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{{Featured | |||
|featured banner=Etu ethnema ta etu anzan uʾummen. Maye ta goyotita, ta ethahama, veta vemaguma, uʾunme mumnayyir.}} | |||
{{movedon}} | |||
{{Infobox language | {{Infobox language | ||
|image = Ta Athnai.png | |image = Ta Athnai.png | ||
|imagesize = 250px | |imagesize = 250px | ||
|name = Attian | |name = Attian | ||
|nativename = | |pronunciation_key = IPA for Attian | ||
|pronunciation = | |nativename = Athnai | ||
|creator = User:Waahlis | |||
|pronunciation = aθ'nai̩ | |||
|region = [[w:Caucasia|Caucasia]] | |region = [[w:Caucasia|Caucasia]] | ||
|states = [[w:Armenia|Armenia]], [[w:Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]], [[w:Georgia|Georgia]] | |states = [[w:Armenia|Armenia]], [[w:Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]], [[w:Georgia|Georgia]] | ||
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|date = 2012 | |date = 2012 | ||
|familycolor = Language isolate | |familycolor = Language isolate | ||
|fam1 = | |fam1 = Attamian | ||
|fam2 = | |fam2 = Attno-Damian | ||
|fam3 = | |fam3 = Attic | ||
|ancestor = [[Attian#Middle Attian|Middle Attian]] | |ancestor = [[Attian#Middle Attian|Middle Attian]] | ||
|dia1 = Standard Attian | |dia1 = Standard Attian | ||
|dia2 = Hayani | |dia2 = Hayani | ||
|dia3 = | |dia3 = Vittori | ||
|map = Agartha.jpg | |map = Agartha.jpg | ||
|mapcaption = Map picturing the Agartha region in Transcaucasia, crossing the borders of [[w:Armenia|Armenia]], [[w:Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]] and [[w:Georgia|Georgia]]. | |mapcaption = Map picturing the Agartha region in Transcaucasia, crossing the borders of [[w:Armenia|Armenia]], [[w:Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]] and [[w:Georgia|Georgia]]. | ||
|script = [[w:Hebrew script|Hebrew]], [[w:Latin script|Latin]] | |||
|agency = Academia ta Athnai | |||
| clcr = qat | |||
|script | |||
|agency | |||
|notice = IPA | |notice = IPA | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Attian''' (Attian Hevriti: ''' | '''Attian''' (''Attian Hevriti'': '''אתנְי''', ''Latin'': '''Athnai''', [[IPA for Attian|/aθ'nai̩/]]) is a constructed, a priori and naturalistic language in the Attamian family of languages, descended from the hypothetical Proto-Attamian language. It has no other purpose than to be an excellent display of my personal debauchery and pleasures. | ||
The language is being created by the user and [[Linguifex:Administrators|administrator]] [[User:Waahlis|Waahlis]] of '''Linguifex'''. Obviously, and almost self-evidently, it has no native speakers and is not the official language anywhere else than in an office. | The language is being created by the user and [[Linguifex:Administrators|administrator]] [[User:Waahlis|Waahlis]] of '''Linguifex'''. Obviously, and almost self-evidently, it has no native speakers and is not the official language anywhere else than in an office. | ||
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Naturalism nowadays implies the creation of fictional settings, to legitimate the choice of vocabulary, semantics and pragmatics. I will for once actually do such a thing, implementing the language into the modern world of Caucasus. Perhaps then I can justify a few loan words. | Naturalism nowadays implies the creation of fictional settings, to legitimate the choice of vocabulary, semantics and pragmatics. I will for once actually do such a thing, implementing the language into the modern world of Caucasus. Perhaps then I can justify a few loan words. | ||
'''Attian''' (Attian Hevriti: ''' | '''Attian''' (Attian Hevriti: '''אתנְי''', Latin: '''Athnai''', [[IPA for Attian|/aθˈnai̩/]]) is an [[Attamian languages|Attamian language]] spoken in the [[w:Caucasus|Caucasus]], across the borders of [[w:Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[w:Armenia|Armenia]] and [[w:Turkey|Turkey]]. It is not known to have any transparent genetic connections to any other language, despite a number of attempts of classification. | ||
The language has been documented in the Caucasus since at least the 9<sup>th</sup> century AD, with the discovery of the '''Hayastani documents''', (Attian: '''Egrava ta Hayaztan''', ''' | The language has been documented in the Caucasus since at least the 9<sup>th</sup> century AD, with the discovery of the '''Hayastani documents''', (Attian: '''Egrava ta Hayaztan''', '''חגרְוְ טְ חְיְזטְן''') a Greek transcript of the languages in an around the [[w:Transcaucasian|Transcaucasian]] settlements. The now fragile documents were written by the Byzantine Greek philosopher Antenor [[w:Yerevan|Erevanon]], in an effort to investigate the ethnic diversity i the region: | ||
{{quote | |||
|text=I have seen many different men of various posture and pride passing these roads, none less awe-inspiring than the other: The '''[[w:Armenians|Armenioi]]''', an intelligent breed, clever and calculating merchants speaking a language not too dissimilar to our own. [...] <!-- Then there are the '''[[w:Georgians|Georgioi]]''', quite similar to the Armenioi, but far moredivided and barbaric in their utterances, just like the warmonging Kurds and Turks. --> Then there are the '''[[Qafesona|Caphessonioi]]''', peaceful, tranquil, with a timid stance towards strangers, speaking a language using the very letters of our own alphabet. The '''[[Attian|Attnicoi]]''' on the other hand, are interesting, a reclusive tribe of people, shy to speak with their proper, unintelligible speech; preferring to use that of their neighbours [...]'' | |||
|sign=-Antenor Erevanon, 9<sup>th</sup> century Judaeo-Greek philospher and settler | |||
|source=Hayastani documents | |||
}} | |||
The number of speakers of the language is unknown, but the numbers are estimated to be fairly low. Influence by neighboring languages, such as Armenian, Georgian and enclaves of Greek, [[w:Hebrew|Hebrew]] and [[Qafesona]] speakers threaten the language by the inclusion of loanwords, but the greatest threat is from the universal English language, as more and more Attians acquire internet and television, featuring the language. | The number of speakers of the language is unknown, but the numbers are estimated to be fairly low. Influence by neighboring languages, such as Armenian, Georgian and enclaves of Greek, [[w:Hebrew|Hebrew]] and [[Qafesona]] speakers threaten the language by the inclusion of loanwords, but the greatest threat is from the universal English language, as more and more Attians acquire internet and television, featuring the language. | ||
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{{Col-begin}} | {{Col-begin}} | ||
{{Col-2}} | {{Col-n|2}} | ||
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="width: 650px; text-align: center;" | {| {{Table/bluetable}} style="width: 650px; text-align: center;" | ||
|+ '''Consonant phonemes in Attian''' | |+ '''Consonant phonemes in Attian''' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2"|Nasals | ! colspan="2"|Nasals | ||
| colspan="2"|'''n ''' | | colspan="2"|'''n '''/n/ | ||
| | | | ||
|'''m''' | |'''m''' /ŋ/ | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="2"|Plosive | ! rowspan="2"|Plosive | ||
!<small>voiceless</small> | !<small>voiceless</small> | ||
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|'''t''' | | colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|'''t''' /t/ | ||
| style="text-align: center;"| | | style="text-align: center;"| | ||
| style="text-align: center;" rowspan="2"|'''g''' /k-ɡ/ | |||
| style="text-align: center;" rowspan="2"|'''ʔ''' /ʔ/ | |||
|- | |- | ||
!<small>voiced</small> | !<small>voiced</small> | ||
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|'''d ''' | | colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|'''d '''/d/ | ||
| style="text-align: center;"| | | style="text-align: center;"| | ||
| style="text-align: center;"|''' | |- | ||
! rowspan="2"|Fricative | |||
!<small>voiceless</small> | |||
| style="text-align: center;"|'''th''' /θ/ | |||
| style="text-align: center;" rowspan="2"|'''z''' /s-z/ | |||
| style="text-align: center;" rowspan="2"|'''j''' /ç-ʝ/ | |||
| style="text-align: center;"| | | style="text-align: center;"| | ||
| style="text-align: center;" rowspan="2"|'''h''' /h-ɦ/ | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | !<small>voiced</small> | ||
| style="text-align: center;"|''' | | style="text-align: center;"|'''dh''' /ð/ | ||
| style="text-align: center;"| | |||
| style="text-align: center;"| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" rowspan="1"|Approximant | ! colspan="2" rowspan="1"|Approximant | ||
| style="text-align: center;"| | | style="text-align: center;"| | ||
| style="text-align: center;"| | | style="text-align: center;"| | ||
| style="text-align: center;"|'''y''' | | style="text-align: center;"|'''y''' /j/ | ||
| style="text-align: center;"|'''v''' | | style="text-align: center;"|'''v''' /w-ɰ/ | ||
| style="text-align: center;"| | | style="text-align: center;"| | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" rowspan="1"|Trill | ! colspan="2" rowspan="1"|Trill | ||
| style="text-align: center;"| | | style="text-align: center;"| | ||
| style="text-align: center;"|'''r''' | | style="text-align: center;"|'''r''' /r̥/ | ||
| style="text-align: center;"| | | style="text-align: center;"| | ||
| style="text-align: center;"| | | style="text-align: center;"| | ||
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*Consonant gemination is phonemic, and applies to all consonants but /h/, but never occurs initially. Gemination is marked by doubling the grapheme. | *Consonant gemination is phonemic, and applies to all consonants but /h/, but never occurs initially. Gemination is marked by doubling the grapheme. | ||
{{Col-2}} | *The labio-velar approximant /w/, is pronounced /ɰ/ when intervocalic. | ||
*The vowels ‹a›, ‹e› and ‹o› are paired up with a rounded vowel. The rounded vowel occurs after some of the phonemes /m/ and /ɡ/. | |||
{{Col-n|2}} | |||
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="margin-left:10px; width: 300px;" | {| {{Table/bluetable}} style="margin-left:10px; width: 300px;" | ||
|+ '''Vowel phonemes in Attian''' | |+ '''Vowel phonemes in Attian''' | ||
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|-align=center | |-align=center | ||
! Near-close | ! Near-close | ||
||| ||'''o''' /ɤ/ · ''' | ||| ||'''o''' /ɤ/ · '''o''' /o/ | ||
|-align=center | |-align=center | ||
! Close-Mid | ! Close-Mid | ||
|''' | |'''a''' /ø/|| || | ||
|-align=center | |-align=center | ||
! Mid | ! Mid | ||
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|-align=center | |-align=center | ||
! Open-Mid | ! Open-Mid | ||
| '''e''' /ɛ/ · ''' | | '''e''' /ɛ/ · '''e''' /œ/|| || | ||
|-align=center | |-align=center | ||
! Near-Open | ! Near-Open | ||
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===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
The Attian consonants undergo a number of phonological processes, all of which are completely phonemic. | The Attian consonants undergo a number of phonological processes, all of which are completely phonemic. | ||
====Voicing==== | |||
The phonemes /s/, /ç/, /k/, /r̥/ and /h/ are all voiced when following a voiced consonant, preceeding /w/, or when in intervocalic position. | |||
====Labiovelar coarticulation==== | ====Labiovelar coarticulation==== | ||
The labiovelar coarticulation, or simply labiovelarisation, is a process which only applies to the velar stops, that is /ŋ/, | The labiovelar coarticulation, or simply labiovelarisation, is a process which only applies to the velar stops, that is /ŋ/, and /ɡ/. | ||
The velar stops are coarticulated with their labial analogue when followed by a rounded vowel. This causes the phonemes /ŋ͡m/, /k͡p/ and /ɡ͡b/. | The velar stops are coarticulated with their labial analogue when followed by a rounded vowel. This causes the phonemes /ŋ͡m/, /k͡p/ and /ɡ͡b/. | ||
Other situations producing the labiovelars, and especially the nasal one, are collisions of /ŋ/ and /n/, no matter the order. In addition, the combinations /n/ or /ŋ/ | Other situations producing the labiovelars, and especially the nasal one, are collisions of /ŋ/ and /n/, no matter the order. In addition, the combinations /n/ or /ŋ/ + /w/ grants the labiovelar nasal /ŋ͡m/. | ||
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;" | {| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;" | ||
|+ | |+ | ||
<!-- Sentence --> | <!-- Sentence --> | ||
|'''u{{blue|gg}} | |'''u{{blue|gg}}a''' | ||
! | ! | ||
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! | ! | ||
|'''gva u{{blue|gg}}a gi{{blue|g}} | |'''gva u{{blue|gg}}a gi{{blue|g}}a''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Pronunciation--> | <!-- Pronunciation--> | ||
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! | ! | ||
|/ɡwa uɡˈɡø ˈɡiɡø/ → [ɡwa uˈ{{blue|ɡ͡b}}ø | |/ɡwa uɡˈɡø ˈɡiɡø/ → [ɡwa uˈ{{blue|ɡ͡b}}ø ˈki{{blue|ɡ͡b}}ø] | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Translation --> | <!-- Translation --> | ||
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====Aspiration==== | ====Aspiration==== | ||
The | The two plosives /t/ and /d/ are aspirated into /tʰ/ and /dʰ/ intervocalic positions. {{Sidebar-At}} | ||
