankisma | |phrase = ankis, ankisma | ||
|IPA = /ˈaːŋkɪs | |IPA = /ˈaːŋkɪs ˈaːŋkɪsma/ | ||
|morphemes = ankis-∅ ankis-ma | |morphemes = ankis-∅ ankis-ma | ||
|gloss = elbow.IV-INDEF.PL elbow.IV-SG | |gloss = elbow.IV-INDEF.PL elbow.IV-SG | ||
|translation = 2 elbows, an elbow<ref name="delta"></ref> | |translation = 2 elbows, an elbow<ref name="delta"></ref> | ||
|index = 20 | |index = 4.20 | ||
}}<ref name="gamma">Typical examples of class II are animals, although ''gytei'', "fish", is a notable example. | }}<ref name="gamma">Typical examples of class II are animals, although ''gytei'', "fish", is a notable example. | ||
</ref><ref name="delta">Since the indefinite plural has coalesced with the dual, some nouns may have an unmarked dual form. These nouns are typically body parts.</ref> | </ref><ref name="delta">Since the indefinite plural has coalesced with the dual, some nouns may have an unmarked dual form. These nouns are typically body parts.</ref> | ||
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The '''patientive''', or '''undergoing''' case, ({{sc|pat}}) is the case used to indicate both the subject of an intransitive verb and the object of a transitive verb, in addition to being used for the citation form of nouns. | The '''patientive''', or '''undergoing''' case, ({{sc|pat}}) is the case used to indicate both the subject of an intransitive verb and the object of a transitive verb, in addition to being used for the citation form of nouns. | ||
The patientive is used on low control agents, and [[w:patient (grammar)|experiencers]] of actions - neither of which have much influence on the verb. Colloquially, the patientive can be used on agents of transitive verbs to indicate a degree of innocence, lack of control of the event. | The patientive is used on low control agents, and [[w:patient (grammar)|experiencers]] of actions - neither of which have much influence on the verb. Colloquially, the patientive can be used on agents of transitive verbs to indicate a degree of innocence, lack of control of the event.{{Gloss/indexable | ||
{{Gloss | |phrase = Ankour{{blue|o}}. | ||
|phrase = | |IPA = /aŋˈkʊːrɔ/ | ||
|IPA = / | |morphemes = ankour-∅-{{blue|o}} | ||
|morphemes = | |gloss = to trip-IND.PRFV-{{blue|PAT}}.1SG | ||
|gloss = to trip | |translation = I fell.|index = 5.21 | ||
|translation = I fell. | }}{{Gloss/indexable | ||
}} | |phrase = Hyrrhorebma henta inist{{blue|a}}. | ||
|IPA = /çʏˈr̥ʰːoːrɛpma ˈçeːnta ˈɪːnɪsta/ | |||
{{Gloss | |morphemes = hyrrhorebma hent-∅-a in-ist-{{blue|a}} | ||
|phrase = | |gloss = squirrel_soup.III-{{blue|PAT}}.SG be_okay-IND.PRFV-3.{{blue|PAT}}.SG exist-IND.IPFV-3.{{blue|PAT}}.SG | ||
|IPA = / | |translation = There is an okay squirrel soup. | ||
|morphemes = | |index = 5.22 | ||
|gloss = squirrel_soup.III-{{blue|PAT}}. | }}{{Gloss/indexable | ||
|translation = | |phrase = Tagerras kerax! | ||
}} | |||
{{Gloss | |||
|phrase = Tagerras kerax | |||
|IPA = /taˈkʼeːrːas ˈkeːraks/ | |IPA = /taˈkʼeːrːas ˈkeːraks/ | ||
| morphemes = tager-r-as kerax-{{blue|∅}} | | morphemes = tager-r-as kerax-{{blue|∅}} | ||
| gloss = hit | | gloss = hit-IMP.PRFV-AGT.2SG bird.I-{{blue|PAT}}.SG | ||
| translation = Hit the bird. | | translation = Hit the bird! | ||
}} | |index = 5.23 | ||
}}{{Gloss/indexable | |||
