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|name = Alska
|name = Alska
|nativename = Alska
|nativename = Alska
|pronunciation = ['alska]
|pronunciation = 'alska
|region = Scandinavia/The Baltic States
|setting = Scandinavia/The Baltic States
|minority = Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Iceland, Finland, Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia  
|minority = Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Iceland, Finland, Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia  
|speakers = No Census Data
|speakers = No Census Data
|date = 2013
|date = 2013
|familycolor = Indo-European
|familycolor = Indo-European
|fam1 = [[w:Indo-European_languages|Indo-European]]
|fam2 = [[w:Germanic_languages|Germanic]]
|fam2 = [[w:Germanic_languages|Germanic]]
|fam3 = [[w:West_Germanic_languages|East Scandinavian]]
|fam3 = [[w:West_Germanic_languages|West Scandinavian]]
|map          = AlskaArea.png
|map          = AlskaArea.png
|mapcaption    = A map showing Alska's intended area of use.  Red represents the countries which speak languages Alska was based on, Orange represent countries whose languages are not related to Alska, but which may interact frequently with Alska-speakers. Yellow areas are parts of countries that may encounter Alska speakers, but would not normally frequently interact with them.   
|mapcaption    = A map showing Alska's intended area of use.  Red represents the countries which speak languages Alska was based on, Orange represent countries whose languages are not related to Alska, but which may interact frequently with Alska-speakers. Yellow areas are parts of countries that may encounter Alska speakers, but would not normally frequently interact with them.   
|iso1 = al
|script1        = Latn
|iso2 = als
|creator       = User:Darthme
|iso3 = als
|script       = [[w:Latin script|Latin script]]
}}
}}


==Background==
==Background==


Alska ['alska] is a Western Scandinavian language created for the purposes of enhancing mutual intelligebility across the main scandinavian languages, Danish, Swedish, and Norwegian. Icelandic and Faroese are represented in the orthography and three-gender system of the language, but most of the main vocabulary is made up of mainland Scandinavian words. It is designed to be mutually intelligible to all Scandinavians without borrowing too heavily from any one language.  
Alska ['alska] is a Western Scandinavian language created for the purposes of enhancing mutual intelligebility across the main scandinavian languages, Danish, Swedish, and Norwegian. Icelandic and Faroese are represented in the orthography and three-gender system of the language as well as the use of the letter (ð), but most of the main vocabulary is made up of mainland Scandinavian words. It is designed to be mutually intelligible to all Scandinavians without borrowing too heavily from any one language.  


Also, as a small note, primary stress will be marked in IPA with (') as usual, but secondary stress will be marked with (.) because it is annoying to insert the (ˌ) mark every other syllable.  
Also, as a small note, primary stress will be marked in IPA with (') as usual, but secondary stress will be marked with (.) because it is annoying to insert the (ˌ) mark every other syllable.  
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|u
|u
|[u]
|[u]
|
|often realized as [ʉ] by many speakers
|-
|-
|v
|v
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|
|
|
|
|ŋ (ŋk)
|ŋ (ŋg)
|
|
|-
|-
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|
|
|s
|s
|ɕ
|ɕ tɕ
|(ç)
|(ç)
|
|
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*(sj)/(kj) represent [ɕ], but (kj) may also be realized as [ç] by some speakers.
*(sj)/(kj) represent [ɕ], but (kj) may also be realized as [ç] by some speakers.
*(tj) represents [tɕ]
*(ng) represents [ŋ], which occurs mostly as a word-final sound. Some speakers tend to realize (ng) as [ŋg] in its word final position, and [ŋ] elsewhere. 
I.e: (betydning - meaning) [bɛ'ty:d.nɪŋg] - (betydningen - the meaning) [bɛ'ty:d.nɪŋ.en]


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
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===Vowel Length===
===Vowel Length===


There is no reliable way to determine vowel length, however, if a vowel precedes a double consonant such as (tt), it will always be short. The vowels (å) and (ø) cannot change in length.  Likewise, the letters (á), (é), and (í) cannot become short because they represent diphthongs.
There is no reliable way to determine vowel length, however, if a vowel precedes a double consonant such as (tt), it is safe to assume it will be short.  A notable exception is for certain adjectives which gain a double consonant from inflection. The vowels in these adjectives will retain the same quality as before the inflection. The vowels (å) and (ø) cannot change in length.  Likewise, the letters (á), (é), and (í) cannot become short because they represent diphthongs.


