Alska: Difference between revisions

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{{construction}}
{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|name = Alska
|name = Alska
|nativename = Alska
|nativename = Alska
|pronunciation = [als'-ka]
|pronunciation = 'alska
|region = Alsland & Dependencies
|setting = Scandinavia/The Baltic States
|states = Alsland, Grøn-in-Norderøy, Jotunsøy, Dependencies of Jansstass & Ragnargråben
|minority = Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Iceland, Finland, Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia
|nation = Sovereign Kingdom of Alsland (Soveireinkonngsdøm Alslands)
|speakers = No Census Data
|speakers = 50 million
|date = 2013
|date = 2012
|familycolor = Indo-European
|familycolor = Indo-European
|fam1 = [[w:Indo-European_languages|Indo-European]]
|fam2 = [[w:Germanic_languages|Germanic]]
|fam2 = [[w:Germanic_languages|Germanic]]
|fam3 = [[w:West_Germanic_languages|East Scandinavian]]
|fam3 = [[w:West_Germanic_languages|West Scandinavian]]
|fam4 = [[w:Anglo-Frisian_languages|Alslandic]]
|map          = AlskaArea.png
|map          =  
|mapcaption    = A map showing Alska's intended area of use.  Red represents the countries which speak languages Alska was based on, Orange represent countries whose languages are not related to Alska, but which may interact frequently with Alska-speakers. Yellow areas are parts of countries that may encounter Alska speakers, but would not normally frequently interact with them. 
|mapcaption    = Map of the two dependencies of Alsland, Jansstass and Ragnargråben
|script1        = Latn
|iso1 = al
|creator       = User:Darthme
|iso2 = als
|iso3 = als
|script       = [[w:Latin script|Latin script]]
}}
}}


==Background==
==Background==


Alska [als'-ka] is a Germanic language originating from the nation of Alsland, a rather large (area-wise) island in the northern sea. Alska is supposed to be somewhat related to the Scandinavian languages, although it's really more of my own take on Scandinavian languages as a whole. It is <i>very</i> closely related to them, to the point of being mutually intelligible in some cases, although it is just as different from them as Swedish is from Danish, or as Norwegian is from Swedish.
Alska ['alska] is a Western Scandinavian language created for the purposes of enhancing mutual intelligebility across the main scandinavian languages, Danish, Swedish, and Norwegian. Icelandic and Faroese are represented in the orthography and three-gender system of the language as well as the use of the letter (ð), but most of the main vocabulary is made up of mainland Scandinavian words. It is designed to be mutually intelligible to all Scandinavians without borrowing too heavily from any one language.
 
Also, as a small note, primary stress will be marked in IPA with (') as usual, but secondary stress will be marked with (.) because it is annoying to insert the (ˌ) mark every other syllable.  


Basically, it has turned out kind of like Esperanto for Scandinavia, even though that isn't its intent.  Alska has a bit more structure when it comes to pronunciation and grammar, and sticks to them pretty well, if not for a few irregularities.   


The speakers of Proto-Alska came from an unknown land, banished by their gods, according to legends.  While Alsland itself has a survivable climate, the stories tell of a paradise.  As Alslandic thinking progresses, it has been suggested that the Alslanders are not actually <i>from</i> anywhere, but made these tales up to give a basis for the harsh conditions of Alsland's weather.