{{Gloss | |phrase = Aner, ouinestra teskh{{blue|o}}... | ||
|phrase = Aner, ouinestra | |||
|IPA = /ˈaneːr wɪˈneːstra ˈteːskʰɔ/ | |IPA = /ˈaneːr wɪˈneːstra ˈteːskʰɔ/ | ||
|morphemes = aner-∅ ouinestra-∅ teskh-∅-{{blue|o}} | |morphemes = aner-{{blue|∅}} ouinestra-{{blue|∅}} teskh-∅-{{blue|o}} | ||
|gloss = mother.I- | |gloss = mother.I-{{blue|PAT}}.SG window.II-{{blue|PAT}}.SG smash-IND.PRFV-{{blue|PAT}}.1.SG | ||
|translation = Mother, I happened to smash the window... | |translation = Mother, I happened to smash the window... | ||
|index= 5.24 | |||
}} | }} | ||
====Agentive case==== | ====Agentive case==== | ||
The '''agentative''' ({{sc|agt}}) case is used to mark the subject, or agent, of transitive verbs. | The '''agentative''' ({{sc|agt}}) case is used to mark the subject, or agent, of transitive verbs. The agentive marks high control, volitional [[w:Agent (grammar)|agents]] of verbs.{{Gloss/indexable | ||
The agentive marks high control, volitional [[w:Agent (grammar)|agents]] of verbs. | |phrase = Kater{{red|os}} kterma. | ||
|IPA = /ˈkaːtɛrɔs ˈktɛrma/ | |||
{{Gloss|phrase = | |morphemes = kater-∅-{{red|os}} kterma-{{blue|∅}} | ||
|IPA = / | |gloss = to_write-IND.PRFV-{{red|AGT}}.1SG letter.III-{{blue|PAT}}.SG | ||
|morphemes = | |||
|gloss = | |||
|translation = I am writing a letter. | |translation = I am writing a letter. | ||
}} | |index=5.25 | ||
}}{{Gloss/indexable | |||
{{Gloss | |phrase = Kaukanthri{{red|as}} hai! | ||
|phrase = | |IPA = /kawˈkantʰrijas xaj/ | ||
|IPA = / | |morphemes = kau~ka<n>ter-i-{{red|as}} hai | ||
|morphemes = {{red| | |gloss = <NEG>ITR~to_write-POT-{{red|AGT}}.1SG such | ||
|gloss = | |translation = You can't go on writing like that! | ||
|translation = | |index=5.26 | ||
}} | }}{{Gloss/indexable | ||
|phrase = Katerr{{red|as}} sta ha{{red|os}}! | |||
{{Gloss | |IPA = /kaˈtɛrːas sta ˈxaɔ̩s/ | ||
|phrase = | |morphemes = kater-r-as sta ha-∅-os | ||
|gloss = to_write-SUBJ-{{red|AGT}}.1SG what to_wish-IND.PRFV-{{red|AGT}} | |||
|translation = I'll write what I wish! | |||
|index=5.26 | |||
}}{{Gloss/indexable | |||
|phrase = Ankouros...! | |||
|IPA = /ˈaːŋkʊros/ | |IPA = /ˈaːŋkʊros/ | ||
| morphemes = | | morphemes = ankour-∅-{{red|os}} | ||
| gloss = | | gloss = to_trip-IND.PRFV-{{red|AGT}}.1.SG | ||
| translation = I purposely trip...! | | translation = I purposely trip...! | ||
|index=5.27 | |||
}} | }} | ||
====Unaccusatives, unergatives and inversion of cases==== | ====Unaccusatives, unergatives and the inversion of cases==== | ||
[[Image:Alignment-qri.png|right|thumb|An illustration of the Ris alignment of verbal arguments, as a function of control, unergatives and unaccusatives.| | [[Image:Alignment-qri.png|right|thumb|An illustration of the Ris alignment of verbal arguments, as a function of control, unergatives and unaccusatives.|350px]] | ||
Not all intransitive verbs are marked as described above. This only applies to Ris unaccusative verbs. The Ris unergative verbs | Not all intransitive verbs are marked as described above. This only applies to Ris unaccusative verbs. The Ris unergative verbs inverse the marking, using the agentive as a default, low-control marking, and the patientive for high-control subjects. | ||