===Stress===
===Stress===
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|-
|-
|jinte
|jinte
|jinter
|jintar
|jintan
|jintan
|jintana
|jintana
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There are no plural forms for indefinite articles, as the are only ever used to refer to singular things.  (denne), (danne) (dette) are all used for ''this'', ''these'', or ''those''; one only has to switch between them due to a noun's gender.   
There are no plural forms for indefinite articles, as the are only ever used to refer to singular things.  (denne), (danne) (dette) are all used for ''this''/''that'', ''these'', or ''those''; one only has to switch between them due to a noun's gender.   


It should be mentioned that the distinction bewteen (den) and (dan) is not always clear.  Most mainland Scandinavians tend to pronounce them almost the same since they are used to only distinguishing between two grammatical genders in their native languages. Even in some cases in Icelandic, the Masculine and Feminine are pronounced the same, and are only clearly seperate in writing as (-inn) and (-in).   
It should be mentioned that the distinction bewteen (den) and (dan) is not always clear.  Most mainland Scandinavians tend to pronounce them almost the same since they are used to only distinguishing between two grammatical genders in their native languages. Even in some cases in Icelandic, the Masculine and Feminine are pronounced the same, and are only clearly seperate in writing as (-inn) and (-in).   


With this in mind, both (den) and (dan) tend to be pronounced [dɛn].  Likewise, if an emphasis is being put on the word, it can be pronouned as [den].  This happens when the speaker is talking about a specific object, similar to the difference between saying ''the car'' and ''that car'' in English.  This is also true for the indefinite forms of (den)/(dan)
With this in mind, both (den) and (dan) tend to be pronounced [dɛn].  Likewise, if an emphasis is being put on the word, it can be pronouned as [den].  This happens when the speaker is talking about a specific object, similar to the difference between saying ''the car'' and ''that car'' in English.  This is also true for the indefinite forms (en)/(an)


===Personal Pronouns===
===Personal Pronouns===
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|}
|}


The possessive pronouns (min) and (din) change based on gender, but their plural versions, (iger) and (vår) do distinguish gender, only plurality.
The possessive pronouns (min) and (din) change based on gender, but their plural versions, (iger) and (vår) do not distinguish gender, only plurality.


Also, it is important to remember that (han) changes to (ham) in the Accusative, but back to (hans) in Genitive.  
Also, it is important to remember that (han) changes to (ham) in the Accusative, but back to (hans) in Genitive.  
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===Adjectives===
===Adjectives===


Adjectives come in their root form, and are inflected for gender and number, with the same two endings used for making nouns definite, '-en', and '-et'.  The plural ending is '-ene'  An adjective does not, however, have to be inflected if it comes <i>after</i> the noun it describes.  
Adjectives in Alska are inflected for gender and number, in the same mode as nouns are made definite with (-e), (-a) and (-t).  The plural ending is always (-e), adjectives do not inflect for gender in the plural. If a noun is masculine or feminine, and is indefinite, the adjective does not have to be inflected.  If the noun is neuter, a (-t) must be added even if the noun is indefinite.  If the noun is indefinite and plural, the noun must be inflected.


