Lakovic languages
- Not to be confused with the Lahob languages.
Swadesh lists for the Lakovic languages
| Lakovic | |
|---|---|
| Created by | – |
| Geographic distribution | Originally Talma, Bjeheond and Txapoalli; today worldwide |
| Linguistic classification | One of Tricin's primary language families |
| Proto-language | Proto-Lakovic |
| Subdivisions |
|
The Lakovic languages (/ləˈkoʊvɪk/ lə-KOH-vik; Häskä: hän tülut Ləkof; Windermere: fi imbrits Lăcof) are a major Trician language family, originally native to Talma. The family is inspired by Semitic, Mon-Khmer and Austronesian languages.
Todo
Lakovic should be huge
Urheimat: Talma
Language with dissimilated reduplicated plurals/verbs
Proto-Ashanic = vaguely Salish grammar with honorifics
some confusion between derivational affixes and trigger/applicatives in Ashanic
an ergative Lakovic language
a Lakovic language with a Tsjoen-style possessed classifier system
Phylogeny
Proto-Lakovic
Need Txapoallian and Etalocian Lakovic languages
Proto-Lakovic phonology
vaguely Georgian
Consonants
| Labial | Dental | Domed | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m /m/ | n /n/ | ŋ /ŋ/ | |||||
| Plosive | voiced | b /b/ | d /d/ | g /ɡ/ | ||||
| voiceless | p /p/ | t /t/ | k /k/ | q /q/ | ||||
| Affricate | voiced | ʒ /d͡z/ | ʒ́ /d͡ʐ/ | ǯ /d͡ʒ/ | ||||
| voiceless | c /t͡s/ | ć /t͡ʂ/ | č /t͡ʃ/ | |||||
| Fricative | voiceless | s /s/ | ś /ʂ/ | š /ʃ/ | x /x/ | h /h/ | ||
| voiced | z /z/ | r /r~ɹ~ʐ/ | ž /ʒ/ | ɣ /ɣ/ | ||||
| resonant | w /w/ | l /l/ | y /j/ | |||||
Vowels
i u e o ä a
Syllabic ṃ ṇ ḷ ṛ
There is disagreement about the vowel ä - it may have been /æ/ or /ə/.
Phonotactics
Proto-Lakovic had some long and unanalyzable roots
Words always ended in a vowel, unlike in Proto-Ashanic. (?)
Proto-Ashanic phonology
Consonants
| Labial | Dental | Domed | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m /m/ | n /n/ | ŋ /ŋ/ | ||||
| Stop | plain | p /p/ | t /t/ | k /k/ | ʔ /ʔ/ | ||
| voiced | b /b/ | d /d/ | g /g/ | ||||
| Fricative | s /s̻/ | ś /s̺/ | š /ʃ/ | h /h/ | |||
| Affricate | c /ts̻/ | ć /ts̺/ | (č /tʃ/) | ||||
| Approximant | w /w/ | l /l/ | r /r/ | y /j/ | |||
Vowels
Proto-Ashanic had 6 vowels and register tone:
i ü u e o a = /i y u e o a/
ì ǜ ù è ò à = /i y u e o a/ + breathy voice
Phonotactics
Final consonant clusters were allowed, unlike in Windermere; they are the source of final voiced stops in Windermere.
Prefinal syllables only allowed the vowels /a i u/.
Stress
Stress was likely on the final syllable.
Proto-Lakovic morphology
Root structure
Roots consisted of 1 or 2 syllables, and were stressed on the final syllable.
Nouns
Nouns were pluralized by reduplication, as in the Salish languages. e.g. *lakof = person; *laklakof = people
There was an honorific clitic =cin. Honorific nouns and verbs became feminine in Ashanic.
Nouns had no morphological case; genitive noun phrases were formed by concatenation.
Ashanic developed a new associative plural suffix -am.
Pronouns
Ashanic:
- rì = I
- śen (m), śens (f) = you
- in (m), ins (f)
- tsa = we (exc)
- pang = we (inc)
Verbs and adjectives
Verbs inflected for triggers, TAM, pluractionality, and evidentiality. Present-day Lakovic language preserve these inflections to varying levels.
There was an honorific prefix, wa-.
- Ashanic: ⟨paŋ⟩ = destination trigger
- Ashanic: ⟨ìt⟩, PLak: ⟨ixt⟩ = locative trigger
Derivational morphology
- ⟨ś⟩ infix: nominalization
- Breathy voice ablaut in Ashanic
- ⟨ṛ⟩ infix: patientive
- Ashanic ⟨àr⟩, Wdm. ⟨ră⟩
- Ashanic: bì-~bù- = agentive
- Ashanic: hà- = resultative (passive in Windermere)
- Ashanic: t- = denominal verbs, causative (Wdm. th-)
- Ashanic: u- = intensive
- Ashanic: yi- = adjectivizer, stative
- Wdm. yă-, Tseezh xi-, Häskä yə-
Proto-Lakovic syntax
Proto-Lakovic had flexible word order, but the most common word order was VSO.
Vocabulary
- PAsh ksìʔ > Wdm. scie 'star'
- PAsh śkey > Wdm. scey 'forest'
- PAsh ʔma
- Wdm. ăma
- PAsh ʔeb
- Wdm. ep
- PLak ḷban
- PAsh àlbon 'water'
- Wdm. blon
- Tseezh oobon, Modern nbon
- Häskä əlfon
- Tsrovesh rbon
- PAsh àlbon 'water'
- PLak dṛmäzh 'rain'
- Tsrovesh dvmazh
- PAsh dàrmày
- Wdm. trămäy
- PAsh madaŋ 'to fight'
- Wdm.mătäng 'war'
- PLak žän
- PAsh šan 'to utter, to say'; šàn 'word'
- Proto-Tumhanic hjàn 'word'
- Schong jahn
- Æ jov?
- Wdm. șän
- Proto-Tumhanic hjàn 'word'
- Tsrovesh: tšan
- PAsh šan 'to utter, to say'; šàn 'word'
- PLak ḷgän 'straight, upright'
- PAsh àlgan
- Wdm. glan 'straight'
- Tseezh ookhan
- Tsrovesh: rgan
- PAsh àlgan
Numbers
ardolni > vduli
urti > era, ert-
mtsiw > mtser
mšaxk > msholki
m-muc > amuc
Ashanic
check Æ tone reflexes
- first, breathy voice gives 3/1 vs 2/4 split
- then final consonants and voicing gives various outcomes
| Proto-Ashanic | Talman | Bjeheondian | Etalocian | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Windermere | Häskä | Tseezh | Pradjul | Tsăloșian | Wiebian | Schong | Æ | Ferlitian | |
| *àdòn "one" | doan | odän | don | thohn | tů | ||||
| *ùrat "two" | rath | rat | oozhad | raat | ras | ||||
| *tsiw "three" | stiw | ətsəw | txim (rebracketed from 4) | tsiw | tjův | ||||
| *mšàk "four" | smech | əmšäk | khaag | meih | njaai | njærv | |||
| *Vmǜc "five" | müets | müc | omøøtx | muhs | vur | ||||
| *dak "six" | tach | dak | dag | thak | tars | ||||
| *àbòt "seven" | boath | obät | aabood | phoht | pov | ||||
| *słeb "eight" | łep | ešəb | xev | schap | læ̊g | ||||
| *ʔlòy "nine" | loay | oläy | wooj | loih | løv | ||||
| *tap "ten" | thaf | taf | rab | tap | tås | ||||
| *suyàw "eleven" | săyew | suyäw | taxaa | sew | søv | ||||
| *srük "twelve" | srüch | üsruk | tzhøg | srk | rurs | ||||