Aspiration only applies should the plosives occur as a coda, or onset in an unstressed syllable. This implies that any aspiration due to external sandhi, i.e. if the preceeding word ends with a vowel, is impossible. | Aspiration only applies should the plosives occur as a coda, or onset in an unstressed syllable. This implies that any aspiration due to external sandhi, i.e. if the preceeding word ends with a vowel, is impossible. | ||
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! | ! | ||
|'''ye{{blue|t}}ai''' | |||
|'''ye{{blue| | |||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Pronunciation--> | <!-- Pronunciation--> | ||
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! | ! | ||
|/ | |/ˈjɛtai̩/ → [ˈjɛ{{blue|tʰ}}ai̩] | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Translation --> | <!-- Translation --> | ||
| ''meal'' | | ''meal'' | ||
! | ! | ||
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====Other==== | ====Other==== | ||
The glottal fricative /h/, has an irregular effect if preceding or following hetero-organic plosives. The hetero-organic plosive is geminated, or doubled, and the glottal fricative is deleted from speech. | The glottal fricative /h/, has an irregular effect if preceding or following hetero-organic plosives. The hetero-organic plosive is geminated, or doubled, and the glottal fricative is deleted from speech. | ||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
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{{Vowels-At}} | {{Vowels-At}} | ||
====Vowel reduction==== | |||
There is a slight reduction of /u/ and /ɛ/ in open coda to /ʊ/ and /ə/ respectively. | |||
=====Diphthongs===== | =====Diphthongs===== | ||
There | There is an amount of phonemic diphthongs in the Attian language. They non-syllabic elements [i̯] and [u̯] are heavily allophonic with /j/ and /w/ respectively, and most often simplified as such. | ||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 200px; text-align: center;" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 200px; text-align: center;" | ||
|+ | |+ | ||
! colspan=" | ! colspan="4"|Rising | ||
! colspan=" | ! colspan="4"|Falling | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2"|ya | ! colspan="2"|ya | ||
| colspan="2"|[ | | colspan="2"|[ja] | ||
! colspan="2"|ay | ! colspan="2"|ay | ||
| colspan="2"|[ | | colspan="2"|[aj] | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2"|ye | ! colspan="2"|ye | ||
| colspan="2"|[ | | colspan="2"|[jɛ] | ||
! colspan="2"|ey | ! colspan="2"|ey | ||
| colspan="2"|[ | | colspan="2"|[ɛj] | ||
|- | |||
! colspan="2"|yi | |||
| colspan="2"|[ji] | |||
! colspan="2"|iy | |||
| colspan="2"|[ij] | |||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2"| yo | ! colspan="2"| yo | ||
| colspan="2"| [ | | colspan="2"| [jo] | ||
! colspan="2"|oy | ! colspan="2"|oy | ||
| colspan="2"|[ | | colspan="2"|[oj] | ||
|- | |||
! colspan="2"| yu | |||
| colspan="2"| [ju] | |||
! colspan="2"|uy | |||
| colspan="2"|[uj] | |||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2"| va | ! colspan="2"| va | ||
| colspan="2"| [ | | colspan="2"| [wa] | ||
! colspan="2"|av | ! colspan="2"|av | ||
| colspan="2"|[ | | colspan="2"|[aw] | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2"|ev | ! colspan="2"|ev | ||
| colspan="2"|[ | | colspan="2"| [wɛ] | ||
! colspan="2"|ev | |||
| colspan="2"|[ɛw] | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2"|vi | |||
| colspan="2"|[wi] | |||
! colspan="2"|iv | |||
| colspan="2"|[iw] | |||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2"| vo | ! colspan="2"| vo | ||
| colspan="2"| [ | | colspan="2"| [wo] | ||
! colspan="2"|ov | ! colspan="2"|ov | ||
| colspan="2"|[ | | colspan="2"|[ow] | ||
|- | |||
! colspan="2"| vu | |||
| colspan="2"| [wu] | |||
! colspan="2"|uv | |||
| colspan="2"|[uw] | |||
|} | |} | ||
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===Combinatorics=== | ===Combinatorics=== | ||
{{improvesection}} | |||
====Syllable codas==== | ====Syllable codas==== | ||
These are the syllables allowed in coda position in both syllable and lexeme. | These are the syllables allowed in coda position in both syllable and lexeme. | ||
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==Suprasegmentals== | ==Suprasegmentals== | ||
===Stress=== | ===Stress=== | ||
{{quote | |||
|text='''Ata migu. A, eironia.''' | |||
|sign=Anathir t'Armavir | |||
|source=Descriptions of the language, p. 92 | |||
|about= '''One and two - oh, the irony''' is an Attian joke pronounced /atˈaˈŋiɡʊ <nowiki>|</nowiki>ɛ.ir.on.ˈi̩a/, by the Attian national grammarian Anathir t'Armavir. The joke illustrates how the stress in Attian always falls on the first or second syllable. However, in the words ''ata'', "first", and ''migu'', "and two", the stress ironically falls on the second and first syllables respectively. Even more ironic is the fact that the Greek loan word ''ironia'', "irony", is not stressed according to Attian rules. | |||
}} | |||
Attian's system of lexical stress is different to that of for example English. Unlike [[w:English language#Stress|English]], Attian possesses a [[Attian#Stress|moraic stress system]] which similarly to [[w:Latin|Latin]] follows a [[w:dreimorengesetz|dreimorengesetz]], three-morae-rule, which in this case dictates that '''the third mora is always stressed'''. | |||
The Attian phonotactics | The Attian phonotactics establish the following syllable structure: | ||
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=text-align:center | |||
! colspan="5"|Initial Syllable Structure | |||
|- | |||
|('''C''') | |||
|('''C''') | |||
|'''V''' | |||
|'''C''' | |||
|('''C''') | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="5"|General | |||
|- | |||
|('''C''') | |||
|'''V''' | |||
| colspan="2" |('''C''')/('''N''') | |||
|('''N''') | |||
=== | |} | ||
The Attian | |||
====Attian morae==== | |||
The weight of an Attian syllable is determined out of three circumstances, each of which represent one mora. As it happens, the morae correspond to the three universal syllable segments: | |||
*A syllable onset. ('''ω''') | |||
The | **An onset is built up by consonants before the nucleus. The weight is not affected by the number of consonants. | ||
*A nucleus. ('''ν''') | |||
**The nucleus is mandatory and always composed of a diphthong or a vowel. | |||
*A syllable coda. ('''κ''') | |||
**A coda is composed of the consonants after the nucleus. The weight is not affected by the number of consonants. | |||
*''' | The conclusions are: | ||
*'''{ | *A syllable may be realised at the most as ('''ω + ν + κ'''). Each of these represent one mora, three altogether. | ||
*The phonotactics say that an initial syllable is realised minimally as VC, thus always receiving a syllable coda, ('''ν + κ'''), giving two morae altogether. | |||
*The minimal syllable possible is the sole nucleus, ('''ν'''), and it only occurs finally. | |||
This leaves four possible combinations: | |||
*('''ω + ν + κ''') | |||
*('''ω + ν''') | |||
*('''ν + κ''') | |||
*('''ν''') | |||
Compare the following: | |||
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;" | |||
|+ | |||
!Word | |||
| colspan="2"| '''zema''' | |||
! | |||
| colspan="2"| '''atna''' | |||
! | |||
| colspan="3"| '''ethnema''' | |||
|- | |||
!Pronunciation | |||
| colspan="2"| /ˈzɛŋ͡m.ø/ | |||
! | |||
| colspan="2"| /at.ˈna/ | |||
! | |||
| colspan="3"| /ɛθ.ˈnɛŋ͡m.ø | |||
|- | |||
!Syllables | |||
|<small>zem</small> | |||
|<small>a</small> | |||
! | |||
|<small>at</small> | |||
|<small>na</small> | |||
! | |||
|<small>eth</small> | |||
|<small>nem</small> | |||
|<small>a</small> | |||
|- | |||
!Segments | |||
|('''ω + ν + κ''') | |||
|(ν) | |||
! | |||
|(ν + κ) | |||
|('''ω + ν''') | |||
! | |||
|(ν + κ) | |||
|('''ω + ν + κ''') | |||
|(ν) | |||
|- | |||
!Morae | |||
|1 + 1 + '''1''' | |||
| + 1 | |||
! | |||
|1 + 1 | |||
| + '''1''' + 1 | |||
! | |||
|1 + 1 | |||
| + '''1''' + 1 +1 | |||
| + 1 | |||
|- | |||
!Translation | |||
| colspan="2"|''house'' | |||
! | |||
| colspan="2"| ''dog'' | |||
! | |||
| colspan="3"|''language'' | |||
|} | |||
Due to the restrictions in the phonotactics, a word may only be stressed on the first or second syllable, depending on where the third mora lies. The first syllable always totals at least two morae, and the second at least one. | |||
This makes it possible to formulate a law to describe the Attian stress pattern: | |||
*''If a word starts with a consonant, the first syllable is stressed. Should the word start with a vowel, the second syllable is stressed.'' | |||
*''' | =====Notes===== | ||
*''' | This also grants that stress is not phonemic, as it does not differentiate any minimal pairs. Nor is it lexic, but the stress changes should any affixes be attached to the word. There are however a few words that do not follow the basic stress patterns - a few loan words. Examples: | ||
*'' | *'''gorizi''' - /kor.ˈiz.i/ not /ˈkor.iz.i/ | ||
**''girl'' - from Greek "κορίτσι". | |||
*'''gentagona''' - /k͡pœn.ˈtag.on.a/ not /ˈk͡pœn.tag.on.a/ | |||
**''pentagons'' - from Greek "πεντάγωνα". | |||
====Effect on vowels==== | |||
:''For more information, go to [[Attian/Phonology]].'' | |||
The Attian stress affects and [[Attian#Vowel allophony|reinforces]] the vowel phonemes' articulation. Should the syllable nucleus consist of a diphthong, it remains unaffected. | |||
===Prosody=== | ===Prosody=== | ||
==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
===Radicals=== | |||
:''See also: Attian [[Attian#Nouns|nouns]] and [[Attian#Verbs|verbs]].'' | |||
{{quote | |||
|text='''Gva aguma anijat gnama.''' | |||
|sign=Anathir t'Armavir | |||
|source=Descriptions of the language, p. 5 | |||
|about= '''I know the root of evil''' is an Attian grammatical saying by the Attian national grammarian Anathir t'Armavir. With this proverb, he illustrates the grammatical source, or root, to the word meaning "evil", rather than the semantical one. | |||
}} | |||
The Attian language has an uncommon [[w:nonconcatenative morphology|nonconcatenative morphology]], where roots, or radicals, are inserted in a verb template. A root consists of a set of bare [w:consonant|]]s (usually two), which are fitted into a discontinuous pattern to form words. | |||
The radicals of the Attian lexicon and the corresponding paradigms are used to form verbal and nominal inflection, [[w:derivation|derivation]] and miscellaneous grammatical functions, similarly to [[w:Arabic language|Arabic]], [[w:Hebrew language|Hebrew]] and other [[w:Semitic languages|Semitic languages]]. | |||
[[Image:Nonconcatenative-derivation-at.png|right|thumb|A diagram of an autosegmental representation of the Attian word ''yemzin'', "whisper"; an abstract nomalisation and diminutive of the root ''m-z-n'', "call".]] | |||
These roots, or radicals, have an inherent meaning, which may be altered slightly depending on the vowels inserted between the bare consonants. Here are a few examples: | |||
*'''{{sc|m-n}}''' - concerns vision. | |||
*'''{{sc|θ-n}}''' - relating to speech. | |||
*'''{{sc|g-ʾ}}''' - associated with horizontal movement. | |||
The vowels or morphemes, called '''transfixes''', are used in the formation of actual words from the abstract consonantal roots, or '''radicals'''. A large majority of these consonantal roots are biliterals, consisting of two radical consonants (although there are a number of uniliterals, and an amount of triliterals). | |||
The Attian language distinguishes four different kinds of radicals: | |||
*'''Uniliterals''' - Uniliterals consist of one, single consonant and are very uncommon. They only appear as particles or articles. | |||
*'''Biliterals''' - Biliterals are composed of two consonants, and is the biggest group of radicals. It is divided into two types: | |||
**'''Single biliterals''' - Single biliterals are the most common radicals in the Attian language. They consist of two bare consonants. | |||
**'''Double biliterals''' - The double biliterals are derived from single biliterals. The two radicals are compressed into a consonant cluster, and a third radical is added. | |||
*'''Triliterals''' - Triliterals are few, but also consist of derivations of biliterals. They have three bare consonants. | |||
====Vowel patterns==== | |||
The Attian patterns of transfixes, "vowel patterns", are plentiful and most often rather irregular. The patterns are diverse for nouns, but the verbs have more standardised forms; see the section on [[Attian#Conjugation|verbal inflexion]]. | |||
Some forms do not exist in combination with certain radicals - should the semantics or phonotactics forbid. At times, the meaning of some vowel patterns may coincide and create synonyms. One example is ''{{term|ethnema}}'', ''thenma'' and ''thina'', all meaning "language". | |||
| | {| class="bluetable lightblubg mw-collapsible mw-collapsible " border="1" style="text-align:center;" | ||
|+ | |||
! colspan="5" |Approximation of common transfixation patterns | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! | ||
! Masculine | |||
| | ! colspan="2"| Feminine | ||
! Neuter | |||
! | |- | ||
! Alienable | |||
| | |C₁aC₂a | ||
|eC₁iC₂a | |||
|C₁iC₂a | |||
|C₁aC₂a | |||
|- | |||
! Inalienable | |||
|C₁eC₂i | |||
|eC₁C₂i | |||
|C₁aC₂i | |||
|uC₁C₂a | |||
|- | |||
! Abstract | |||
