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Attian: Difference between revisions
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|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2"|Nasals | ! colspan="2"|Nasals | ||
| colspan="2"|'''n ''' | | colspan="2"|'''n '''/n/ | ||
| | | | ||
|'''m''' | |'''m''' /ŋ/ | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="2"|Plosive | ! rowspan="2"|Plosive | ||
!<small>voiceless</small> | !<small>voiceless</small> | ||
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|'''t''' | | colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|'''t''' /t/ | ||
| style="text-align: center;"| | | style="text-align: center;"| | ||
| style="text-align: center;"|''' | | style="text-align: center;" rowspan="2"|'''g''' /k-ɡ/ | ||
| style="text-align: center;"| | | style="text-align: center;"| | ||
|- | |- | ||
!<small>voiced</small> | !<small>voiced</small> | ||
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|'''d ''' | | colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|'''d '''/d/ | ||
| style="text-align: center;"| | | style="text-align: center;"| | ||
| style="text-align: center;"|''' | | style="text-align: center;"|'''ʔ''' /ʔ/ | ||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2"|Fricative | |||
!<small>voiceless</small> | |||
| style="text-align: center;"|'''th''' /θ/ | |||
| style="text-align: center;" rowspan="2"|'''z''' /s-z/ | |||
| style="text-align: center;" rowspan="2"|'''j''' /ç-ʝ/ | |||
| style="text-align: center;"| | | style="text-align: center;"| | ||
| style="text-align: center;" rowspan="2"|'''h''' /h-ɦ/ | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | !<small>voiced</small> | ||
| style="text-align: center;"|''' | | style="text-align: center;"|'''dh''' /ð/ | ||
| style="text-align: center;"| | |||
| style="text-align: center;"| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" rowspan="1"|Approximant | ! colspan="2" rowspan="1"|Approximant | ||
| style="text-align: center;"| | | style="text-align: center;"| | ||
| style="text-align: center;"| | | style="text-align: center;"| | ||
| style="text-align: center;"|'''y''' | | style="text-align: center;"|'''y''' /j/ | ||
| style="text-align: center;"|'''v''' | | style="text-align: center;"|'''v''' /w-ɰ/ | ||
| style="text-align: center;"| | | style="text-align: center;"| | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" rowspan="1"|Trill | ! colspan="2" rowspan="1"|Trill | ||
| style="text-align: center;"| | | style="text-align: center;"| | ||
| style="text-align: center;"|'''r''' | | style="text-align: center;"|'''r''' /r̥/ | ||
| style="text-align: center;"| | | style="text-align: center;"| | ||
| style="text-align: center;"| | | style="text-align: center;"| | ||
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*Consonant gemination is phonemic, and applies to all consonants but /h/, but never occurs initially. Gemination is marked by doubling the grapheme. | *Consonant gemination is phonemic, and applies to all consonants but /h/, but never occurs initially. Gemination is marked by doubling the grapheme. | ||
*The labio-velar approximant /w/, is pronounced /ɰ/ when intervocalic. | |||
*The vowels ‹a›, ‹e› and ‹o› are paired up with a rounded vowel. The rounded vowel occurs after some of the phonemes /m/ and /ɡ/. | |||
{{Col-2}} | {{Col-2}} | ||
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="margin-left:10px; width: 300px;" | {| {{Table/bluetable}} style="margin-left:10px; width: 300px;" | ||
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|-align=center | |-align=center | ||
! Near-close | ! Near-close | ||
||| ||'''o''' /ɤ/ · ''' | ||| ||'''o''' /ɤ/ · '''o''' /o/ | ||
|-align=center | |-align=center | ||
! Close-Mid | ! Close-Mid | ||
|''' | |'''a''' /ø/|| || | ||
|-align=center | |-align=center | ||
! Mid | ! Mid | ||
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|-align=center | |-align=center | ||
! Open-Mid | ! Open-Mid | ||