<!-- ***Phonology*** -->
<!-- ***Phonology*** -->
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{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Letters'''
!'''Letter'''
!'''Pronunciation'''
!'''Pronunciation'''
!'''Further information'''
!'''Further information'''
|-
|-
|a
|a
|[a:]
|[a]/[ɑ]
|has no short version
|
|-
|[aʊ]  
|corresponds to (av) as in Danish ''havnen''
|-
|-
|b
|b
|[b]
|[b]
| -
|  
|-
|-
|d
|d
|[d]
|[d]
| -
|
|-
|[ð]
|pronounced somewhere in between Icelandic (ð) and (d) in Danish (mad), (gade), (flåd)
|-
|-
|e
|e
|[ɛ] / [e:]
|[ɛ]/[e]
| -
|
|-
|[ei:]
|Icelandic (ei), Swedish (ej)
|-
|-
|f
|f
|[f]
|[f]
| -
|  
|-
|-
|g
|g
|[g]
|[g]
| -
|  
|-
|-
|h
|h
|[h]
|[h]
| -
|  
|-
|-
|i
|i
|[ɪ]/[i]
|[ɪ]/[i:]
|short 'ɪ', long 'i'
|  
|-
|[ai:]
|corresponds with (ej)/(ei) in Danish/Norwegian, as well as certain instances of (eg) in Danish
|-
|-
|j
|j
|[j]
|[j]
|corresponds to ''y'' in English ''you''
|  
|-
|-
|k
|k
|[k]
|[k]
| -
|  
|-
|-
|l
|l
|[l]
|[l]
| -
|  
|-
|-
|m
|m
|[m]
|[m]
| -
|  
|-
|-
|n
|n
|[n]
|[n]
| -
|  
|-
|-
|o
|o
|[]/[o]
|[ɔ]/[o]
| -
|  
|-
|-
|p
|p
|[p]
|[p]
| -
|  
|-
|-
|r
|r
|[r]
|[ɾ]
|can be rolled, tapped, trilled, or pronounced non-rhotically, as in most British English dialects.  (depends on Alskan dialect)
|tapped in all positions
|-
|-
|s
|s
|[s]
|[s]
| -
|  
|-
|-
|t
|t
|[t]
|[t]
| -
|  
|-
|-
|u
|u
|[ʉ]
|[u]
|has no short version
|often realized as [ʉ] by many speakers
|-
|-
|v
|v
|[f]
| -
|-
|w
|[v]
|[v]
|rarely used, usually replaced with 'v'
|  
|-
|-
|y
|y
|[y:]
|[y:]
|pronounced almost like German 'ü'
|pronounced almost like German (ü)
|-
|z
|[ts]
|rarely used
|-
|[ɔ]
|pronounced somewhat like English 'aw' Can be pronounced 'ooh', or 'ow' depending on dialect
|-
|-
|[ø]
|[ø]
| -
|may also represent [œ], but the distinction is not made in Alska
|-
|-
|ä
|å
|[ɛ]\[e:]
|[o:]
|short/long.  depends on whether 'ä' is by itself, or near a consonant cluster
|  
|-
|-
 
|[aj]
|pronounced as in Latin and Icelandic.  Rarely used in Standard Alska, but heavily in many dialects
|}
|}


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===Consonants===
===Consonants===
This is a table of the consonantic phonemes in Alska


{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
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|
|
|
|
|(ŋ)
|ŋ (ŋg)
|
|
|-
|-
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|
|
|s
|s
|ʃ
|ɕ  tɕ
|(ç)
|
|
|h
|h
|-
|-
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|
|
|
|
|r
|ɾ
|
|
|j
|j
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|}
|}


In most dialects, 'sj' is pronounced 'ʃ', with the exception of the word 'sjø', which is pronounced 'syø'  The Northern dialect group does not follow this rule, and pronouces it as it is spelled ([sj]).  Additionally, the phoneme [ç] corresponds to the 'ch' in German (ich=[iç]) in all dialects, and is spelled 'kj' in words.