|aC₁iC₂a | |||
|eC₁iC₂a | |||
|C₁iC₂a | |||
|C₁eC₂a | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Concrete | |||
| | |aC₁C₂a | ||
|eC₁iC₂a | |||
|C₁aC₂u | |||
|aC₁C₂u | |||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
Above is a table of gender contrasting with characteristics. It displays a few of the vowel patterns, at least those that are predictable in form and meaning. Below are a few applications of the patterns on a few roots. | |||
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;" | {| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em; margin-top: 15px;" | ||
|+ | |+ | ||
<!-- | <!-- Root--> | ||
| | |'''√{{blue|th-n}}''' + CaCu | ||
! | ! | ||
|'''√{{blue|g-m}}''' + CeCa | |||
! | ! | ||
|'''√{{blue|g-n}}''' + eCiCa | |||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- | <!-- Result--> | ||
| | | '''{{blue|th}}a{{blue|g}}u''' | ||
! | ! | ||
| | |'''{{blue|g}}e{{blue|m}}a''' | ||
! | ! | ||
| | |'''e{{blue|g}}i{{blue|n}}a''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- | <!-- Gloss--> | ||
|<small> | |<small>Related to speech</small> | ||
! | ! | ||
|<small> | |<small>Related to arrival</small> | ||
! | ! | ||
|<small> | |<small>Related to knowledge</small> | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- | <!-- Translation --> | ||
| | | ''mouth'' | ||
! | ! | ||
| | | ''arrival'' | ||
! | ! | ||
| | |''wit'' | ||
|} | |||
Since the Attian language utilises transfixes, the glossing is made with a slash ⟨ / ⟩ following the translated word, and the glossing thereafter. | |||
==Nouns== | ==Nouns== | ||
Line 1,166: | Line 1,253: | ||
The Attian language is an active-stative language with fluid subjects, dependent upon semantic volition or control. This means that it marks the object of a transitive verb and the subject of a intransitive verb the same - with the '''patientive''' case - and mark the agent of the transitive separately, with the '''agentive''' case. The fluid subtype however, declares that the subject of an intransive verb, may be marked like the agent of the transitive, if the subject has sufficient control over the action. | The Attian language is an active-stative language with fluid subjects, dependent upon semantic volition or control. This means that it marks the object of a transitive verb and the subject of a intransitive verb the same - with the '''patientive''' case - and mark the agent of the transitive separately, with the '''agentive''' case. The fluid subtype however, declares that the subject of an intransive verb, may be marked like the agent of the transitive, if the subject has sufficient control over the action. | ||
=====Patientive===== | |||
The '''patientive''', or '''undergoing''' case, ({{sc|pat}}) is the case used to indicate both the subject of an intransitive verb and the object of a transitive verb, in addition to being used for the citation form of nouns. | The '''patientive''', or '''undergoing''' case, ({{sc|pat}}) is the case used to indicate both the subject of an intransitive verb and the object of a transitive verb, in addition to being used for the citation form of nouns. | ||
Line 1,181: | Line 1,269: | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="6"|''' | | colspan="6"|'''eta anth{{red|va}} atn{{blue|a}} mina''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Pronunciation--> | <!-- Pronunciation--> | ||
Line 1,192: | Line 1,280: | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="6"|/ | | colspan="6"|/ɛtˈa anˈθwa atˈna ˈŋina/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Morphemes--> | <!-- Morphemes--> | ||
Line 1,207: | Line 1,295: | ||
! | ! | ||
|<small> | |<small>eta</small> | ||
|<small> | |<small>anth</small> | ||
|<small>{{red|-va}}</small> | |<small>{{red|-va}}</small> | ||
|<small>atn</small> | |<small>atn</small> | ||
Line 1,227: | Line 1,315: | ||
! | ! | ||
|{{sc|prox}} | |this/{{sc|prox.sg.m}} | ||
|man/{{sc|m.sg.}} | |man/{{sc|m.sg.}} | ||
| -{{sc|m.{{red|agt}}}} | | -{{sc|m.{{red|agt}}}} | ||
Line 1,235: | Line 1,323: | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Translations --> | <!-- Translations --> | ||
| colspan="2"| | | colspan="2"| ''I trip'' | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="4"| | | colspan="4"| ''You trip me'' | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="6"| | | colspan="6"|''This man sees a dog'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 1,330: | Line 1,418: | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Translations --> | <!-- Translations --> | ||
| colspan="2"| | | colspan="2"|''I speak of myself'' or ''I am being spoken of | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="3"| | | colspan="3"|''I am being spoken of'' | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="4"| | | colspan="4"|''The cat is eating itself'' | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="4"| | | colspan="4"|''The cat is being eaten'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
=====Agentative===== | |||
[[Image:Control-argument-at.png|right|thumb|A table of the Attian control and volition distinction in the core arguments, illustrating the two-way distinction in the subject of intransitive clauses.|240px]] | [[Image:Control-argument-at.png|right|thumb|A table of the Attian control and volition distinction in the core arguments, illustrating the two-way distinction in the subject of intransitive clauses.|240px]] | ||
The '''agentative''' ({{sc|agt}}) case is used to mark the subject, or agent, of transitive verbs. However, intertwined with the Attian language's distinction on control and volition, there is a slight intentional distinction on intransitives, marking high control intransitives through the agentative argument. Confer the difference betweem the [[w:English language|English]] intransitives "He tripped" and "He talked". In Attian, the former argument would be marked with the patientative case, since he is undergoing the verb, and the latter would be marked with the agentative, since he is in full control of his actions and the agent of the verb. | The '''agentative''' ({{sc|agt}}) case is used to mark the subject, or agent, of transitive verbs. However, intertwined with the Attian language's distinction on control and volition, there is a slight intentional distinction on intransitives, marking high control intransitives through the agentative argument. Confer the difference betweem the [[w:English language|English]] intransitives "He tripped" and "He talked". In Attian, the former argument would be marked with the patientative case, since he is undergoing the verb, and the latter would be marked with the agentative, since he is in full control of his actions and the agent of the verb. | ||
Line 1,370: | Line 1,459: | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Pronunciation--> | <!-- Pronunciation--> | ||
| colspan="2"| / | | colspan="2"| /ˈhiŋ͡møŋ͡m/ | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="3"|/aŋ͡mˈa | | colspan="3"|/aŋ͡mˈa ˈhiŋ͡mø/ | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="2"|/ | | colspan="2"|/ˈhaŋ͡møŋ͡m/ | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="3"|/ | | colspan="3"|/aŋ͡mˈa haŋ/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Morphemes--> | <!-- Morphemes--> | ||
Line 1,427: | Line 1,516: | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Translations --> | <!-- Translations --> | ||
| colspan="2"| | | colspan="2"|''You are breathing.'' <br/><small>(involuntarily, subconciously)</small> | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="3"| | | colspan="3"|''You are breathing.''<br/><small>(intentionally, "breathing heavily")</small> | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="2"| | | colspan="2"|''Breathe!'' <br/><small>(as in "to start breathing")</small> | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="3"| | | colspan="3"|''Breathe!''<br/><small>(as in "calm down")</small> | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 1,507: | Line 1,596: | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Translations --> | <!-- Translations --> | ||
| colspan="2"| | | colspan="2"|''You cook (something)'' | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="5"| | | colspan="5"|''You are cooking a squirrel'' | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="4"| | | colspan="4"|''The bird flies'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
====Instrumental==== | ====Instrumental==== | ||
=====Instrumental proper===== | |||
The '''instrumental''' ({{sc|ins}}) case serves a number of purposes in the Attian language. Primarily, it is used to indicate that a noun is the instrument or means by or with which an action is conducted. | The '''instrumental''' ({{sc|ins}}) case serves a number of purposes in the Attian language. Primarily, it is used to indicate that a noun is the instrument or means by or with which an action is conducted. | ||
Line 1,524: | Line 1,614: | ||
|+ | |+ | ||
<!-- Sentence --> | <!-- Sentence --> | ||
| colspan="8"| '''gva va | | colspan="8"| '''gva va gramma genn{{blue|an}} gira''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Pronunciation--> | <!-- Pronunciation--> | ||
| colspan="8"| /ɡwa wa | | colspan="8"| /ɡwa wa ˈkr̥aŋ͡mø ˈk͡pœœnːan ˈɡira/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Morphemes--> | <!-- Morphemes--> | ||
Line 1,533: | Line 1,623: | ||
|<small>-va</small> | |<small>-va</small> | ||
|<small>va</small> | |<small>va</small> | ||
|<small> | |<small>gramm-</small> | ||
|<small>-a</small> | |<small>-a</small> | ||
|<small>kvenn</small> | |<small>kvenn</small> | ||
Line 1,550: | Line 1,640: | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Translations --> | <!-- Translations --> | ||
| colspan="8"| | | colspan="8"| ''I write the letter with a pen'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 1,556: | Line 1,646: | ||
|+ | |+ | ||
<!-- Sentence --> | <!-- Sentence --> | ||
| colspan="4"|'''atva {{blue|u}} | | colspan="4"|'''atva {{blue|u}}tagav{{blue|un}} aggim''' | ||
! | ! | ||
Line 1,597: | Line 1,687: | ||
<!-- Translations --> | <!-- Translations --> | ||
| colspan="4"| | | colspan="4"| ''We go by boat'' | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="4"| | | colspan="4"|''Let happiness make you glad!'' - Attian saying. | ||
|} | |} | ||
On subject of control in the Attian verbs, inanimate agents of transitive verbs: subjects such as "the knife" in the sentence ''"The knife slices the bread"'' could impossibly be marked with the agentive case, since the subject has no control of its actions. Nor is it experiencing the slicing, and can as such not be marked with the patientive. Instead a construction with the mediopassive and instrumental used. | =====Inanimate subjective instrumental===== | ||
On subject of control in the Attian verbs, inanimate agents of transitive verbs: subjects such as "the knife" in the sentence ''"The knife slices the bread"'' could impossibly be marked with the agentive case, since the subject has no control of its actions. Nor is it experiencing the slicing, and can as such not be marked with the patientive. Instead a construction with the mediopassive and instrumental used. | |||
Of course if desired, the agent can be reintroduced, which means a switch from passive to active. | |||
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;" | {| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;" | ||
|+ | |+ | ||
<!-- Sentence --> | <!-- Sentence --> | ||
| colspan="8"|'''gva rega {{blue|a}}magv{{blue|an}} | | colspan="8"|'''gva rega {{blue|a}}magv{{blue|an}} gava''' | ||
! | ! | ||
Line 1,630: | Line 1,723: | ||
|<small>magv</small> | |<small>magv</small> | ||
|<small>-{{blue|an}}</small> | |<small>-{{blue|an}}</small> | ||
|<small> | |<small>gava</small> | ||
! | ! | ||
Line 1,656: | Line 1,749: | ||
<!-- Translations --> | <!-- Translations --> | ||
| colspan="7"| | | colspan="7"| ''I cut bread with knifes'' | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="3"| | | colspan="3"|''I am hit with stones'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
Marking the inanimate noun with the agentive is incorrect. This is a distinction quite well known in natural languages, and even the [[w:Proto-Indo-European|Proto-Indo-European]] language is supposed to have made the distinction. | |||
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;" | {| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;" | ||
|+ | |+ | ||
<!-- Sentence --> | <!-- Sentence --> | ||
| colspan=" | | colspan="4"|'''''{{red|vanev}}'' ittimann''' | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan=" | | colspan="4"|'''vanun tutinn''' | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="5"| '''yatva | | colspan="5"|'''yatva vanum titann''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Pronunciation--> | <!-- Pronunciation--> | ||
| colspan=" | | colspan="4"|/ˈwanɛw itˈtiŋanː/ | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan=" | | colspan="4"|/ˈwanun ˈtutinː/ | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="5"|/ˈjatwa | | colspan="5"|/ˈjatwa ˈwanuŋ ˈtitanː/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Morphemes--> | <!-- Morphemes--> | ||
|<small> | |<small>vana</small> | ||
|<small> | |<small>-ev</small> | ||