Here are some examples:
Here are some examples:


*<i>En strungen mann</i> - A strong man
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
*<i>Et lillet hus</i> - A little house (Can also be formed through the diminutive)
!'''Singular'''
*<i>Den er en smuken flyge</i> - That is a pretty girl
!'''Indefinite Plural'''
*<i>Den flyge er <b>smuk</b></i> - That girl is pretty
!'''Definite'''
*<i>Disse lillene huser</i> - These little houses
!'''Definite Plural'''
|-
| colspan="4" | '''''feminine:'''''
|-
|an smuk jinte
|smukke jintar
|dan smukka jinte
|smukke jintana / de smukke jintar
|-
|a pretty girl
|pretty girls
|the pretty girl
|the pretty girls
|-
| colspan="4" | '''''masculine:'''''
|-
|en vak dríng
|vakke drínger
|den vakke dríng
|vakke dríngerne / de vakke drínger
|-
|a handsome boy
|handsome boys
|the handsome boy
|the handsome boys
|-
| colspan="4" | '''''neuter:'''''
|-
|et gult hus
|gule huse
|det gult hus
|gule husene / de gule huse
|-
|a yellow house
|yellow houses
|the yellow house
|the yellow houses
|-
|}
 
 
It is important to notice that some adjectives gain a double consonant when they are in their definite forms: (vak - vakke)/(smuk - smukke).  This would not happen if these adjectives were inflected for neuter gender: (smuk - smukt)/(vak - vakt).  Other adjectives do not gain a double consonant, such as (gul).  This does not change the pronunciation of the vowel proceeding the double consonant, although many times double consonants indicate a short vowel before them.


====Comparative====
====Comparative====


The comparative form of adjectives is formed by adding '-ere' to the adjective itself.  The word 'ennd' precedes the noun being compared.   
The comparative form of adjectives is formed by adding (-er)/(-ara) to the adjective.  The word 'enn' precedes the noun being compared.  The adjective is inflected for the gender of the first noun being compared.  One may also use the construction ''X er mer ___ enn Y''.  In this case, the adjective does not inflect for gender.   


For example:
For example:


*<i>Den mann er strungere ennd den flyge</i> -  The man is stronger than that girl.   
*''den man er stérker enn danne jinte'' -  the man is stronger than that girl. 
*''danne jinte er mer stérk enn denne man.'' - that girl is stronger than that man.
 
 
If something is being compared on the same level, (så) is used before the adjective, and (som) is used after. Additionally, the adjective is not inflected, as the two nouns being compared are of equal status.  It is also acceptable to say ''X er ____ som Y''.  Once again, in this construction, the adjective does not inflect, although this implies a slight difference: using this construction means that ''X'' has an attribute like ''Y'', but does not necessarily imply that the two are on the same level exactly.   


If something is being compared on the same level, 'somm' is used after the adjective.  
*''danne jinte er så stérk som danne jinte'' - that girl is (just) as strong as that girl.
*''det hus er pént som det hus (derover)'' - the house is pretty like that house (over there).


*<i>Den mann er strung somm den flyge</i> - The man is as strong as the girl.


If something is being compared as less than something, 'minntre' is used before the adjective, and 'somm' is used before the other noun.
If something is being compared as less than another noun, (mintre)/(mintra) is used before the adjective, and (som) is used after.  The adjective is inflected normally for the gender of the first noun. (This can also be acheived by saying ''X er ikke så ____ som Y'')


*<i>Den mann er minntre strung somm den flyge</i> - The man is weaker than the woman. (This can also be formed with the adjective weak, or by using 'ikke' before 'minntre', making 'not as strong')
*''det hus er mintre smukt enn dette hus'' - the house is less beautiful than that house.
*''den man er ikke så store som denne man'' - the man is not so large as that man.


====Irregular Adjectives====
====Irregular Adjectives====
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Here is an example of an irregular adjective being used comparatively.   
Here is an example of an irregular adjective being used comparatively.   