Additionally, if any consonant directly precedes 'r', that consonant is silent. For example:
*(sj)/(kj) represent [ɕ], but (kj) may also be realized as [ç] by some speakers.
*(tj) represents [tɕ]
*(ng) represents [ŋ], which occurs mostly as a word-final sound. Some speakers tend to realize (ng) as [ŋg] in its word final position, and [ŋ] elsewhere. 
I.e: (betydning - meaning) [bɛ'ty:d.nɪŋg] - (betydningen - the meaning) [bɛ'ty:d.nɪŋ.en]


*<i>Vadr</i> [fa:r] - Father
===Vowels===


Not all dialects follow this rule; some would pronounce it as [fɑ:tr]


===Vowels===
This is a table of the vowel phonemes in Alska


{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
! rowspan="2" colspan="1"|'''Phonemes'''
! rowspan="2" colspan="1"|'''Phonemes'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="2"|'''Short'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="2"|'''Long'''
|-
|-
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
!'''Front'''
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
!'''Back'''
|-
|-
!'''Closed'''
!'''Closed'''
|i
|i y
| -
|u ʊ
|
|u:/ü:
|-
|-
!'''Mid-closed'''
!'''Mid-closed'''
|e ø
| -
|o
|e:
|o:
|-
|-
!'''Mid-open'''
!'''Mid-open'''
| -
| -
|-
|-
!'''Open'''
!'''Open'''
|a
|a
| -
|ɑ
| -
|-
| -
|}
|}


===Vowel Length===
===Vowel Length===


Almost every vowel has a short and a long version, which changes according to whether there is a double consonant cluster immediately following it or not. Any two of the same consonants following a vowel with make it short, with the exceptions of 'a' and 'u'. For example, 'ok' (and) = 'o:k'okk', while not a word, would be pronounced 'o̞k'.  This does not occur when two different consonants follow a vowel, such as 'ng'.
There is no reliable way to determine vowel length, however, if a vowel precedes a double consonant such as (tt), it is safe to assume it will be short.  A notable exception is for certain adjectives which gain a double consonant from inflection. The vowels in these adjectives will retain the same quality as before the inflection. The vowels (å) and ) cannot change in lengthLikewise, the letters (á), (é), and (í) cannot become short because they represent diphthongs.


===Diphthongs===
===Stress===


Alska has three diphthongs, and one digraph.
Alska uses stress to differentiate words instead of a pitch accent like Norwegian and Swedish do.


Stress usually falls on the first syllable of a word.  Words that do not follow this pattern are usually loanwords, which follow their original pronunciation rules when adopted, although the spelling is often changed to help integrate them into Alska.


{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
The prefixes (for-), (be-), and (u-) are unstressed, and primary stress falls on the syllable after them.
!'''Diphthongs'''
*''forstå'' [foɾ'sto:] - to understand
!'''Pronunciation'''
|-
|ej
|[ei]
|-
|ie
|[i:e]
|-
|au
|[øy]
|-
|ai
|[e:]
|-
|}


'ej' is the most common diphthong, while 'ai' is the least common.  There is no 'ow' sound in  Standard Alska, unlike Standard German.  Some dialects, mostly the northern variants, associate this sound to the letter 'å'.
The endings (-tion), (-ti/tik), (-aner), and (-ør) are receive primary stress, even if there is another syllabe after them (for example, the plural ending)
 
*''politikkar'' [pɔlɪ'tɪk.aɾ] - politicians
===Stress===
 
Stress usually falls on the first syllable of a noun.  Stress falls on every root sylable of a compound word.  Words that do not follow this pattern are usually loanwords, which follow their original pronunciation rules when adopted, although the spelling is often changed to help integrate them into Alska.


==Grammar==
==Grammar==
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===Nouns===
===Nouns===


Nouns have two genders in Alska, Common and Neuter.  These nouns must always agree with their adjectives gender-wise.   
There are three grammatical genders in Alska:  Masculine, Feminine, and Neuter.  Each gender is distinguished by a different enclitic article when a noun is definiteLikewise, each gender has its own indefinite articleThe three endings are (-en) for the Masculine, (-an) for the Feminine, and (-et) for the NeuterAdditionally, (-er/ar) is the most commonly used plural marker.   
 
Nouns can come in two numbers, singular and pluralTo make a vowel plural, either the suffix '-er', '-e' or '-ene' is added to the end.  Very few nouns that have a natural fminine gender get the '-e' suffix for their indefinite plural form.  This can cause confusion, since '-er' is also how verbs conjugate for all persons in the present tenseWhen a noun is definite, the plural is '-ene'.  When it is not, the plural is '-er'.   