|<small>- | |<small>ittim</small> | ||
|<small>-ann</small> | |||
! | ! | ||
|<small> | |<small>vana</small> | ||
|<small> | |<small>-un</small> | ||
|<small>tuti</small> | |||
|<small>-nn</small> | |<small>-nn</small> | ||
Line 1,704: | Line 1,799: | ||
|<small>yat</small> | |<small>yat</small> | ||
|<small>-va</small> | |<small>-va</small> | ||
|<small> | |<small>vana</small> | ||
|<small> | |<small>-um</small> | ||
|<small>tita</small> | |||
|<small>-nn</small> | |<small>-nn</small> | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Gloss--> | <!-- Gloss--> | ||
| | |stone/{{sc|n.pl.}} | ||
|hit/{{sc|ind.dyn. | | -{{sc|n.pl.agt}} | ||
|hit/{{sc|ind.dyn.n.pl}} | |||
| -{{sc|-m.pat.1.sg}} | | -{{sc|-m.pat.1.sg}} | ||
! | ! | ||
| | |stone/{{sc|n.pl}} | ||
| -{{sc|n.pl.ins}} | |||
|hit/{{sc|med.dyn-stat.m.sg}} | |hit/{{sc|med.dyn-stat.m.sg}} | ||
| -{{sc|-m.pat.1.sg}} | | -{{sc|-m.pat.1.sg}} | ||
Line 1,721: | Line 1,819: | ||
! | ! | ||
|someone | |someone/{{sc|m.sg}} | ||
| -{{sc|m.agt}} | | -{{sc|m.agt}} | ||
| | |stone/{{sc|n.pl}} | ||
| -{{sc|n.pl.ins}} | |||
|hit/{{sc|ind.dyn.m.sg}} | |hit/{{sc|ind.dyn.m.sg}} | ||
| -{{sc|-m.pat.1.sg}} | | -{{sc|-m.pat.1.sg}} | ||
Line 1,729: | Line 1,828: | ||
<!-- Translations --> | <!-- Translations --> | ||
| colspan=" | | colspan="4"|''*Stones hit me'' | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan=" | | colspan="4"|''I am hit with stones'' | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="5"| | | colspan="5"|''Some guy hits me with stones'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
=====Comitative instrumental===== | |||
The Attian instrumental also bears comitative and quantitative senses, indicating actions in company with other subjects, amounts, as well as lacking: | The Attian instrumental also bears comitative and quantitative senses, indicating actions in company with other subjects, amounts, as well as lacking: | ||
Line 1,745: | Line 1,845: | ||
|+ | |+ | ||
<!-- Sentence --> | <!-- Sentence --> | ||
| colspan="5"|'''amnayya g{{blue| | | colspan="5"|'''amnayya g{{blue|an}}?''' | ||
! | ! | ||
Line 1,819: | Line 1,919: | ||
<!-- Translations --> | <!-- Translations --> | ||
| colspan="5"| | | colspan="5"| ''Are you with me?'' | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="6"| | | colspan="6"|''I make it with you.'' | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="6"| | | colspan="6"|''I am with no hair.'' or ''I have no hair.'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
=====Animate subjective instrumental===== | |||
The last use of the instrumental, similarly to [[w:Russian language|Russian]] and in part to [[w:English language|English]] is to reintroduce a subject in a passive clause, very similarly to the adpositional phrase "by me" in English, as in ''"He was killed"'', and later; ''"He was killed by me"''. Using the instrumental with a reflexive mediopassive gives a reinforced statement, confer the Spanish disjunct prepositional pronouns: | The last use of the instrumental, similarly to [[w:Russian language|Russian]] and in part to [[w:English language|English]] is to reintroduce a subject in a passive clause, very similarly to the adpositional phrase "by me" in English, as in ''"He was killed"'', and later; ''"He was killed by me"''. Using the instrumental with a reflexive mediopassive gives a reinforced statement, confer the Spanish disjunct prepositional pronouns: | ||
*''Me lavo'' - «I wash myself» | *''Me lavo'' - «I wash myself» | ||
Line 1,841: | Line 1,942: | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="3"|'''mumnayyiz g{{blue| | | colspan="3"|'''mumnayyiz g{{blue|an}}''' | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="4"| '''ethunann g{{blue| | | colspan="4"| '''ethunann g{{blue|an}}''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Pronunciation--> | <!-- Pronunciation--> | ||
Line 1,870: | Line 1,971: | ||
|<small>mumnayyiz</small> | |<small>mumnayyiz</small> | ||
|<small>g</small> | |<small>g</small> | ||
|<small>{{blue|- | |<small>{{blue|-an}}</small> | ||
! | ! | ||
Line 1,877: | Line 1,978: | ||
|<small>-nn</small> | |<small>-nn</small> | ||
|<small>g</small> | |<small>g</small> | ||
|<small>{{blue|- | |<small>{{blue|-an}}</small> | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Gloss--> | <!-- Gloss--> | ||
Line 1,901: | Line 2,002: | ||
<!-- Translations --> | <!-- Translations --> | ||
| colspan="5"| | | colspan="5"| ''I'm seen by you'' | ||
! | ! | ||
. | . | ||
| colspan="3"| | | colspan="3"|''Discovered by me'' | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="4"| | | colspan="4"|''Me, I speak of myself.'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
====Locative==== | ====Locative==== | ||
=====Locative proper===== | |||
:''See also: [[Attian#Possession|Attian possession]]'' | :''See also: [[Attian#Possession|Attian possession]]'' | ||
The locative case ({{sc|loc}}) vaguely corresponds to the English spatial prepositions of "by", "at", "in", and "on" | The locative case ({{sc|loc}}) vaguely corresponds to the English spatial prepositions of "by", "at", "in", and "on". However, the Attian locative also bears a temporal usage, similarly to English "in an hour", "today", "after three o'clock". The Attian language does not have [[w:adpositions|adpositions]] in the traditional sense, to control the exact location of the locative, but rather [[w:proclitics|proclitics]]. These will be marked green. | ||
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;" | {| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;" | ||
|+ | |+ | ||
<!-- Sentence --> | <!-- Sentence --> | ||
| colspan=" | | colspan="4"|'''Amnayya azim{{blue|at}}'''? | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan=" | | colspan="5"|'''ʔineyna {{green|en}}azam{{blue|ut}}'''. | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="3"| | | colspan="3"|'''{{green|am}}agy{{blue|at}}''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Pronunciation--> | <!-- Pronunciation--> | ||
| colspan=" | | colspan="4"|/aˈŋ͡majːa azˈiŋ͡mat/ | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="5"|/ | | colspan="5"|/ˈʔinɛjna ɛnˈazaŋut/ | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="3"|/ | | colspan="3"|/aŋaɡˈjat/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Morphemes--> | <!-- Morphemes--> | ||
|<small> | |<small>amna</small> | ||
|<small>-yya</small> | |<small>-yya</small> | ||
|<small> | |<small>azima</small> | ||
|<small>{{blue|- | |<small>{{blue|-t}}</small> | ||
! | ! | ||
|<small> | |<small>ʔiney</small> | ||
|<small>- | |<small>-na</small> | ||
|<small>{{green|en}}-</small> | |<small>{{green|en}}-</small> | ||
|<small> | |<small>azama</small> | ||
|<small>-{{blue|ut}}</small> | |<small>-{{blue|ut}}</small> | ||
Line 1,959: | Line 2,060: | ||
|<small>{{green|am}}-</small> | |<small>{{green|am}}-</small> | ||
|<small> | |<small>agy</small> | ||
|<small>-{{blue|at}}</small> | |<small>-{{blue|at}}</small> | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Gloss--> | <!-- Gloss--> | ||
|you/{{sc|2.sg. | |you/{{sc|2.sg.c.pat}} | ||
| -{{sc|cop.act.ind.stat}} | | -{{sc|cop.act.ind.stat}} | ||
| home/{{sc|sg.n}} | | home/{{sc|sg.n}} | ||
Line 1,972: | Line 2,072: | ||
| lie/{{sc|act.ind.stat.n.sg}} | | lie/{{sc|act.ind.stat.n.sg}} | ||
| -it | | -it/{{sc|n.pat.3.sg}} | ||
| below.{{sc|{{green|locp}}}}- | | below.{{sc|{{green|locp}}}}- | ||
|house/{{sc|2.sg.c}} | |house/{{sc|2.sg.c}} | ||
Line 1,979: | Line 2,079: | ||
! | ! | ||
| after.{{sc|{{green|locp}}}}- | | after/behind.{{sc|{{green|locp}}}}- | ||
| hour/{{sc|f.sg}} | | hour/{{sc|f.sg}} | ||
| -{{sc|f.{{blue|loc}}}} | | -{{sc|f.{{blue|loc}}}} | ||
Line 1,985: | Line 2,085: | ||
<!-- Translations --> | <!-- Translations --> | ||
| colspan=" | | colspan="4"| ''Are you at home?'' | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="5"| | | colspan="5"|''It lies below the house''. | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="3"| | | colspan="3"|''In an hour'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
Related to location is movement, and the locative can through a construction with the lative particle '' | |||
=====Lative locative===== | |||
Related to location is movement, and the locative can through a construction with the lative particle ‹''a''› /a/, transform the locative meaning to a lative or translative one. Before a null-onset, it is pronounced /aɦ/. | |||
The particle and the proclitic adpositions will be marked green. | |||
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;" | {| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;" | ||
|+ | |+ | ||
<!-- Sentence --> | <!-- Sentence --> | ||
| colspan="4"| | | colspan="4"|'''Gam {{green|a}} azim{{blue|at}}!''' | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="6"| | | colspan="6"| '''ʔinena {{green|a}} {{green|en}}azam{{blue|ut}}'''. | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="4"| | | colspan="4"|'''{{green|A}}nn erʔ{{blue|it}}'''. | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Pronunciation--> | <!-- Pronunciation--> | ||
| colspan="4"|/ɡøŋ | | colspan="4"|/ɡøŋ aɦazˈiŋat/ | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="6"|/ | | colspan="6"|/ˈʔinɛna aɦ ɛnˈazaŋut/ | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="4"|/anː | | colspan="4"|/anː erˈʔit/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Morphemes--> | <!-- Morphemes--> | ||
|<small> | |<small>gam</small> | ||
|<small>{{green|a}}</small> | |<small>{{green|a}}</small> | ||
|<small> | |<small>azima</small> | ||
|<small>{{blue|- | |<small>{{blue|-t}}</small> | ||
! | ! | ||
|<small> | |<small>ʔine</small> | ||
|<small>- | |<small>-na</small> | ||
|<small>{{green|a}}</small> | |<small>{{green|a}}</small> | ||
|<small>{{green|en}}-</small> | |<small>{{green|en}}-</small> | ||
|<small> | |<small>azama</small> | ||
|<small>-{{blue|ut}}</small> | |<small>-{{blue|ut}}</small> | ||
Line 2,041: | Line 2,145: | ||
|<small>{{green|a}}-</small> | |<small>{{green|a}}-</small> | ||
|<small>-nn</small> | |<small>-nn</small> | ||
|<small> | |<small>erʔi</small> | ||
|<small>-{{blue| | |<small>-{{blue|t}}</small> | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Gloss--> | <!-- Gloss--> | ||
|come/{{sc|act.dir.pos.m}} | |come/{{sc|act.dir.pos.m}} | ||
| {{sc|{{green|latp}}}} | | {{sc|{{green|latp}}}} | ||
| home/{{sc|sg. | | home/{{sc|sg.f}} | ||
| -{{sc| | | -{{sc|f.{{blue|loc}}}} | ||
! | ! | ||
| | | lay/{{sc|act.ind.dyn.n.sg}} | ||
| -it | | -it/{{sc|n.pat.3.sg}} | ||
| {{sc|{{green|latp}}}} | | {{sc|{{green|latp}}}} | ||
| below.{{sc|{{green|locp}}}}- | | below.{{sc|{{green|locp}}}}- | ||
Line 2,068: | Line 2,172: | ||
<!-- Translations --> | <!-- Translations --> | ||
| colspan=" | | colspan="4"| ''Come home!'' | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="6" | | | colspan="6" |''Put it below the house''. | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="4"| | | colspan="4"|''I am getting angry''. | ||
|} | |} | ||
The | =====Possessive locative===== | ||
*''Minulla on talo'' - | The third purpose of the locative case is that it is also the main tool to express [[Attian#Possession|possession]], a construction very close to the [[w:Celtic|Celtic]] and [[w:Finnish|Finnish]] equivalents, confer: | ||
This is the one of the ways of expressing [[Attian#Alienable|alienable possession]] in Attian, and it is never used for inalienable constructions. | *'''Minulla on talo''' - ''I have a house'' (literally: ''There is a house at me'') | ||
This is the one of the ways of expressing [[Attian#Alienable|alienable possession]] in Attian, and it is as such never used for inalienable constructions. | |||
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;" | {| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;" | ||
|+ | |+ | ||
<!-- Sentence --> | <!-- Sentence --> | ||
| colspan=" | | colspan="4"|'''g{{blue|at}} azamayya''' | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan=" | | colspan="5"| '''Manim g{{blue|at}} azamayya!''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Pronunciation--> | <!-- Pronunciation--> | ||
| colspan=" | | colspan="4"|/ˈɡ͡bøt aˈzaŋajːa/ | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan=" | | colspan="5"|/ˈŋ͡mønin ˈɡ͡bøt aˈzaŋajːa/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Morphemes--> | <!-- Morphemes--> | ||
|<small>g</small> | |<small>g</small> | ||
|<small>-{{blue| | |<small>-{{blue|at}}</small> | ||
|<small> | |<small>azama</small> | ||
|<small>-yya</small> | |<small>-yya</small> | ||
Line 2,112: | Line 2,216: | ||
|<small>g</small> | |<small>g</small> | ||
|<small>-{{blue|āt}}</small> | |<small>-{{blue|āt}}</small> | ||
|<small> | |<small>azama</small> | ||
|<small>-yya</small> | |<small>-yya</small> | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 2,119: | Line 2,222: | ||
|I/{{sc|1.sg.m}} | |I/{{sc|1.sg.m}} | ||
| -{{sc|c.{{blue|loc}}}} | | -{{sc|c.{{blue|loc}}}} | ||
| home/{{sc|sg.n | | home/{{sc|sg.n.pat}} | ||
| -{{sc|cop.act.ind.stat}} | | -{{sc|cop.act.ind.stat}} | ||
! | ! | ||
| see/{{sc|act.dir.pos. | | see/{{sc|act.dir.pos.c.pl}} | ||
|I/{{sc|1.sg.m}} | |I/{{sc|1.sg.m}} | ||
| -{{sc|c.{{blue|loc}}}} | | -{{sc|c.{{blue|loc}}}} | ||
| home/{{sc|sg.n | | home/{{sc|sg.n.pat}} | ||
| -{{sc|cop.act.ind.stat}} | | -{{sc|cop.act.ind.stat}} | ||