*<i>Det hus er godt</i> - The house is good
*<i>det hus er godt</i> - the house is good
*<i>Det hus er bettre</i> - The house is better
*<i>det hus er bettre</i> - the house is better
*<i>Dette hus er betre ennd det hus</i> - This house is better than that house
*''det hus er (det) beste - the house is (the) best
*<i>dette hus er bettre en det hus</i> - this house is better than that house


====Superlative====
====Superlative====
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!'''Meaning'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
|-
!strung
!stérk
|strungere
|stérkere
|strungest
|stérkest
|strong
|strong
!godt
!god
|betre
|bettre
|best
|beste
|good
|good
|-
|-
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|langest
|langest
|long, tall
|long, tall
!hog
!makket
|højer
|mere
|højest
|mest
|high
|much
|-
|-
!ung
!ung
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|young
|young
!gamell
!gamell
|elt
|eltre
|eltest
|eltest
|old
|old
|-
|-
!kald
!kold
|kaldere
|koldere
|kaldest
|koldest
|cold
|cold
!lille
!lille
|smål
|småler
|smålest
|smålest
|little, small
|little, small
|-
|-
|}
|}
*(smål) by itself is the plural version of (lille)


===Numbers===
===Numbers===
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{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
!'''Number'''
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
|-
|-
!0
|0
|null
|null
| -
|
!1
|-
|1
|en
|en
|vørste
|vørste
|-
|-
!2
|2
|tø
|to
|sekunde
|annen
!3
|-
|3
|tre
|tre
|trede
|trede
|-
|-
!4
|4
|fjyr
|fjir
|fjyrede
|fjerde
!5
|-
|5
|fimm
|fimm
|fimmede
|fimmte
|-
|-
!6
|6
|sex
|sex
|sexede
|sjett
!7
|-
|sjø
|7
|sjøede
|syv
|syvente
|-
|8
|åtte
|åttente
|-
|9
|ni
|niente
|-
|-
!8
|10
|atte
|ti
|attede
|tiente
!9
|nan
|nanede
|-
|-
!10
|11
|tan
|tanede
!11
|ellfu
|ellfu
|ellfede
|ellfte
|-
|-
!12
|12
|tolfu
|tolfu
|tolfede
|tolfte
!13
|-
|tretan
|13
|tretanede
|treten
|tretante
|-
|14
|fjirten
|fjyrtente
|-
|-
!14
|15
|fjyrtan
|fimmten
|fjyrtanede
|fimmtente
!15
|fimmtan
|fimmtanede
|-
|-
!16
|16
|sextan
|sejksten
|sextanede
|sejkstente
!17
|sjøtan
|sjøtanede
|-
|-
!18
|17
|attjan
|sytten
|attjanede
|syttente
!19
|nantan
|nantanede
|-
|-
!20
|18
|Tjoi
|atten
|Tjoede
|attente
!21
|Tjoen
|Tejoenede
|-
|-
!22
|19
|Tjoitø
|nitten
|Tjoitøede
|nittente
!30
|-
|20
|tjyve
|tjyvente
|-
|21
|tjyveen
|tjyveente
|-
|22
|tjyveto
|tjyvetoente
|-
|30
|treti
|treti
|tretede
|tretiente
|-
|-
!31
|31
|treen (tre-en)
|tretien
|treenede
|tretiente
!40
|-
|40
|fjyrti
|fjyrti
|fjyrtide
|fjyrtiente
|-
|-
!50
|50
|fimmti
|fimmti
|fimmtide
|fimmtiente
!60
|-
|60
|sexti
|sexti
|sextide
|sextiente
|-
|-
!70
|70
|sjøti
|syvti
|sjøtide
|syvtiente
!80
|-
|80
|jåtti
|jåtti
|jåttit
|jåttiente
|-
|-
!90
|90
|nanti
|niti
|nantide
|nitiente
!100
|-
|100
|hundre
|hundre
|hundrede
|hundrete
|}
|}


Note that in some numbers, certain letters are omitted, such as the 'i' in 'tjoen'.
Forming numbers higher than 19 works on the same principles as English, except the hyphen is not used to seperate the numbers:  (Tjyve) and (En) combined make (Tjyveen) - (Twenty-one).  Numbers with hundreds and thousands work the same way.