====Definite vs. Indefinite====
====Definite vs. Indefinite====


Nouns can be definite or indefinite, and this is decided by the use of an enclitic article.  The common gender has the suffix '-en' to make it definite, the neuter gender has '-et'.  These articles can be separated from their noun.  This transforms them into <i>indefinite</i> articles.    
Whether a noun is definite or not is decided by the use of an enclitic article in the form of a suffix.  These articles can be seperated from the noun and used in a sentence to transform them into indefinite articles.   
 
For example:  
 
*<i>Flyge</i> - Woman + '-en' = <i>Flyg<b>en</b></i> - The Woman.  (The extra 'e' is combined)


Here is a chart showing a selection of nouns in their indefinite and definite forms, as well as the plurals for each.  
For example:
   
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Singular'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
!'''Indefinite Plural'''
!'''Gender'''
!'''Meaning'''
!'''Definite'''
!'''Definite'''
!'''Definite Plural'''
!'''Definite Plural'''
!'''Gender'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
|-
!mann
| colspan="4" | '''''feminine:'''''
|manner
|-
|common
|jinte
|man
|jintar
!foten
|jintan
|fotene
|jintana
|common
|-
|foot
|girl
|girls
|the girl
|the girls
|-
|-
!land
| colspan="4" | '''''masculine:'''''
|lander
|neuter
|land
!hemmellen
|hemmellene
|common
|sky, heaven
|-
|-
!sju
|dríng
|sjuer
|drínger
|common
|dríngen
|shoe
|dríngerne
!ligtet
|ligtene
|neuter
|light
|-
|-
!live
|boy
|liver
|boys
|common
|the boy
|life
|the boys
!sprokken
|sprokkene
|common
|language
|-
|-
!tir
| colspan="4" | '''''neuter:'''''
|tirer
|neuter
|animal
!boket
|bokene
|neuter
|book
|-
|-
!elske
|hus
|elsker
|huse
|common
|huset
|love
|husene
!vulfen
|vulfene
|common
|wolf
|-
|-
!lørdin
|house
|lørdin<i>e</i>
|houses
|common
|the house
|lady
|the houses
!lørd
|lørdene
|common
|lord
|-
|-
|}
|}
Note how all definite plural suffixes are the same, no matter the gender of the word itself.


====Articles====
====Articles====


With definite and indefinite nouns come definite (demonstrative) and indefinite articles.  Gender applies to these articles in both the definite and indefinite form.
While definiteness can be determined by an enclitic article, demonstrative articles are also used, which show definiteness, but are not attached to their nounAll genders are represented, expect for in the plural, when the article (de) is always used regardless of gender.


{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Definite article'''
!'''Gender'''
!'''Common'''
!'''Demonstrative article'''
!'''Neuter'''
!'''Plural'''
!'''Indefinite Article'''
!'''Indefinite Article'''
!'''Common'''
!'''Neuter'''
!'''Plural'''
|-
|-
!'''Nom. / Acc.'''
!'''Masculine'''
|den
|den
|det
|denne/dette
!'''Nom./Acc.'''
|en
|en
|et
| -
|-
|-
!'''Dat.'''
!'''Feminine'''
|dan
|dan
|dat
|danne/datte
!'''Dat.'''
|an
|an
|at
|-
| -
!'''Neuter'''
|det
|et
|-
!'''Plural'''
|de
|
|-
|}
|}


There are no plural forms for indefinite articles, as the are only ever used to refer to singular things.  <i>Denne</i> and <i>dette</i> can also be used for 'this'.