Line 2,135: | Line 2,236: | ||
<!-- Translations --> | <!-- Translations --> | ||
| colspan=" | | colspan="4"| ''My house'' | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan=" | | colspan="5"|''Behold my house!'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 2,146: | Line 2,247: | ||
<!-- Sentence --> | <!-- Sentence --> | ||
| colspan=" | | colspan="6"|'''azamayya g{{blue|at}} ta trasino''' | ||
| colspan="7"| | | colspan="7"|'''Atnvayya g{{blue|at}} girgemn.''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Pronunciation--> | <!-- Pronunciation--> | ||
| colspan=" | | colspan="6"|/ aˈzaŋajːa ˈɡ͡bøt wa taˈtr̥asino/ | ||
| colspan="7"|/ | | colspan="7"|/ atˈŋ͡majːa ˈɡ͡bøt ˈɡirɡemn/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Morphemes--> | <!-- Morphemes--> | ||
|<small> | |<small>azama</small> | ||
|<small>-yya</small> | |<small>-yya</small> | ||
|<small>g</small> | |<small>g</small> | ||
|<small>-{{blue|at}}</small> | |<small>-{{blue|at}}</small> | ||
|<small> | |<small>ta</small> | ||
|<small> | |<small>trasino</small> | ||
! | ! | ||
|<small>atn</small> | |<small>atn</small> | ||
|<small>-va</small> | |<small>-va</small> | ||
Line 2,175: | Line 2,270: | ||
|<small>g</small> | |<small>g</small> | ||
|<small>-{{blue|at}}</small> | |<small>-{{blue|at}}</small> | ||
|<small> | |<small>girge</small> | ||
|<small>-mn</small> | |<small>-mn</small> | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Gloss--> | <!-- Gloss--> | ||
| home/{{sc|sg.n.pat}} | |||
| home/{{sc|sg.n | |||
| -{{sc|cop.act.ind.stat}} | | -{{sc|cop.act.ind.stat}} | ||
|I/{{sc|1.sg.m}} | |I/{{sc|1.sg.m}} | ||
| -{{sc|f.{{blue|loc}}}} | | -{{sc|f.{{blue|loc}}}} | ||
| {{sc|def.n}} | | {{sc|def art.n}} | ||
| green | | green({{sc|n.sg.pat}}) | ||
! | ! | ||
| dog/{{sc|sg.n}} | |||
| dog/{{sc|sg. | |||
| -{{sc|agt.n.sg}} | | -{{sc|agt.n.sg}} | ||
| -{{sc|cop.act.ind.stat}} | | -{{sc|cop.act.ind.stat}} | ||
Line 2,202: | Line 2,291: | ||
<!-- Translations --> | <!-- Translations --> | ||
| colspan=" | | colspan="6"|''My green house'' | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="7"| | | colspan="7"|''My dog barks at you''. | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Number=== | ===Number=== | ||
====Several's more than one==== | |||
{{quote | |||
|text='''Atimayya ta amga ta ata, tayi atayya ta amga ta atim.''' | |||
|sign=Anathir t'Armavir | |||
|source=Descriptions of the language, p. 29 | |||
|about= '''Several is more than one, but then all is more than several''' is an Attian paradox and sometimes [[w:shibboleth|shibboleth]] created by the Attian national grammarian Anathir t'Armavir. The saying plays with the fact that the Attian word for "''all''" is the same as that for "''one''", thus granting the translation: '''Several is more than one, but then one is more than several'''. It also illustrates the [[w:Grammatical number|number]] inflection for nouns in Attian, where "''several''" is simply the [[w:plural number|plural]] of "''one''" and "''all''" the [[w:Collective number|collective]] form. | |||
}} | |||
====Singular==== | ====Singular==== | ||
The singular ({{sc|sg}}) number is the most basic form of most nouns, and marks individual nouns, counting "one". It is completely corresponding to the [[w:English language|English]] equivalent. The singular patientive is the citation form of all nouns in the Attian language. The singular inflects according to three genders, masculine, feminine and neuter. | The singular ({{sc|sg}}) number is the most basic form of most nouns, and marks individual nouns, counting "one". It is completely corresponding to the [[w:English language|English]] equivalent. The singular patientive is the citation form of all nouns in the Attian language. The singular inflects according to three genders, masculine, feminine and neuter. | ||
Line 2,219: | Line 2,316: | ||
|- | |- | ||
!<small> Masculine</small> | !<small> Masculine</small> | ||
| ''- | | ''-∅''|| ''-va'' || ''-an'' || ''-Vt'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!<small>Feminine</small> | !<small>Feminine</small> | ||
| ''- | | ''-∅''|| ''-vi'' || ''-in'' || ''-Vt'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!<small>Neuter</small> | !<small>Neuter</small> | ||
| ''- | | ''-∅''|| ''-u'' || ''-un'' || ''-Vt'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 2,324: | Line 2,421: | ||
There are several different degrees of animacy, which at times also intertwine with salency. The grading goes from ''Very high'' to ''Very low'' and spans 7 degrees. The top and most animate nouns are humans, and especially men and leaders. Women normally rank as at least as animate as men, but they can in certain circumstances be degraded to indicate inferiority. The least animate substantives are minerals, abstraction and in part; plants. | There are several different degrees of animacy, which at times also intertwine with salency. The grading goes from ''Very high'' to ''Very low'' and spans 7 degrees. The top and most animate nouns are humans, and especially men and leaders. Women normally rank as at least as animate as men, but they can in certain circumstances be degraded to indicate inferiority. The least animate substantives are minerals, abstraction and in part; plants. | ||
====Don't blame the stone==== | |||
{{quote | |||
|text='''Men vathim vana'''. | |||
|sign=Anathir t'Armavir | |||
|source=Descriptions of the language, p. 35 | |||
|about= '''Don't blame the stone''' is a well known Attian saying, invented by the Attian grammarian Athanir t'Armavir. It's idiomatic meaning is that one should not blame the tool when it is not the master of its own actions. It also carries grammatical significance, since the Attian language does not allow inanimate nouns to be the agent of a verb. An equivalent phrase in English would be: ''It isn't the gun that kills, but the one who pulled the trigger''. | |||
}} | |||
Below is an example of someone hit with stones. Here, the subject impossibly could be marked with the agentive, taking their inanimacy in regard. Instead, you may put the subject in the [[Attian#Instrumental|instrumental]] case, and mediopassivise the verb. Alternatively the subject is degraded to an oblique, and a new subject is introduced. | Below is an example of someone hit with stones. Here, the subject impossibly could be marked with the agentive, taking their inanimacy in regard. Instead, you may put the subject in the [[Attian#Instrumental|instrumental]] case, and mediopassivise the verb. Alternatively the subject is degraded to an oblique, and a new subject is introduced. | ||
Line 2,329: | Line 2,433: | ||
|+ | |+ | ||
<!-- Sentence --> | <!-- Sentence --> | ||
| colspan=" | | colspan="4"|'''''{{red|vanev}}'' ittimann''' | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan=" | | colspan="4"|'''vanun tutinn''' | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="5"| | | colspan="5"|'''yatva vanum titann''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Pronunciation--> | <!-- Pronunciation--> | ||
| colspan=" | | colspan="4"|/ˈwanɛw itˈtiŋanː/ | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan=" | | colspan="4"|/ˈwanun ˈtutinː/ | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="5"|/ˈjatwa | | colspan="5"|/ˈjatwa ˈwanuŋ ˈtitanː/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Morphemes--> | <!-- Morphemes--> | ||
|<small> | |<small>vana</small> | ||
|<small> | |<small>-ev</small> | ||
|<small>- | |<small>ittim</small> | ||
|<small>-ann</small> | |||
! | ! | ||
|<small> | |<small>vana</small> | ||
|<small> | |<small>-un</small> | ||
|<small>tuti</small> | |||
|<small>-nn</small> | |<small>-nn</small> | ||
Line 2,365: | Line 2,471: | ||
|<small>yat</small> | |<small>yat</small> | ||
|<small>-va</small> | |<small>-va</small> | ||
|<small> | |<small>vana</small> | ||
|<small> | |<small>-um</small> | ||
|<small>tita</small> | |||
|<small>-nn</small> | |<small>-nn</small> | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Gloss--> | <!-- Gloss--> | ||
| | |stone/{{sc|n.pl.}} | ||
|hit/{{sc|ind.dyn. | | -{{sc|n.pl.agt}} | ||
|hit/{{sc|ind.dyn.n.pl}} | |||
| -{{sc|-m.pat.1.sg}} | | -{{sc|-m.pat.1.sg}} | ||
! | ! | ||
| | |stone/{{sc|n.pl}} | ||
| -{{sc|n.pl.ins}} | |||
|hit/{{sc|med.dyn-stat.m.sg}} | |hit/{{sc|med.dyn-stat.m.sg}} | ||
| -{{sc|-m.pat.1.sg}} | | -{{sc|-m.pat.1.sg}} | ||
Line 2,382: | Line 2,491: | ||
! | ! | ||
|someone | |someone/{{sc|m.sg}} | ||
| -{{sc|m.agt}} | | -{{sc|m.agt}} | ||
| | |stone/{{sc|n.pl}} | ||
| -{{sc|n.pl.ins}} | |||
|hit/{{sc|ind.dyn.m.sg}} | |hit/{{sc|ind.dyn.m.sg}} | ||
| -{{sc|-m.pat.1.sg}} | | -{{sc|-m.pat.1.sg}} | ||
Line 2,390: | Line 2,500: | ||
<!-- Translations --> | <!-- Translations --> | ||
| colspan=" | | colspan="4"|''*Stones hit me'' | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan=" | | colspan="4"|''I am hit with stones'' | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="5"| | | colspan="5"|''Some guy hits me with stones'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 2,443: | Line 2,553: | ||
The alienability bears the meaning that objects or traits that can be removed from your possession are alienable, whilst objects that are inherent, traits, or if it's the origin of an object are inalienable, and always connected to you. A few English examples: | The alienability bears the meaning that objects or traits that can be removed from your possession are alienable, whilst objects that are inherent, traits, or if it's the origin of an object are inalienable, and always connected to you. A few English examples: | ||
{| class= "bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="width: 500px; " | {| class= "bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 500px; " | ||
! colspan="4"|English equivalents | ! colspan="4"|English equivalents | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 2,481: | Line 2,591: | ||
The distinction leads to two different types of possession, one which shows alienable possession, and one that indicates inalienable. Possession ties in with the animacy, as well as the active-stative morphosyntactic alignment. | The distinction leads to two different types of possession, one which shows alienable possession, and one that indicates inalienable. Possession ties in with the animacy, as well as the active-stative morphosyntactic alignment. | ||
The inalienable possession is indicated through suffixing the patientative [[Attian#Enclitic pronouns|enclitic pronouns]] to the noun stem, if the possessor is personal. If not, the locative is used on the possessor, without any adpositions. | The inalienable possession is indicated through suffixing the patientative [[Attian#Enclitic pronouns|enclitic pronouns]] to the noun stem, if the possessor is personal. If not, the locative is used on the possessor, without any adpositions. | ||
Line 2,486: | Line 2,597: | ||
|+ | |+ | ||
<!-- Sentence --> | <!-- Sentence --> | ||
| colspan=" | | colspan="2"|'''nathi{{blue|nn}}''' | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan=" | | colspan="4"|'''an anna mih{{blue|at}}''' | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="4"| | | colspan="4"|'''an emni anth{{blue|at}}''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Pronunciation--> | <!-- Pronunciation--> | ||
| colspan="3"|/ | | colspan="3"|/ˈnaθinː/ | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan=" | | colspan="4"|/anˈanːa ˈŋiɦat/ | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="4"|/ | | colspan="4"|/an ɛˈŋ͡mi anˈθat/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Morphemes--> | <!-- Morphemes--> | ||
|<small> | |<small>nathi</small> | ||
|<small>- | |<small>-{{blue|nn}}</small> | ||
| | |||
! | ! | ||
|<small>an</small> | |<small>an</small> | ||
|<small> | |<small>anna</small> | ||
|<small> | |<small>miha</small> | ||
|<small>-at</small> | |<small>-{{blue|at}}</small> | ||
! | ! | ||
|<small> | |<small>an</small> | ||
|<small> | |<small>emni</small> | ||
|<small> | |<small>natha</small> | ||
|<small> | |<small>-{{blue|at}}</small> | ||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Gloss--> | <!-- Gloss--> | ||
|hand/{{sc|sg. | |hand/{{sc|sg.f.pat}} | ||
| -{{ | | -{{blue|{{sc|-m.pat.1.sg}}}} | ||
| | |||
! | ! | ||
|the.{{sc|def.f}} | |the.{{sc|def.f}} | ||
|mother/{{sc|sg. | |mother/{{sc|sg.f.pat}} | ||
|girl/{{sc|sg.f}} | |girl/{{sc|sg.f}} | ||
| -{{sc|f.loc}} | | -{{sc|f.{{blue|loc}}}} | ||
! | ! | ||
|the.{{sc|def.f}} | |the.{{sc|def.f}} | ||
|appearance/{{sc|sg. | |appearance/{{sc|sg.f.pat}} | ||
|man/{{sc|sg.m}} | |man/{{sc|sg.m}} | ||
| -{{sc|m.loc}} | | -{{sc|m.{{blue|loc}}}}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Translations --> | <!-- Translations --> | ||
| colspan=" | | colspan="2"| ''My hand'' | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan=" | | colspan="4"|''The girl's mother'' | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan=" | | colspan="4"|''The man's appearance'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
Alienable possession on the other hand | Alienable possession on the other hand can be marked quite differently, or rather not marked at all. Alienable possession is expressed throught the verb '''thama''' - ''own'' or ''control'', which is equivalent to ''to have'' in English. | ||