Ordinal numbers are created by adding '-ede' onto the end.  In some cases, just'-de' is added. 
Ordinal numbers are formed by suffixing either (-ente) or (-te) to the number in question, except for the numbers 1 to 4, which are irregular in their ordinal versions.
 
Counting is relatively simple in Alska.  To make two digit numbers, one simply puts two numbers together.  Numbers after one hundred work in the same way:
 
*<i>tjoi</i> + <i>en</i> = <i>tjoen</i> - twenty-one
*<i>hundre</i> + <i>fimmti</i> - one hundred-fifty
 
The word for thousand is '<i>tusennd</i>; it's ordinal form is '<i>tusennede</i>'. Million is '<i>milliard</i>'/'<i>milliarde</i>'


===Interrogatives===
===Interrogatives===


{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Interrogatives'''
! colspan="11"|Interrogatives
|-
!'''English'''
!'''Alska'''
!'''Alska'''
|-
|-
!Who
|who
|hvemm
|vem
|-
|-
!What
|what
|hvad
|vad
|-
|-
!Where
|where
|hver
|vor
|-
|-
!Why
|why
|hvørfer
|vorfor
|-
|-
!How
|how
|hvorden
|vorden
|-
|-
!When
|when
|nør
|vornår
|-
|which
|vilke / vilka / vilket
|}
|}
*vornår is the interrogative version of ''når'', which is used for other time-statements.


===Adverbs===
===Adverbs===


Adverbs are never declined or inflected, can be placed before or after the verb.
Adverbs are not distinguished from adjectives, and are not inflected.  They can be placed before or after a verb, although they are generally placed after.
 
Examples:
 
*''han kan løpe'' - he can run
*''han kan løpe hurtig'' - he can run quickly (lit. he runs fast)
*''han løper god'' - he runs well (lit. he runs good)
*''han kan god løbe'' - he is up for running / he would like to run (right now)
 
When using the adjective (god) as an adverb, it is important to recognize the difference between placing (god) before or after the verb.  When placed after the verb, it indicates that the subject does the verb ''well''.  However, when placed before the verb, it changes the meaning of the entire sentence.  (god) now indicates that the subject would like to perform the verb, or is receptive to the idea of doing the verb's action.  See the last example above for clarification.


*<i>Jeg vil lufe i dag</i> - I want to run <b>today</b>
(god) may still be used before the verb, but it must be used in a different construction where the main verb becomes a sort of infinitive gerund and (er) becomes the main verb in the sentence.  This form is often used in the vernacular over example 3 above:


Here, today is being used adverbially because it shows when I want to run.  The reason 'vil' is not conjugated is because it is a modal verb, which do not receive the '-r' suffix. 'lufe' is still in the infinitive because any verb after a modal verb must stay that way.
*''han er god til at løpe'' - he is good at running (lit. he is good at to run)


===Verbs===
===Verbs===
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The use of <i>Ju</i> eliminates the need for this confusion.
The use of <i>Ju</i> eliminates the need for this confusion.


[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Languages]]


==Examples==
==Examples==
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! English !! Alska
! English !! Alska
|-
|-
|    Our Father in heaven,          ||                  Vår féðer i himmell,
|    Our Father in heaven,          ||                  Vår Féðer i himmell,
|-
|-
|    hallowed be your name.      ||                    helige er din Nán.  
|    hallowed be your name.      ||                    helige er din Nán.  
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|    but deliver us from evil.                ||        men fremlév oss fra onda.
|    but deliver us from evil.                ||        men fremlév oss fra onda.
|}
|}
Notes:
*while (féðer) is the 'proper' word for (father), it is usually replaced by (far) in common speech.
*(nán) is pronounced exactly the sae as Danish (navn), but may be confusing to some because of its drastically changed orthography)
*(will) is the noun version of (vil) - (to want, will), and borrows it's orthography from English to prevent confusion.


===Comparison to Modern Scandinavian Languages===
===Comparison to Modern Scandinavian Languages===
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|}
|}


[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Languages]]
Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/15394...230144"