Attian: Difference between revisions

211 bytes added ,  15 February 2013
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|-
|-
! colspan="2"|Nasals
! colspan="2"|Nasals
| colspan="2"|'''n '''[n]
| colspan="2"|'''n '''/n/
|
|
|'''m''' [ŋ]
|'''m''' /ŋ/
|
|
|-
|-
! rowspan="2"|Plosive
! rowspan="2"|Plosive
!<small>voiceless</small>
!<small>voiceless</small>
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|'''t''' [t]
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|'''t''' /t/
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|'''c''' [k]
| style="text-align: center;" rowspan="2"|'''g''' /k-ɡ/
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
!<small>voiced</small>
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|'''d '''[d]
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|'''d '''/d/
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|'''g''' [ɡ]
| style="text-align: center;"|'''ʔ''' /ʔ/
|-
! rowspan="2"|Fricative
!<small>voiceless</small>
| style="text-align: center;"|'''th''' /θ/
| style="text-align: center;" rowspan="2"|'''z''' /s-z/
| style="text-align: center;" rowspan="2"|'''j''' /ç-ʝ/
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;" rowspan="2"|'''h''' /h-ɦ/
|-
|-
! colspan="2"|Fricative
!<small>voiced</small>
| style="text-align: center;"|'''th''' [θ-ð]
| style="text-align: center;"|'''dh''' /ð/
| style="text-align: center;"|'''z''' [s-z]
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|'''sh''' [ç]
| style="text-align: center;"|'''j '''[x-ɣ]
| style="text-align: center;"|'''h''' [h-ɦ]
|-
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="1"|Approximant
! colspan="2" rowspan="1"|Approximant
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|'''y''' [j]
| style="text-align: center;"|'''y''' /j/
| style="text-align: center;"|'''v''' [w]
| style="text-align: center;"|'''v''' /w-ɰ/
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="1"|Trill
! colspan="2" rowspan="1"|Trill
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|'''r''' []
| style="text-align: center;"|'''r''' //
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
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*Consonant gemination is phonemic, and applies to all consonants but /h/, but never occurs initially. Gemination is marked by doubling the grapheme.
*Consonant gemination is phonemic, and applies to all consonants but /h/, but never occurs initially. Gemination is marked by doubling the grapheme.
*The labio-velar approximant /w/, is pronounced /ɰ/ when intervocalic.
*The vowels ‹a›, ‹e› and ‹o› are paired up with a rounded vowel. The rounded vowel occurs after some of the phonemes /m/ and /ɡ/.
{{Col-2}}
{{Col-2}}
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="margin-left:10px; width: 300px;"
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="margin-left:10px; width: 300px;"
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|-align=center
|-align=center
! Near-close
! Near-close
||| ||'''o''' /ɤ/ · '''ō''' //
||| ||'''o''' /ɤ/ · '''o''' /o/
|-align=center
|-align=center
! Close-Mid
! Close-Mid
|'''ā''' /ø/||  ||
|'''a''' /ø/||  ||
|-align=center
|-align=center
! Mid
! Mid
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|-align=center
|-align=center
! Open-Mid
! Open-Mid
| '''e''' /ɛ/ · '''ē''' /œ/||  ||
| '''e''' /ɛ/ · '''e''' /œ/||  ||
|-align=center
|-align=center
! Near-Open
! Near-Open
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===Consonants===
===Consonants===
The Attian consonants undergo a number of phonological processes, all of which are completely phonemic.
The Attian consonants undergo a number of phonological processes, all of which are completely phonemic.
====Voicing====
The phonemes /s/, /ç/, /k/, /r̥/ and /h/ are all voiced when following a voiced consonant, preceeding /w/, or when in intervocalic position.
====Labiovelar coarticulation====
====Labiovelar coarticulation====
The labiovelar coarticulation, or simply labiovelarisation, is a process which only applies to the velar stops, that is /ŋ/, /k/ and /ɡ/.
The labiovelar coarticulation, or simply labiovelarisation, is a process which only applies to the velar stops, that is /ŋ/, and /ɡ/.
The velar stops are coarticulated with their labial analogue when followed by a rounded vowel. This causes the phonemes /ŋ͡m/, /k͡p/ and /ɡ͡b/.
The velar stops are coarticulated with their labial analogue when followed by a rounded vowel. This causes the phonemes /ŋ͡m/, /k͡p/ and /ɡ͡b/.


Other situations producing the labiovelars, and especially the nasal one, are collisions of /ŋ/ and /n/, no matter the order. In addition, the combinations /n/ or /ŋ/ plus /w/ gives the labiovelar nasal /ŋ͡m/.
Other situations producing the labiovelars, and especially the nasal one, are collisions of /ŋ/ and /n/, no matter the order. In addition, the combinations /n/ or /ŋ/ + /w/ grants the labiovelar nasal /ŋ͡m/.


{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
<!-- Sentence -->
|'''u{{blue|gg}}ā'''
|'''u{{blue|gg}}a'''


!
!
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!
!


|'''gva u{{blue|gg}}a gi{{blue|g}}ā'''
|'''gva u{{blue|gg}}a gi{{blue|g}}a'''
|-
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
<!-- Pronunciation-->
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!
!


|/ɡwa uɡˈɡø ˈɡiɡø/ → [ɡwa uˈ{{blue|ɡ͡b}}ø ˈɡi{{blue|ɡ͡b}}ø]
|/ɡwa uɡˈɡø ˈɡiɡø/ → [ɡwa uˈ{{blue|ɡ͡b}}ø ˈki{{blue|ɡ͡b}}ø]
|-
|-
<!-- Translation -->
<!-- Translation -->
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====Aspiration====
====Aspiration====


The 4 plosives, /t/, /d/, /k/ and /ɡ/, are aspirated into /tʰ/, /dʰ/, /kʰ/ and /ɡʰ/ intervocalic positions. {{Sidebar-At}}
The two plosives /t/ and /d/ are aspirated into /tʰ/ and /dʰ/ intervocalic positions. {{Sidebar-At}}
Aspiration only applies should the plosives occur as a coda, or onset in an unstressed syllable. This implies that any aspiration due to external sandhi, i.e. if the preceeding word ends with a vowel, is impossible.
Aspiration only applies should the plosives occur as a coda, or onset in an unstressed syllable. This implies that any aspiration due to external sandhi, i.e. if the preceeding word ends with a vowel, is impossible.


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!
!


|'''egta'''
|'''ye{{blue|t}}ai'''
 
!
 
|'''ye{{blue|c}}ai'''
|-
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
<!-- Pronunciation-->
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!
!


|/ɛɡta/ → /ɛɡta/
|/ˈjɛtai̩/ → [ˈjɛ{{blue|}}ai̩]
 
!
 
|/ˈjɛkai̩/ → [ˈjɛ{{blue|}}ai̩]
|-
|-
<!-- Translation -->
<!-- Translation -->
| ''meal''
| ''meal''
!
| ''door''


!
!
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====Other====
====Other====
The glottal fricative /h/, has an irregular effect if preceding or following hetero-organic plosives. The hetero-organic plosive is geminated, or doubled, and the glottal fricative is deleted from speech.
The glottal fricative /h/, has an irregular effect if preceding or following hetero-organic plosives. The hetero-organic plosive is geminated, or doubled, and the glottal fricative is deleted from speech.
The only rhotic consonant in the Attian inventory is the alveolar approximant /r̥/, which is somewhat irregular in its pronounciation. The corresponding intervocalic allophone is pronounced voicedly.


===Vowels===
===Vowels===