Demonstrative articles are used when
There are no plural forms for indefinite articles, as the are only ever used to refer to singular things.  (denne), (danne) (dette) are all used for ''this''/''that'', ''these'', or ''those''; one only has to switch between them due to a noun's gender. 


a) referring directly to something or someone. 
It should be mentioned that the distinction bewteen (den) and (dan) is not always clearMost mainland Scandinavians tend to pronounce them almost the same since they are used to only distinguishing between two grammatical genders in their native languages. Even in some cases in Icelandic, the Masculine and Feminine are pronounced the same, and are only clearly seperate in writing as (-inn) and (-in).   
*  For example: <i>Den mann</i> - That man
b) referring back to the subject of the sentence of something previously mentioned. 
*  For example: <i>Tirer er alltid duf. Det er ikke bestimmer</i> - Animals are always stupid. This is not trueHere 'det' is referring to the previous mentioned concept of animals being stupid.
c) an adjective precedes the noun it stems from.   
*  For example: <i>en mann -> den strungen mann</i>


Often the demonstrative article is used instead of the enclitic article in speech because saying 'den strungen mann' is also the same as saying 'strungen mannen'
With this in mind, both (den) and (dan) tend to be pronounced [dɛn].  Likewise, if an emphasis is being put on the word, it can be pronouned as [den].  This happens when the speaker is talking about a specific object, similar to the difference between saying ''the car'' and ''that car'' in English.  This is also true for the indefinite forms (en)/(an)


===Personal Pronouns===
===Personal Pronouns===


Personal pronouns change depending on the case they are used in.  (Nominative, Accusative, Dative, or Genitive)  Possessive Pronouns change depending on the gender of the noun they possess.   
Personal pronouns change depending on the case they are used in.  (Nominative, Accusative, or Genitive)  Possessive Pronouns change depending on the gender of the noun they possess.   


{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
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|-
|-
!'''Nominative'''
!'''Nominative'''
|colspan=2|jeg
|colspan=2|jíg
|colspan="2"|vi
|colspan="2"|vi
|-
|-
!'''Accusative'''
!'''Accusative'''
|colspan="2"|mig
|colspan="2"|míg
|colspan="2"|oss
|-
!'''Dative'''
|colspan="2"|mig
|colspan="2"|oss
|colspan="2"|oss
|-
|-
!'''Genitive'''
!'''Genitive'''
|colspan="2"|minn
|colspan="2"|min / mina / mit / mine
|colspan="2"|osser
|colspan="2"|vår /våre
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
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|-
|-
!'''Accusative'''
!'''Accusative'''
|colspan="2"|dig
|colspan="2"|díg
|colspan="2"|ig
|-
!'''Dative'''
|colspan="2"|dig
|colspan="2"|ig
|colspan="2"|ig
|-
|-
!'''Genitive'''
!'''Genitive'''
|colspan="2"| -
|colspan="2"|din / dina / dit / dine
|colspan="2"| -
|colspan="2"|iger / ige
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
Line 519: Line 429:
|han
|han
|hun
|hun
|den / det
|det
|disse / disse
|de
|-
|-
!'''Accusative'''
!'''Accusative'''
|han
|ham
|hun
|hun
|den / det
|det
|disse / disse
|de
|-
!'''Dative'''
|ham
|hum
|dan / dat
|dasse / dasse
|-
|-
!'''Genitive'''
!'''Genitive'''
| -
|hans
| -
|hinnes
| -
|dettes
| -
|deres
|}
|}


This is one of the only times that defined masculine and feminine category appears in Alska, as it is a case of natural gender.  
The possessive pronouns (min) and (din) change based on gender, but their plural versions, (iger) and (vår) do not distinguish gender, only plurality.
 
Also, it is important to remember that (han) changes to (ham) in the Accusative, but back to (hans) in Genitive.
 
There is no true Gentitive case in Alska, only possessive pronouns.  There is no Dative case at all.