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;" | {| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;" | ||
|+ | |+ | ||
<!-- Sentence --> | <!-- Sentence --> | ||
| colspan=" | | colspan="3"|'''Gva etiza thimay''' | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan=" | | colspan="3"|'''Nihva atna ethimey''' | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan=" | | colspan="4"|'''Tim nithay mānrum ithmayim''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Pronunciation--> | <!-- Pronunciation--> | ||
| colspan=" | | colspan="3"|/ɡwa ɛtˈiza ˈθiŋaj/ | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan=" | | colspan="3"|/ˈnihwa atˈna ɛθiŋej/ | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan=" | | colspan="4"|/tiŋ ˈniθaj ŋ͡mønr̥uŋ iθˈŋajiŋ/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Morphemes--> | <!-- Morphemes--> | ||
|<small> | |<small>gva</small> | ||
|<small> | |<small>etiza</small> | ||
|<small> | |<small>thimay</small> | ||
! | ! | ||
|<small>nihva</small> | |||
|<small>atna</small> | |||
|<small>ethimey</small> | |||
|<small> | |||
|<small> | |||
|<small> | |||
! | ! | ||
|<small> | |<small>tim</small> | ||
|<small> | |<small>nithay</small> | ||
|<small> | |<small>mānrum</small> | ||
|<small> | |<small>ithnayim</small> | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Gloss--> | <!-- Gloss--> | ||
| | | I/{{sc|1.sg.m.agt}} | ||
| horse/{{sc|f.sg.pat}} | |||
| control/{{sc|ind.stat.m.sg}} | |||
| | |||
| control/{{sc|ind. | |||
! | ! | ||
| girl/{{sc|f.sg.agt}} | |||
| | | dog/{{sc|n.sg.pat}} | ||
| | | control/{{sc|ind.stat.f.sg}} | ||
| control/{{sc|ind. | |||
! | ! | ||
| | | {{sc|def art.pl.m.agt}} | ||
| man/{{sc|m.pl.agt}} | |||
| man/{{sc|pl. | | book/{{sc|n.pl.pat}} | ||
| | | control/{{sc|ind.stat.c.pl}} | ||
| control/{{sc|ind. | |||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Translations --> | <!-- Translations --> | ||
| colspan="3"| | | colspan="3"| ''I own a horse''. | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan=" | | colspan="3"|''The girl has a dog''. | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan=" | | colspan="4"|''The men have books'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
This ties in with [[Attian#Animacy|animacy]] - alienable possession is not possible for inanimate nouns, since they are not perceived to be able to control or own anything. Instead, this is circumvented throughother expressions, most often with the instrumental and a [[Attian#Copula|copula]] | This ties in with [[Attian#Animacy|animacy]] - alienable possession is not possible for inanimate nouns, since they are not perceived to be able to control or own anything. Instead, this is circumvented throughother expressions, most often with the instrumental and a [[Attian#Copula|copula]]. This is a common way of expression for animate nouns as well, but the previous example is impossible for inanimate ones. | ||
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;" | {| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;" | ||
Line 2,657: | Line 2,747: | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="5"|''' | | colspan="5"|'''māgrin mānthayya''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Pronunciation--> | <!-- Pronunciation--> | ||
Line 2,664: | Line 2,754: | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="5"|/ | | colspan="5"|/ˈŋøgrin ˈŋønθajːa/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Morphemes--> | <!-- Morphemes--> | ||
Line 2,674: | Line 2,764: | ||
! | ! | ||
|<small> | |<small>magra</small> | ||
|<small>-in</small> | |<small>-in</small> | ||
|<small> | |<small>mantha</small> | ||
|<small>-yya</small> | |<small>-yya</small> | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 2,682: | Line 2,772: | ||
|dog/{{sc|sg.n}} | |dog/{{sc|sg.n}} | ||
| -{{sc|n.ins}} | | -{{sc|n.ins}} | ||
| leash/{{sc|n.sg}} | | leash/{{sc|n.sg.pat}} | ||
| -{{sc|cop.act.ind.stat}} | | -{{sc|cop.act.ind.stat}} | ||
Line 2,689: | Line 2,779: | ||
|knife/{{sc|sg.n}} | |knife/{{sc|sg.n}} | ||
| -{{sc|n.ins}} | | -{{sc|n.ins}} | ||
|handle/{{sc|n.sg}} | |handle/{{sc|n.sg.pat}} | ||
| -{{sc|cop.act.ind.stat}} | | -{{sc|cop.act.ind.stat}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Translations --> | <!-- Translations --> | ||
| colspan="3"| | | colspan="3"| ''The dog has a leash / A leash is with the dog'' | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="5"| | | colspan="5"|''The knife has a handle / A handle is with the knife'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 2,798: | Line 2,888: | ||
===Demonstratives=== | ===Demonstratives=== | ||
The demonstrative pronouns function as demonstratives, determiners, | The demonstrative pronouns function as demonstratives, determiners, and third person personal pronouns. There is no distinction made, what so ever. | ||
The feminine demonstrative pronouns have been subjected to loaning, explaining the diverseness in roots. However, the remaining roots are derived from the root √t, which is translated as ''one, pertaining to unity''. | The feminine demonstrative pronouns have been subjected to loaning, explaining the diverseness in roots. However, the remaining roots are derived from the root √t, which is translated as ''one, pertaining to unity''. | ||
====Distal demonstratives==== | ====Distal demonstratives==== | ||
The distal demonstratives, sometimes | The distal demonstratives, in Attian grammar sometimes called ''functional articles'' or ''normal'' demonstratives imply a relatively far distance way from the speaker, similarly to the English deictic "''that''". The demonstratives have a range of functions: | ||
*The instrumental forms transform verbal nouns to adverbs after verbs. | |||
*The locative forms transform nouns to locational or directional adverbs after verbs. | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 450px; " | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 450px; " | ||
|- | |||
! colspan="7"|Distal demonstrative pronouns | ! colspan="7"|Distal demonstrative pronouns | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 2,821: | Line 2,916: | ||
! style="text-align: center;"|<small>Neuter</small> | ! style="text-align: center;"|<small>Neuter</small> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align: center; "|<small> | ! style="text-align: center; "|<small>Dependent</small> | ||
| style="text-align: center;"|'' | | style="text-align: center;"|''aʾ''- | ||
| style="text-align: center;"|'' | | style="text-align: center;"|''eʾ-'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;"|'' | | style="text-align: center;"|''aʾ''- | ||
| style="text-align: center;"|'' | | style="text-align: center;"|''aʾ''- | ||
| style="text-align: center;"|'' | | style="text-align: center;"|''eʾ-'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;"|'' | | style="text-align: center;"|''aʾ''- | ||
|- | |||
! style="text-align: center; "|<small>Independent</small> | |||
| style="text-align: center;"|''ah'' | |||
| style="text-align: center;"|''eh'' | |||
| style="text-align: center;"|''ah'' | |||
| style="text-align: center;"|''ahaʾ'' | |||
| style="text-align: center;"|''ehiʾ'' | |||
| style="text-align: center;"|''ahaʾ'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align: center; "|<small>Instrumental</small> | ! style="text-align: center; "|<small>Instrumental</small> | ||
| style="text-align: center;"|'' | | style="text-align: center;"|''ahan'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;"|'' | | style="text-align: center;"|''ehin'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;"|'' | | style="text-align: center;"|''ehen'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;"|'' | | style="text-align: center;"|''anni'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;"|'' | | style="text-align: center;"|''enni'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;"|'' | | style="text-align: center;"|''henu'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align: center; "|<small>Locative</small> | ! style="text-align: center; "|<small>Locative</small> | ||
| style="text-align: center;"|'' | | style="text-align: center;"|''ahat'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;"|'' | | style="text-align: center;"|''ehit'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;"|'' | | style="text-align: center;"|''ehet'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;"|'' | | style="text-align: center;"|''atti'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;"|'' | | style="text-align: center;"|''etti'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;"|'' | | style="text-align: center;"|''hetu'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
====Proximal demonstratives==== | ====Proximal demonstratives==== | ||
The proximal demonstratives signify a close distance of the deictic and the speaker, equivalent to the English demonstrative "''this''", and it is marked through prefixing an ⟨e-⟩ to the stems of the distal demonstratives. Any collisions with vowels conclude in the deletion of the | The proximal demonstratives signify a close distance of the deictic and the speaker, equivalent to the English demonstrative "''this''", and it is marked through prefixing an ⟨e-⟩ to the stems of the distal demonstratives. Any collisions with vowels conclude in the deletion of the original vowel. This has led to a great deal of irregularity in the proximals. | ||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 450px; " | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 450px; " | ||
Line 2,872: | Line 2,975: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align: center; "|<small>Agentive</small> | ! style="text-align: center; "|<small>Agentive</small> | ||
| style="text-align: center;"|'' | | style="text-align: center;"|''eta'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;"|''en/eva'' | | style="text-align: center;"|''en/eva'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;"|'' | | style="text-align: center;"|''etu'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;"|''etim'' | | style="text-align: center;"|''etim'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;"|''evim'' | | style="text-align: center;"|''evim'' | ||
Line 2,888: | Line 2,991: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align: center; "|<small>Locative</small> | ! style="text-align: center; "|<small>Locative</small> | ||
| style="text-align: center;"|'' | | style="text-align: center;"|''etat'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;"|''evat'' | | style="text-align: center;"|''evat'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;"|'' | | style="text-align: center;"|''etut | ||
| style="text-align: center;"|''etat'' | | style="text-align: center;"|''etat'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;"|''evat'' | | style="text-align: center;"|''evat'' | ||
Line 2,897: | Line 3,000: | ||
These demonstratives are however quite archaic, and are being replaced by the previously complementive proclitic ⟨e-⟩. They are still valid as pronouns, but rarely determine frases, instead replaced by the proclitic, which is added to the modified noun. | These demonstratives are however quite archaic, and are being replaced by the previously complementive proclitic ⟨e-⟩. They are still valid as pronouns, but rarely determine frases, instead replaced by the proclitic, which is added to the modified noun. Unless the word starts in a vowel, in that case, the demonstratives are preferrable. | ||
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;" | {| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;" | ||
|+ | |+ | ||
<!-- Sentence --> | <!-- Sentence --> | ||
| colspan="4"| ''' | | colspan="4"| '''etu nema''' | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="3"| ''' | | colspan="3"| '''enema''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Pronunciation--> | <!-- Pronunciation--> | ||
| colspan="4"|/ | | colspan="4"|/ɛˈtʊ ˈnɛŋ͡mø/ | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="3"|/ | | colspan="3"|/ɛˈnɛŋ͡mø/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Morphemes--> | <!-- Morphemes--> | ||
|<small>e-</small> | |<small>e-</small> | ||
|<small> | |<small>tu</small> | ||
|<small> | |<small>nem</small> | ||
|<small>-a</small> | |<small>-a</small> | ||
Line 2,925: | Line 3,028: | ||
|<small>e-</small> | |<small>e-</small> | ||
|<small> | |<small>nem</small> | ||
|<small>-a</small> | |<small>-a</small> | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 2,931: | Line 3,034: | ||
|{{sc|prox}}- | |{{sc|prox}}- | ||
|this/{{sc|det.prox.pat.sg.n}} | |this/{{sc|det.prox.pat.sg.n}} | ||
| | | noun/{{sc|sg.n}} | ||
| -{{sc|pat.n.sg}} | | -{{sc|pat.n.sg}} | ||
Line 2,937: | Line 3,040: | ||
|{{sc|prox}}- | |{{sc|prox}}- | ||
| | | noun/{{sc|sg.n}} | ||
| -{{sc|pat.n.sg}} | | -{{sc|pat.n.sg}} | ||
Line 2,997: | Line 3,100: | ||
===Disjunctive pronouns=== | ===Disjunctive pronouns=== | ||
===Reciprocal pronouns=== | ===Reciprocal pronouns=== | ||
==Adjectives and adverbs== | |||
The Attian language lacks simple modifiers in the traditional [[w:English|English]] sense. [[w:Adjective|Adjective]]s and [[w:adverb|adverb]]s do not exist. Instead, nouns and verbs are modified through the use of [[Attian#nouns|nouns]]. | |||
