Naeng
- This article describes Modern Windermere. See Windermere for Classical Windermere.
| Modern Windermere | |
|---|---|
| չէıɱ Ғ·ɟ˫ƍ brits Dămea | |
| Created by | IlL, Praimhín |
| Setting | Verse:Tricin |
Lakovic
| |
Modern Windermere is based on the vernacular of Imperial Windermere, and did not change significantly since, except changes in syntax and the introduction of more loans. After the Grouidite Revolution, Windermere and Tergetian lost much of their importance in Talma, but they retained a strong presence in Bjeheond.
Todo
Accents in Windermere
- Tumhanian (Fincreaș) -- not as divergent as Canadian French
- Trăngsi'uł
- Standard Wen Dămea
- Other Wen Dămea accents
- Sătmaș
- Chăloa
- Prucüew
Diachronics
Diglossia
Spoken Windermere is pretty much the same in all three continents, except for accent and a few vocabulary differences.
The Wen Dămea language is heavily diglossic: the literature and newscasts use a language much closer to Classical Windermere. Written Windermere in Fəxom and Bjeheond is very close to the spoken language.
Phonological history
- In Talman Windermere, ə > 0 after aspirated consonants and fricatives. This makes the voicing alternation in the Classical Wdm. spirants f and th phonemic.
- l > ʟ in the Wen Dămea and Trăngsi'uł dialects
- Classical Windermere *ts and *tł merged into "ts", while ł shifted to /ɬ/
Grammatical history
- Aspect largely becomes a derivational device, cf. the development of PIE aspects
- Grammaticalization of conjugated auxiliaries, leading to a tense system.
Phonology
Consonants
| Labial | Alveolar | Lateral | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m /m/ | n /n/ | ng /ŋ/ | ||||
| Plosive | voiced | b /b/ | d /d/ | g /g/ | |||
| voiceless | p /p/ | t /t/ | c /k/ | ' /ʔ/ | |||
| Affricate | ts /ts/ | ||||||
| Fricative | spirant | f /f~v/ | th /θ~ð/ | ch /x/ | |||
| nonspirant | s /s/ | ł /ɬ/ | ș /ʃ/ | h /h/ | |||
| Resonant | w /w/ | r /r/ | l /l~ʟ/ | y /j/ | |||
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| unrounded | rounded | |||
| Close | i /i/ | ü /y/ | [ɨ] | u /u/ |
| Near-close | ie /ɪ/ | üe /ø/ | ua /ʊ/ | |
| Close-mid | e, ä /e/ | ă /ə/ | o /o/ | |
| Open-mid | ea /ɛ/ | oa /ɔ/ | ||
| Open | a /ɐ/ | |||
- Caveat: ir = ier, ur = uar, etc.
- [ɨ ʉ] are allophones of /i y/ after /r/ in Bjeheondian Windermere.
Dialects
Stress
Stress is almost always final, but can be non-final in function words.
Morphology
Classical Windermere gender was lost.
Verbs
Verbs are not conjugated, but are used with auxiliaries.
Adjectives
The comparative is formed with rech + adjective and the superlative is formed with hă'et + adjective.
- to = good
- rech to = better
- hă'et to = best
Pre-verbal particles
- chmi = progressive
- chea = past
- per = future
- tso = past progressive
- fa = perfect
- chea fa = past perfect etc.
- future progressive? analytic constructions for other aspects like inchoative/inceptive, frequentative, telic ...?
Syntax
SVO; VSO in subordinate clauses with the subject marked with e-; but subordinate clauses are SVO when marked with the complementizer nga
- Rie chmi brits cădef că'üs tef tsăgtsog.
- 1SG PROG speak about-DEF love and-DEF hate
- I speak of love and hate.
- Fi rüech chmi tsrin nef troas.
- DEF bird PROG eat of-DEF seed
- The bird is eating a seed.
Vocabulary
Modern Windermere contains more Talmic and Hlou-Shum loanwords than Classical Windermere; even derivational affixes have been borrowed. In modern times, many Eevo loans are entering the language.
Sample texts
UDHR
in Bjeheondian Windermere:
Tsor croth fa tsäc pluam te thür mis hăltlas tes imłin. Ănam hac răfongüe yas hălfăthin tes hălslith'a, te pădar thunoa e 'nam tăse fidoan măceaf nătha mis ...