There are no genitive forms for 'du', and 'han/hun/det'Their corresponding possessives are used instead.   
===Adjectives===
 
Adjectives in Alska are inflected for gender and number, in the same mode as nouns are made definite with (-e), (-a) and (-t)The plural ending is always (-e), adjectives do not inflect for gender in the plural. If a noun is masculine or feminine, and is indefinite, the adjective does not have to be inflected.  If the noun is neuter, a (-t) must be added even if the noun is indefiniteIf the noun is indefinite and plural, the noun must be inflected.
 
Here are some examples:


{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Person'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
!'''Indefinite Plural'''
!'''Definite'''
!'''Definite Plural'''
|-
| colspan="4" | '''''feminine:'''''
|-
|an smuk jinte
|smukke jintar
|dan smukka jinte
|smukke jintana / de smukke jintar
|-
|a pretty girl
|pretty girls
|the pretty girl
|the pretty girls
|-
|-
!'''jeg'''
| colspan="4" | '''''masculine:'''''
|minn
|minnene
|-
|-
!'''du'''
|en vak dríng
|dinn
|vakke drínger
|dinnene
|den vakke dríng
|vakke dríngerne / de vakke drínger
|-
|-
!'''den''' / '''det'''
|a handsome boy
|sinn
|handsome boys
|sinnene
|the handsome boy
|the handsome boys
|-
|-
!'''hun'''
| colspan="4" | '''''neuter:'''''
|sinn
|sinnene
|-
|-
!'''we'''
|et gult hus
|osser
|gule huse
|osser
|det gult hus
|gule husene / de gule huse
|-
|-
!'''i'''
|a yellow house
|ier
|yellow houses
|ierne
|the yellow house
|the yellow houses
|-
|-
|}
|}


Possessives can have '-tt' suffixed on to them, if the noun they possess is neuter in gender.  There is no suffix for common:


*<i>Mitt hus</i> - My house
It is important to notice that some adjectives gain a double consonant when they are in their definite forms: (vak - vakke)/(smuk - smukke).  This would not happen if these adjectives were inflected for neuter gender: (smuk - smukt)/(vak - vakt).  Other adjectives do not gain a double consonant, such as (gul).  This does not change the pronunciation of the vowel proceeding the double consonant, although many times double consonants indicate a short vowel before them.
*<i>Minn hund</i> - My dog


===Adjectives===
====Comparative====


Adjectives come in their root form, and are inflected for gender and number, with the same two endings used for making nouns definite, '-en', and '-et'.  The plural ending is '-ene'  An adjective does not, however, have to be inflected if it comes <i>after</i> the noun it describes.  
The comparative form of adjectives is formed by adding (-er)/(-ara) to the adjective.  The word 'enn' precedes the noun being compared.  The adjective is inflected for the gender of the first noun being compared.  One may also use the construction ''X er mer ___ enn Y''.  In this case, the adjective does not inflect for gender.


Here are some examples:
For example:
 
*<i>En strungen mann</i> - A strong man
*<i>Et lillet hus</i> - A little house (Can also be formed through the diminutive)
*<i>Den er en smuken flyge</i> - That is a pretty girl
*<i>Den flyge er <b>smuk</b></i> - That girl is pretty
*<i>Disse lillene huser</i> - These little houses
 
====Comparative====


The comparative form of adjectives is formed by adding '-ere' to the adjective itselfThe word 'ennd' precedes the noun being compared.
*''den man er stérker enn danne jinte'' - the man is stronger than that girl.   
*''danne jinte er mer stérk enn denne man.'' - that girl is stronger than that man.


For example:


*<i>Den mann er strungere ennd den flyge</i> - The man is stronger than that girl.   
If something is being compared on the same level, (så) is used before the adjective, and (som) is used after. Additionally, the adjective is not inflected, as the two nouns being compared are of equal status.  It is also acceptable to say ''X er ____ som Y''. Once again, in this construction, the adjective does not inflect, although this implies a slight difference: using this construction means that ''X'' has an attribute like ''Y'', but does not necessarily imply that the two are on the same level exactly.   