===Adjectives=== | |||
===Adverbs=== | |||
Attian adverbs are remains of system of [[w:cognate accusative|cognate accusative]]s which modiied verbal phrases. Now, it is a fairly simple system using a demonstrative and a noun. | |||
==Verbs== | ==Verbs== | ||
Line 3,023: | Line 3,132: | ||
|- | |- | ||
|''anza'' | |''anza'' | ||
| | |אנזְ | ||
|morning/early | |morning/early | ||
|{{sc|past}} | |{{sc|past}} | ||
|'' | |''n'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|''agmā'' | |''agmā'' | ||
| | |אגםְ | ||
|evening/late | |evening/late | ||
|{{sc|future}} | |{{sc|future}} | ||
|'' | |''n'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|''mēgā'' | |''mēgā'' | ||
| | |מֵגְ | ||
|time/timely | |time/timely | ||
|{{sc|present}} | |{{sc|present}} | ||
|'' | |''n'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|''- | |''-igimā'' | ||
| | |יגִםְ- | ||
|that comes | |that comes | ||
|{{sc|reiterative}} | |{{sc|reiterative}} | ||
|''-'' | |''-'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|'' | |''mēgigime'' | ||
| | |מֵגִגִםֵ | ||
|time that comes/again | |time that comes/again | ||
|{{sc|reiterative present}} | |{{sc|reiterative present}} | ||
|'' | |''n'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|''- | |''-itiya'' | ||
| | |יטִיְ- | ||
|that waits | |that waits | ||
|{{sc|"relative"}} | |{{sc|"relative"}} | ||
|''-'' | |''-'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|'' | |''mēgitiye'' | ||
| | |מֵגִטִיֵ | ||
|time that waits/today | |time that waits/today | ||
|{{sc|hodiernal}} | |{{sc|hodiernal}} | ||
|'' | |''n'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|'' | |''anzitiye'' | ||
| | |אנזִטִיֵ | ||
|morning that waits/yesterday | |morning that waits/yesterday | ||
|{{sc|hesternal}} | |{{sc|hesternal}} | ||
|'' | |''n'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|'' | |''agmitiye'' | ||
| | |אגמִטִיֵ | ||
|evening that waits/tomorrow | |evening that waits/tomorrow | ||
|{{sc|crastinal}} | |{{sc|crastinal}} | ||
|'' | |''n'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
*Please note that as with all adverbs, the definite article is compulsory. | *Please note that as with all adverbs, the definite article is compulsory, as well as the instrumental case. As with all words with an onset, the definite article is inverted. | ||
====Gender and number==== | ====Gender and number==== | ||
Line 3,139: | Line 3,248: | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="4"|/ | | colspan="4"|/taˈŋjana ˈdunʊ/ | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="4"|/ | | colspan="4"|/taˈŋjau̩ ˈdunʊ/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Morphemes--> | <!-- Morphemes--> | ||
Line 3,215: | Line 3,324: | ||
|+ | |+ | ||
<!-- Sentence --> | <!-- Sentence --> | ||
| colspan=" | | colspan="3"|'''ta munehna {{blue|guthu}}''' | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan=" | | colspan="3"|'''raiaya {{blue|vuhu}}''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Pronunciation--> | <!-- Pronunciation--> | ||
| colspan=" | | colspan="3"| /ta ˈŋunɛhna ˈguθʊ/ | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan=" | | colspan="3"|/r̥aˈi̩aja ˈwuhʊ/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Morphemes--> | <!-- Morphemes--> | ||
|<small>ta</small> | |<small>ta</small> | ||
|<small> | |<small>munehna</small> | ||
|<small>{{blue|guthu}}</small> | |<small>{{blue|guthu}}</small> | ||
! | ! | ||
|<small> | |<small>raia</small> | ||
|<small>-ya</small> | |<small>-ya</small> | ||
|<small>{{blue|vuhu}}</small> | |<small>{{blue|vuhu}}</small> | ||
Line 3,243: | Line 3,350: | ||
<!-- Gloss--> | <!-- Gloss--> | ||
|the.{{sc|def.n}} | |the.{{sc|def.n}} | ||
|window/{{sc|n.sg | |window/{{sc|n.sg.pat}} | ||
|break/{{sc|{{blue|med}}.dyn-stat.n.sg}} | |break/{{sc|{{blue|med}}.dyn-stat.n.sg}} | ||
! | ! | ||
|head/{{sc|n.sg | |head/{{sc|n.sg.pat}} | ||
| -{{sc|m.pat.3.sg}} | | -{{sc|m.pat.3.sg}} | ||
|turn/{{sc|{{blue|med}}.dyn-stat.n.sg}} | |turn/{{sc|{{blue|med}}.dyn-stat.n.sg}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Translations --> | <!-- Translations --> | ||
| colspan=" | | colspan="3"|''The window broke'' | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan=" | | colspan="3"|''His head turns'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 3,270: | Line 3,375: | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="3"| '''ta | | colspan="3"| '''ta genan gunun''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Pronunciation--> | <!-- Pronunciation--> | ||
| colspan="3"|/ | | colspan="3"|/taˈtata ˈzuziŋ/ | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="3"|/ | | colspan="3"|/taˈɡ͡bœnan ˈgunun/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Morphemes--> | <!-- Morphemes--> | ||
Line 3,286: | Line 3,391: | ||
|<small>ta</small> | |<small>ta</small> | ||
|<small> | |<small>genan</small> | ||
|<small>gunun</small> | |<small>gunun</small> | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 3,323: | Line 3,428: | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="3"| '''gva | | colspan="3"| '''gva muga''' | ||
! | ! | ||
Line 3,359: | Line 3,464: | ||
|<small>g</small> | |<small>g</small> | ||
|<small>-va</small> | |<small>-va</small> | ||
|<small> | |<small>muga</small> | ||
! | ! | ||
Line 3,423: | Line 3,528: | ||
| colspan="3"| /ar̥ˈr̥ʊ ar̥ˈŋɛj ˈr̥ɛŋ͡muŋ/ | | colspan="3"| /ar̥ˈr̥ʊ ar̥ˈŋɛj ˈr̥ɛŋ͡muŋ/ | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="6"|/anˈaria adˈniŋ anˈsan uˈjatan | | colspan="6"|/anˈaria adˈniŋ anˈsan uˈjatan taˈtan/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Morphemes--> | <!-- Morphemes--> | ||
Line 3,466: | Line 3,571: | ||
|+ | |+ | ||
<!-- Sentence --> | <!-- Sentence --> | ||
| colspan="4"|'''Emnvi ta | | colspan="4"|'''Emnvi ta azama {{blue|ethiri}}'''. | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="3"|'''Ta | | colspan="3"|'''Ta azama {{green|thirey}}'''. | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="3"|'''Ta | | colspan="3"|'''Ta azama {{red|thuru}}'''. | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Pronunciation--> | <!-- Pronunciation--> | ||
| colspan="4"| /ɛˈŋ͡mi | | colspan="4"| /ɛˈŋ͡mi tasˈaŋa ɛθˈiri/ | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="3"|/ | | colspan="3"|/tasˈaŋa ˈθirɛj/ | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="3"|/ | | colspan="3"|/tasˈaŋa ˈθurʊ/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Morphemes--> | <!-- Morphemes--> | ||
Line 3,521: | Line 3,626: | ||
*''The mouse squeaked.'' - {{sc|non-momentane}} | *''The mouse squeaked.'' - {{sc|non-momentane}} | ||
*''The mouse squeaked once.'' - {{sc|momentane}} | *''The mouse squeaked once.'' - {{sc|momentane}} | ||
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;" | {| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;" | ||
|+ | |+ | ||
<!-- Sentence --> | <!-- Sentence --> | ||
| colspan=" | | colspan="3"|'''Tu {{red|titann}}''' | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="3"|''' | | colspan="3"|'''Tu {{blue|ʾattann}}''' | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan=" | | colspan="5"|'''Tu {{red|nitat}}ur {{blue|ʾatat}}ur?''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Pronunciation--> | <!-- Pronunciation--> | ||
| colspan=" | | colspan="3"| /tʊ ˈtitanː/ | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="3"|/ | | colspan="3"|/tʊ ˈʔatːanː/ | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan=" | | colspan="5"|/tʊ ˈnitatur̥ ˈʔatatur̥/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Morphemes--> | <!-- Morphemes--> | ||
|<small> | |<small>tu</small> | ||
|<small> | |<small>{{red|tita}}</small> | ||
| | |<small>-ann</small> | ||
|<small> | |||
! | ! | ||
|<small> | |<small>tu</small> | ||
|<small> | |<small>{{blue|ʾatta}}</small> | ||
|<small> | |<small>-ann</small> | ||
! | ! | ||
|<small>tu</small> | |||
|<small> | |<small>{{red|nitat}}</small> | ||
|<small> | |<small>-ur</small> | ||
|<small>{{ | |<small>{{blue|ʾatat}}</small> | ||
|<small>-ur</small> | |||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Gloss--> | <!-- Gloss--> | ||
| | |he/{{sc|3.m.sg.agt}} | ||
| | |{{red|hit}}/{{sc|ind.{{red|dyn}}.m.sg}} | ||
| -{{sc|pat.1.m.sg.}} | |||
| | |||
! | ! | ||
| | |he/{{sc|3.m.sg.agt}} | ||
|{{blue|hit}}/{{sc|ind.{{blue|mom}}.m.sg}} | |||
|{{ | | -{{sc|pat.1.m.sg.}} | ||
! | ! | ||
| | |he/{{sc|3.m.sg.agt}} | ||
| | |{{red|hit}}/{{sc|int.{{red|dyn}}.m.sg}} | ||
|{{ | | -or/{{sc|coo.conj.}} | ||
|{{blue|hit}}/{{sc|int.{{blue|mom}}.m.sg}} | |||
| -or/{{sc|coo.conj.}} | |||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Translations --> | <!-- Translations --> | ||
| colspan=" | | colspan="3"|''He hit me''. | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="3"|'' | | colspan="3"|''He hit me once''. | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan=" | | colspan="5"|''Did he hit [you] once or several times''?/''Did he beat or strike [you]?'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
The momentane does however shine on a different area - most of the time, the momentane works like a [[w:perfective|perfective]], signifying past events, similarly to a [[w:preterite|preterite]] or a [[w:perfect|perfect]] tense and compound tense. This grants that the past tense is sometimes implied when using the momentane aspect. | |||
The momentane does however shine on a different area - most of the time, the momentane works like a [[w:perfective|perfective]], signifying past events, similarly to a [[w:preterite|preterite]] or a [[w:perfect|perfect]] tense and compound tense. This grants that the past tense is sometimes implied when using the momentane aspect. | |||
It also signifies actions performed very quickly, especially in the present time. | |||
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;" | {| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;" | ||
|+ | |+ | ||
<!-- Sentence --> | <!-- Sentence --> | ||
| colspan=" | | colspan="5"|'''Ta amguh {{red|vite}} ta anzan.''' | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="3"|'''Ta | | colspan="3"|'''Ta amguh {{red|vite}}.''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Pronunciation--> | <!-- Pronunciation--> | ||
| colspan=" | | colspan="5"| /taŋˈɡuɦ ˈwitɛ tanˈsan/ | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan=" | | colspan="5"| /taŋˈɡuɦ ˈwitɛ/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Morphemes--> | <!-- Morphemes--> | ||
|<small>ta</small> | |<small>ta</small> | ||
|<small> | |<small>amguh</small> | ||
|<small>{{ | |<small>{{red|vite}}</small> | ||
|<small>ta</small> | |<small>ta</small> | ||
|<small> | |<small>anzan</small> | ||
! | ! | ||
|<small>ta</small> | |<small>ta</small> | ||
|<small> | |<small>amguh</small> | ||
|<small>{{red| | |<small>{{red|vite}}</small> | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Gloss--> | <!-- Gloss--> | ||
|the/{{sc|def.art.n.sg}} | |the/{{sc|def.art.n.sg}} | ||
| | |mouse/{{sc|n.sg.pat}} | ||
|{{ | |{{red|squeak}}/{{sc|ind.{{red|dyn}}.n.sg}} | ||
|the/{{sc|def.art.n.sg}} | |||
|the/{{sc|def.art.n.sg}} | |morning/{{sc|n.sg.ins}} | ||
| | |||
! | ! | ||
|the/{{sc|def.art.n.sg}} | |the/{{sc|def.art.n.sg}} | ||
| | |mouse/{{sc|n.sg.pat}} | ||
|{{red| | |{{red|squeak}}/{{sc|ind.{{red|dyn}}.n.sg}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Translations --> | <!-- Translations --> | ||
| colspan=" | | colspan="5"|''The mouse squeaked (in the past)''. ({{sc|formal}}) | ||
| | |||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="3"|''The | | colspan="3"|''The mouse squeaked (''or'' squeaks, will squeak)''. ({{sc|colloquial}}) | ||
|} | |} | ||
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;" | |||
|+ | |||
<!-- Sentence --> | |||
{| | | colspan="3"|'''Ta amguh {{blue|ʾevte}}.''' | ||
! | |||
| colspan="5"|'''Ta amguh {{blue|ʾevte}} atmegan''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan=" | <!-- Pronunciation--> | ||
| colspan="3"|/taŋˈɡuɦ ˈʔɛwtə/ | |||
! | |||
| colspan="5"|/taŋˈɡuɦ ˈʔɛwtə atˈŋ͡mœɡ͡bøn/ | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | <!-- Morphemes--> | ||
|<small>ta</small> | |||
|<small>amguh</small> | |||
|<small>{{blue|hevte}}</small> | |||
! | |||
|<small>ta</small> | |||
|<small>amguh</small> | |||
|<small>{{blue|hevte}}</small> | |||
|<small>at-</small> | |||
|<small>-mēgān</small> | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | <!-- Gloss--> | ||
|the/{{sc|def.art.n.sg}} | |||
|mouse/{{sc|n.sg.pat}} | |||
|{{blue|squeak}}/{{sc|ind.{{blue|mom}}.n.sg}} | |||
! | |||
|the/{{sc|def.art.n.sg}} | |||
|mouse/{{sc|n.sg.pat}} | |||
|{{blue|squeak}}/{{sc|ind.{{blue|mom}}.n.sg}} | |||
|the/{{sc|def.art.n.sg}} - | |||
|time/{{sc|n.sg.ins}} | |||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan=" | <!-- Translations --> | ||
| | ! | ||
| colspan="3"|''The mouse squeaked''. | |||
| | ! | ||
| colspan="5"|''The mouse squeaks/squeaked rapidly today''. | |||
|} | |||
===Evidentiality=== | |||
====Not who, not what, not where nor when. But how.==== | |||
{{quote | |||
|text='''Men ti, men te, men tu, men utuge. Man atta'''. | |||
|sign=Anathir t'Armavir | |||
|source=Descriptions of the language, p. 57 | |||