{{Gloss | An unaccusative verb is a verb that has an experiencer as its subject, that is; the syntactic subject is not a semantic agent. When the subject is marked with the agentive, the agency, control and volition is increased, and it in effect becomes unergative. It gives a sense of intent, and trying.{{Gloss/indexable | ||
|phrase = | |phrase = Ekras{{blue|a}} makhina. | ||
|IPA = / | |IPA = /ɛˈkraːsa ˈmaːkʰɪna/ | ||
|morphemes = ekras-∅-{{blue| | |morphemes = ekras-∅-{{blue|a}} mākhina-{{blue|∅}} | ||
|gloss = | |gloss = to_crash-IND.PRFV-{{blue|PAT}}.3SG car.III-{{blue|PAT}}.SG | ||
|translation = The car crashed. | |translation = The car crashed. | ||
}} | |index = 5.28 | ||
}}{{Gloss/indexable | |||
{{Gloss | |phrase = Aner tsanist{{blue|a}}. | ||
|phrase = | |IPA = /aˈneːr ˈtsaːnɪsta/ | ||
|IPA = / | |morphemes = aner-{{blue|∅}} psan-ist-{{blue|a}} | ||
|morphemes = | |gloss = mother.I-PAT.SG to_cry-IND.IPFV-{{blue|PAT}}.3SG | ||
|gloss = mother.I-PAT.SG | |||
|translation = Mother cries. | |translation = Mother cries. | ||
}} | |index = 5.29 | ||
}}{{Gloss/indexable | |||
{{Gloss | |phrase = Nta{{blue|os}}. | ||
|phrase = | |IPA = /ˈntaːos/ | ||
|IPA = / | |||
|morphemes = nga-∅-{{red|os}} | |morphemes = nga-∅-{{red|os}} | ||
|gloss = | |gloss = to_sleep-IND.PRFV-{{red|AGT}}.1.SG | ||
|translation = I am trying to sleep. | |translation = I am trying to sleep. | ||
|index = 5.30 | |||
}} | }} | ||
Unergatives are intransitive verbs and have a semantic agent as their subject. When the subject is marked with the agentive case, the verb almost unaccusative, lowering the volition, control and agency with the syntactic subject. In the gloss, unergatives have the letters {{sc|inv}}} before the casees. Thus, an unergative with a subject in the agentive conveys a feeling of involuntary actions, or trying. | Unergatives are intransitive verbs and have a semantic agent as their subject. When the subject is marked with the agentive case, the verb almost unaccusative, lowering the volition, control and agency with the syntactic subject. In the gloss, unergatives have the letters {{sc|inv}}} before the casees. Thus, an unergative with a subject in the agentive conveys a feeling of involuntary actions, or trying. | ||
{{Gloss | {{Gloss | ||
|phrase = | |phrase = Khamista! | ||
|IPA = / | |IPA = /ˈkʰaːmɪsta/ | ||
|morphemes = | |morphemes = kham-ist-{{blue|a}} | ||
|gloss = | |gloss = to_come-IND.IPFV-{{blue|INV.PAT}}.3SG | ||
|translation = | |translation = It's coming! | ||
}} | }} | ||
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|translation = You're driving, you're driving! (''How is it possible?'') | |translation = You're driving, you're driving! (''How is it possible?'') | ||
}} | }} | ||
===Case=== | ===Case=== | ||
There are 7 [[w:grammatical case|grammatical case]]s in Ris. Most of these are rather common to the [[w:Indo-European languages|Indo-European languages]]. | There are 7 [[w:grammatical case|grammatical case]]s in Ris. Most of these are rather common to the [[w:Indo-European languages|Indo-European languages]]. | ||
Line 1,356: | Line 1,025: | ||
*''Atḗ, inḗ gytḗn ~ Atḗ, inḗ gýtē ne!'' | *''Atḗ, inḗ gytḗn ~ Atḗ, inḗ gýtē ne!'' | ||
[[Category:Languages]][[Category: | [[Category:Languages]][[Category:Languages]][[Category:A priori]][[Category:Jasi-Jivan languages]][[Category:Ris]] |