| '''e''' /ɛ/ · ''' | | '''e''' /ɛ/ · '''e''' /œ/|| || | ||
|-align=center | |-align=center | ||
! Near-Open | ! Near-Open | ||
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===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
The Attian consonants undergo a number of phonological processes, all of which are completely phonemic. | The Attian consonants undergo a number of phonological processes, all of which are completely phonemic. | ||
====Voicing==== | |||
The phonemes /s/, /ç/, /k/, /r̥/ and /h/ are all voiced when following a voiced consonant, preceeding /w/, or when in intervocalic position. | |||
====Labiovelar coarticulation==== | ====Labiovelar coarticulation==== | ||
The labiovelar coarticulation, or simply labiovelarisation, is a process which only applies to the velar stops, that is /ŋ/, | The labiovelar coarticulation, or simply labiovelarisation, is a process which only applies to the velar stops, that is /ŋ/, and /ɡ/. | ||
The velar stops are coarticulated with their labial analogue when followed by a rounded vowel. This causes the phonemes /ŋ͡m/, /k͡p/ and /ɡ͡b/. | The velar stops are coarticulated with their labial analogue when followed by a rounded vowel. This causes the phonemes /ŋ͡m/, /k͡p/ and /ɡ͡b/. | ||
Other situations producing the labiovelars, and especially the nasal one, are collisions of /ŋ/ and /n/, no matter the order. In addition, the combinations /n/ or /ŋ/ | Other situations producing the labiovelars, and especially the nasal one, are collisions of /ŋ/ and /n/, no matter the order. In addition, the combinations /n/ or /ŋ/ + /w/ grants the labiovelar nasal /ŋ͡m/. | ||
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;" | {| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;" | ||
|+ | |+ | ||
<!-- Sentence --> | <!-- Sentence --> | ||
|'''u{{blue|gg}} | |'''u{{blue|gg}}a''' | ||
! | ! | ||
| Line 156: | Line 166: | ||
! | ! | ||
|'''gva u{{blue|gg}}a gi{{blue|g}} | |'''gva u{{blue|gg}}a gi{{blue|g}}a''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Pronunciation--> | <!-- Pronunciation--> | ||
| Line 167: | Line 177: | ||
! | ! | ||
|/ɡwa uɡˈɡø ˈɡiɡø/ → [ɡwa uˈ{{blue|ɡ͡b}}ø | |/ɡwa uɡˈɡø ˈɡiɡø/ → [ɡwa uˈ{{blue|ɡ͡b}}ø ˈki{{blue|ɡ͡b}}ø] | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Translation --> | <!-- Translation --> | ||
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====Aspiration==== | ====Aspiration==== | ||
The | The two plosives /t/ and /d/ are aspirated into /tʰ/ and /dʰ/ intervocalic positions. {{Sidebar-At}} | ||
Aspiration only applies should the plosives occur as a coda, or onset in an unstressed syllable. This implies that any aspiration due to external sandhi, i.e. if the preceeding word ends with a vowel, is impossible. | Aspiration only applies should the plosives occur as a coda, or onset in an unstressed syllable. This implies that any aspiration due to external sandhi, i.e. if the preceeding word ends with a vowel, is impossible. | ||
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! | ! | ||
|'''ye{{blue|t}}ai''' | |||
|'''ye{{blue| | |||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Pronunciation--> | <!-- Pronunciation--> | ||
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! | ! | ||
|/ | |/ˈjɛtai̩/ → [ˈjɛ{{blue|tʰ}}ai̩] | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Translation --> | <!-- Translation --> | ||
| ''meal'' | | ''meal'' | ||
! | ! | ||
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====Other==== | ====Other==== | ||
The glottal fricative /h/, has an irregular effect if preceding or following hetero-organic plosives. The hetero-organic plosive is geminated, or doubled, and the glottal fricative is deleted from speech. | The glottal fricative /h/, has an irregular effect if preceding or following hetero-organic plosives. The hetero-organic plosive is geminated, or doubled, and the glottal fricative is deleted from speech. | ||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||