|about= '''Not who, not what, not where nor when. But how.''' is an Attian saying by the grammarian Anathir t'Armavir. The saying embraces scientific principles, emphasising that it is the manner and reason for an event that is key. The saying was for a long time praxis in Attian law, until the judiciary deemed it inefficient. The saying also plays with the Attian verbal grammatical system, since the language's verbs do not agree with person, tense and the like, but do use evidentials. | |||
}} | |||
A feature not previously used in examples, although almost essential to everyday communication in Attian, is '''evidentiality'''. The definition can be cited as the indication of the nature of evidence for a given statement; that is, whether evidence exists for the statement and/or what kind of evidence exists. Simply put; it marks the source of information the speaker has for his or her statement. | |||
There are four evidentials in the Attian language, in addition to the use of no evidential at all. These are: | |||
*'''Visual''' - used when there is visual evidence often by the speaker himself, that something has occurred. | |||
*'''Nonvisual''' - used when there is other evidence than visual to support an occurrence. This might be sensory, olfactory or auditory evidence or the like. | |||
*'''Hearsay''' - when an occurrence only can be confirmed through hearsay and that it may not necessarily be accurate. | |||
*'''Quotative''' - the quotative has a higher degree of certainty then the hearsay evidential, used when citing a second or third hand source. Most often believed to be accurate and not open for interpretation. | |||
The process in Attian is known as '''embedding'''. The evidentials are proper biliteral roots conveying their inherent information and are circumfixed on the conjugated verb. At times, they can be circumfixed on adverbs, adjectives and nouns as well. | |||
====Visual and nonvisual==== | |||
Evidentials in Attian are typically used to convey information in the past tense, although it is not granted. Especially the visual and nonvisual evidentials have this implication. | |||
| colspan=" | {| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;" | ||
|+ | |||
<!-- Sentence --> | |||
| colspan="9"|'''An anithariaʾ u amnat {{blue|m}}egizi{{blue|n}} ta uhdhan''' | |||
! | |||
| colspan="6"|'''Azayya ta {{blue|m}}etera{{blue|t}}''' | |||
|- | |||
<!-- Pronunciation--> | |||
| colspan="9"| /an anˈiθari̩aʔ ʊ aŋ͡mˈøt ˈŋ͡mœɡizin ta uhˈðan/ | |||
! | |||
| colspan="6"|/aˈzajːa taˈtɛra/ | |||
|- | |||
<!-- Morphemes--> | |||
|<small>an</small> | |||
|<small>anithariaʾ</small> | |||
|<small>u</small> | |||
|<small>amnat</small> | |||
|<small>⟨{{blue|me}}⟩</small> | |||
|<small>egizi</small> | |||
|<small>⟨{{blue|in}}⟩</small> | |||
|<small>ta</small> | |||
|<small>uhdhan</small> | |||
! | |||
|<small>aza</small> | |||
|<small>-ayya</small> | |||
|<small>ta</small> | |||
|<small>⟨{{blue|me}}⟩</small> | |||
|<small>tera</small> | |||
|<small>⟨{{blue|at}}⟩</small> | |||
|- | |||
<!-- Gloss--> | |||
|the/{{sc|def-art.f.sg.agt}} | |||
|police/{{sc|f.sg.agt}} | |||
|from.{{sc|latp}} | |||
|we/{{sc|1.c.pl.loc}} | |||
|⟨{{blue|{{sc|evid.vis}}}}⟩ | |||
|go/{{sc|ind.dyn.f.sg}} | |||
|⟨{{blue|{{sc|evid.vis}}}}⟩ | |||
|the/{{sc|def-art.n.sg}} | |||
|side/{{sc|n.sg.ins}} | |||
! | |||
|outside.{{sc|locp}} | |||
|{{sc|ind.cop}} | |||
|the/{{sc|def-art.n.sg}} | |||
|⟨{{blue|{{sc|evid.nonvis}}}}⟩ | |||
|cold/{{sc|n.sg.pat}} | |||
|⟨{{blue|{{sc|evid.nonvis}}}}⟩ | |||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Translations --> | |||
| colspan="9"|''The police went past us'' | |||
! | |||
| colspan="8"|''It is cold outside''. | |||
|- | |||
<!-- Alternative translations --> | |||
| colspan="9"|Or: ''I saw the police go past us'' | |||
! | |||
| colspan="8"|Or: ''It is cold outside, I felt''. | |||
|} | |||
====Hearsay and quotative==== | |||
The '''hearsay''' ({{sc|hear}}) and '''quotative''' ({{sc|quot}}) evidentials denot when an occurrence only can be confirmed only through hearsay and that it may not necessarily be accurate, or when used when citing a second or third hand source. Most often believed to be accurate and not open for interpretation. Compare the difference in the English phrases "''It is said''" and ''"I was told''". | |||
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;" | |||
|+ | |||
<!-- Sentence --> | |||
| colspan="6"|'''Amnva ta tenia {{blue|the}}mina{{blue|n}}. | |||
! | |||
| colspan="8"|'''Ta aruzayya mugayyir ta {{blue|the}}mega{{blue|n}}''' | |||
! | |||
|- | |||
<!-- Pronunciation--> | |||
| colspan="6"| /aŋ͡mˈa taˈtɛni̩a ˈθɛŋinan/ | |||
! | |||
| colspan="8"|/ta arˈusaʝːa ˈŋuɡaʝːir̥ tanˈθɛŋ͡mœɡ͡bønan / | |||
! | |||
|- | |||
<!-- Morphemes--> | |||
|<small>amnva</small> | |||
|<small>ta</small> | |||
|<small>tania</small> | |||
|<small>{{blue|the}}-</small> | |||
|<small>mina</small> | |||
|<small>-{{blue|an}}</small> | |||
! | |||
|<small>ta</small> | |||
|<small>aruz</small> | |||
|<small>-ayya</small> | |||
|<small>-mugayyir</small> | |||
|<small>-tan</small> | |||
|<small>⟨{{blue|the}}⟩</small> | |||
|<small>megan</small> | |||
|<small>⟨{{blue|an}}⟩</small> | |||
! | |||
|- | |||
<!-- Gloss--> | |||
|you/{{sc|2.m.sg.agt}} | |||
|{{sc|def.art.n.sg.}} | |||
|movie/{{sc|n.sg.pat}} | |||
| ⟨{{sc|{{blue|evid.hear}}}}⟩ | |||
|see/{{sc|ind.dyn.m.sg}} | |||
| ⟨{{sc|{{blue|evid.hear}}}}⟩ | |||
! | |||
|{{sc|def.art.f.ins}} | |||
|rice/{{sc|n.sg.pat}} | |||
| -{{sc|cop.ind.}} | |||
|done/{{sc|pcp.med}} | |||
|{{sc|def.art.n.ins}} | |||
| ⟨{{sc|{{blue|evid.hear}}}}⟩ | |||
|present/{{sc|n.sg.ins}} | |||
| ⟨{{sc|{{blue|evid.hear}}}}⟩ | |||
! | |||
|- | |||
<!-- Translations --> | |||
| colspan="6"|''It is said you saw that movie''. | |||
! | |||
| colspan="8"|''The rice is supposed to be done '''now'''''! | |||
! | |||
|} | |||
<br/> | |||
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;" | |||
|+ | |||
<!-- Sentence --> | |||
| colspan="7"|'''Magaziniyya an {{blue|ʾa}}tema{{blue|y}}''' | |||
! | |||
| colspan="8"|'''An aʾahagman niʾat thiya {{blue|ʾa}}gume{{blue|y}}amn ''' | |||
|- | |||
<!-- Pronunciation--> | |||
| colspan="7"|/ˈŋ͡møɡ͡bøziniʝːa anˈʔatɛŋ͡møj/ | |||
! | |||
| colspan="8"|/anˈaʔahaɡŋan ˈniʔat ˈθiʝa ʔaɡuŋ͡mœʝaŋ͡m/ | |||
|- | |||
<!-- Morphemes--> | |||
|<small>magazi</small> | |||
|<small>-ni</small> | |||
|<small>-yya</small> | |||
|<small>an</small> | |||
|<small>⟨{{blue|ʾa}}⟩</small> | |||
|<small>tema</small> | |||
|<small>⟨{{blue|y}}⟩</small> | |||
! | |||
|<small>an</small> | |||
|<small>aʾahagman</small> | |||
|<small>niʾat</small> | |||
|<small>thiya</small> | |||
|<small>⟨{{blue|ʾa}}⟩</small> | |||
|<small>gume</small> | |||
|<small>⟨{{blue|ey}}⟩</small> | |||
|<small>-amn</small> | |||
|- | |||
<!-- Gloss--> | |||
|shop/{{sc|f.sg.ins}} | |||
| -{{sc|prox.f.sg}} | |||
| -{{sc|cop.ind.}} | |||
|{{sc|def.art.f.pat}} | |||
| ⟨{{sc|{{blue|evid.quot}}}}⟩ | |||
|good/{{sc|f.sg.pat}} | |||
| ⟨{{sc|{{blue|evid.quot}}}}⟩ | |||
! | |||
|{{sc|def.art.f.ins}} | |||
|deprivation/{{sc|f.sg.ins}} | |||
|sleep/{{sc|f.sg.loc}} | |||
|sickness/{{sc|f.sg.pat}} | |||
| ⟨{{sc|{{blue|evid.quot}}}}⟩ | |||
|go/{{sc|ind.dyn.m.sg}} | |||
| ⟨{{sc|{{blue|evid.quot}}}}⟩ | |||
| -you/{{sc|2.m.sg.pat}} | |||
|- | |||
<!-- Translations --> | |||
| colspan="7"|''This shop is great, I was told''. | |||
! | |||
| colspan="8"|''The sleep deprivation makes you sick, they say''. | |||
|} | |||
====Control and volition==== | |||
===Verbal patterns for single biradicals=== | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsible" style="background: none repeat scroll ; text-align: center; width: 80%; height: 100%;" | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="9" |Verb | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="2" |''√{{sc|m-n}}'' | |||
| colspan="2" |''mana'' | |||
| colspan="4"|''to see'' | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="9" |Verbal noun | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="9"|''menim'' | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="9" |Participles | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2"|Active | |||
| colspan="12"|''menayyim'' | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2"|Mediopassive | |||
| colspan="12"|''munayyir'' | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="8"|Evidentials | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2"|Visual | |||
| colspan="2"|''me-in'' | |||
! colspan="2"|Nonvisual | ! colspan="2"|Nonvisual | ||
| colspan="2"|'' | | colspan="2"|''me-at'' | ||
|- | |||
! colspan="2"|Hearsay | |||
| colspan="2"|''the-an'' | |||
! colspan="2"| | ! colspan="2"|Quotative | ||
| colspan="2"|'' | | colspan="2"|''ʾa-ay'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" "|Person | ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" "|Person | ||
Line 3,702: | Line 4,034: | ||
! style="width: 12%;"|Neutral | ! style="width: 12%;"|Neutral | ||
| style="width: 12%;"|'' | | style="width: 12%;"|''mana'' | ||
| style="width: 12%;"|'' | | style="width: 12%;"|''emani'' | ||
| style="width: 12%;"|'' | | style="width: 12%;"|''mene'' | ||
| colspan="2" style="width: 12%;"|''amnim'' | | colspan="2" style="width: 12%;"|''amnim'' | ||
| style="width: 12%;"|'' | | style="width: 12%;"|''menum'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="height: 3px;"|Dynamic | ! style="height: 3px;"|Dynamic | ||
Line 3,738: | Line 4,070: | ||
! style="height: 3px;"|Momentane | ! style="height: 3px;"|Momentane | ||
|'' | |''ʾamna'' | ||
|'' | |''eʾamni'' | ||
|'' | |''ʾemne'' | ||
| colspan="2" rowspan="1"|'' | | colspan="2" rowspan="1"|''ʾamnim'' | ||
|'' | |''ʾemnum'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="8" | | ! colspan="8" | | ||
Line 3,754: | Line 4,086: | ||
! style="height: 3px;"|Neutral | ! style="height: 3px;"|Neutral | ||
| style="width: 12%;"|'' | | style="width: 12%;"|''nimana'' | ||
| style="width: 12%;"|'' | | style="width: 12%;"|''nemani'' | ||
| style="width: 12%;"|''nemen'' | | style="width: 12%;"|''nemen'' | ||
| colspan="2" style="width: 12%;"|'' | | colspan="2" style="width: 12%;"|''nimanim'' | ||
| style="width: 12%;"|''nimnum'' | | style="width: 12%;"|''nimnum'' | ||
Line 3,766: | Line 4,098: | ||
! style="height: 3px;"|Dynamic | ! style="height: 3px;"|Dynamic | ||
|'' | |''niman'' | ||
|''enimin'' | |''enimin'' | ||
|'' | |''nimen'' | ||
| colspan="2" rowspan="1"|''nimēnim'' | | colspan="2" rowspan="1"|''nimēnim'' | ||
Line 3,790: | Line 4,122: | ||
! style="height: 3px;"|Momentane | ! style="height: 3px;"|Momentane | ||
|'' | |''ʾaman'' | ||
|'' | |''eʾamin'' | ||
|'' | |''ʾamen'' | ||
| colspan="2" rowspan="1"|'' | | colspan="2" rowspan="1"|''ʾamnim'' | ||
|'' | |''ʾemenum'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="8" | | ! colspan="8" | | ||
Line 3,810: | Line 4,142: | ||
|''emin'' | |''emin'' | ||
|'' | |''men'' | ||
| colspan="2" rowspan="1"|''mānim'' | | colspan="2" rowspan="1"|''mānim'' | ||
|'' | |''menum'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="height: 3px;"|Negative | ! style="height: 3px;"|Negative | ||
Line 3,820: | Line 4,152: | ||
|''minin'' | |''minin'' | ||
|'' | |''emanin'' | ||
|'' | |''menni'' | ||
| colspan="2" rowspan="1"|'' | | colspan="2" rowspan="1"|''amani'' | ||
|'' | |''amenu'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="8"|Mediopassive | ! colspan="8"|Mediopassive | ||
Line 3,866: | Line 4,198: | ||
! style="height: 3px;"|Momentane | ! style="height: 3px;"|Momentane | ||
| colspan="2" rowspan="1"|'' | | colspan="2" rowspan="1"|''uʾamna'' | ||
|'' | |''uʾumne'' | ||
| colspan="2" rowspan="1"|'' | | colspan="2" rowspan="1"|''uʾumnim'' | ||
|'' | |''uʾomnum''<sup>1</sup> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="8" | | ! colspan="8" | | ||
Line 3,880: | Line 4,212: | ||
! style="height: 3px;"|Neutral | ! style="height: 3px;"|Neutral | ||
| colspan="2" rowspan="1"|'' | | colspan="2" rowspan="1"|''numana'' | ||
|'' | |''numene'' | ||
| colspan="2" rowspan="1"|'' | | colspan="2" rowspan="1"|''numanim'' | ||
|''numnum'' | |''numnum'' | ||
Line 3,890: | Line 4,222: | ||
! style="height: 3px;"|Dyn-stat | ! style="height: 3px;"|Dyn-stat | ||
| colspan="2" rowspan="1"|'' | | colspan="2" rowspan="1"|''numan'' | ||
|'' | |''numrn'' | ||
| colspan="2" rowspan="1"|'' | | colspan="2" rowspan="1"|''numenim'' | ||
|''numonum''<sup>1</sup> | |''numonum''<sup>1</sup> | ||
Line 3,900: | Line 4,232: | ||
! style="height: 3px;"|Momentane | ! style="height: 3px;"|Momentane | ||
| colspan="2" rowspan="1"|'' | | colspan="2" rowspan="1"|''ʾuman'' | ||
|'' | |''ʾumen'' | ||
| colspan="2" rowspan="1"|'' | | colspan="2" rowspan="1"|''ʾumnim'' | ||
|''humonum''<sup>1</sup> | |''humonum''<sup>1</sup> | ||
Line 3,916: | Line 4,248: | ||
| colspan="2" rowspan="1"|''mun'' | | colspan="2" rowspan="1"|''mun'' | ||
|'' | |''mon'' | ||
| colspan="2" rowspan="1"|''munim'' | | colspan="2" rowspan="1"|''munim'' | ||
Line 4,175: | Line 4,507: | ||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
==Vocabulary== | ==Vocabulary== | ||
===Swadesh=== | |||
Swadesh list for some of the [[Attamian languages]]. | |||
*[[Attamian languages/Swadesh|Swadesh]] | |||
==Pragmatics== | ==Pragmatics== | ||
[[Category:Languages]][[Category: | [[Category:Languages]][[Category:Languages]][[Category:A priori]][[Category:Attian]][[Category:Featured]][[Category:User:Waahlis]] | ||