If something is being compared on the same level, 'somm' is used before and after the adjective.  
*''danne jinte er så stérk som danne jinte'' - that girl is (just) as strong as that girl.
*''det hus er pént som det hus (derover)'' - the house is pretty like that house (over there).


*<i>Den mann er somm strung somm den flyge</i> - The man is as strong as the girl.


If something is being compared as less than something, 'minntre' is used before the adjective, and 'somm' is used before the other noun.
If something is being compared as less than another noun, (mintre)/(mintra) is used before the adjective, and (som) is used after.  The adjective is inflected normally for the gender of the first noun. (This can also be acheived by saying ''X er ikke så ____ som Y'')


*<i>Den mann er minntre strung somm den flyge</i> - The man is weaker than the woman. (This can also be formed with the adjective weak, or by using 'ikke' before 'minntre', making 'not as strong')
*''det hus er mintre smukt enn dette hus'' - the house is less beautiful than that house.
*''den man er ikke så store som denne man'' - the man is not so large as that man.


====Irregular Adjectives====
====Irregular Adjectives====
Line 615: Line 531:
Here is an example of an irregular adjective being used comparatively.   
Here is an example of an irregular adjective being used comparatively.   


*<i>Det hus er godt</i> - The house is good
*<i>det hus er godt</i> - the house is good
*<i>Det hus er bettre</i> - The house is better
*<i>det hus er bettre</i> - the house is better
*<i>Dette hus er betre ennd det hus</i> - This house is better than that house
*''det hus er (det) beste - the house is (the) best
*<i>dette hus er bettre en det hus</i> - this house is better than that house


====Superlative====
====Superlative====
Line 635: Line 552:
!'''Meaning'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
|-
!strung
!stérk
|strungere
|stérkere
|strungest
|stérkest
|strong
|strong
!godt
!god
|betre
|bettre
|best
|beste
|good
|good
|-
|-
Line 648: Line 565:
|langest
|langest
|long, tall
|long, tall
!hog
!makket
|højer
|mere
|højest
|mest
|high
|much
|-
|-
!ung
!ung
Line 658: Line 575:
|young
|young
!gamell
!gamell
|elt
|eltre
|eltest
|eltest
|old
|old
|-
|-
!kald
!kold
|kaldere
|koldere
|kaldest
|koldest
|cold
|cold
!lille
!lille
|smål
|småler
|smålest
|smålest
|little, small
|little, small
|-
|-
|}
|}
*(smål) by itself is the plural version of (lille)


===Numbers===
===Numbers===
Line 677: Line 596:


{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
!'''Number'''
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
|-
|-
!0
|0
|null
|null
| -
|
!1
|-
|ein
|1
|en
|vørste
|vørste
|-
|-
!2
|2
|
|to
|sekunde
|annen
!3
|-
|3
|tre
|tre
|trede
|trede
|-
|-
!4
|4
|fjyr
|fjir
|fjyrede
|fjerde
!5
|-
|5
|fimm
|fimm
|fimmede
|fimmte
|-
|-
!6
|6
|sex
|sex
|sexede
|sjett
!7
|-
|sjø
|7
|sjøede
|syv
|syvente
|-
|8
|åtte
|åttente
|-
|9
|ni
|niente
|-
|-
!8
|10
|atte
|ti
|attede
|tiente
!9
|nan
|nanede
|-
|-
!10
|11
|tan
|tanede
!11
|ellfu
|ellfu
|ellfede
|ellfte
|-
|-
!12
|12
|tolfu
|tolfu
|tolfede
|tolfte
!13
|tretan
|tretanede
|-
|-
!14
|13
|fjyrtan
|treten
|fjyrtanede
|tretante
!15
|fimmtan
|fimmtanede
|-
|-
!16
|14
|sextan
|fjirten
|sextanede
|fjyrtente
!17
|sjøtan
|sjøtanede
|-
|-
!18
|15
|attjan
|fimmten
|attjanede
|fimmtente
!19
|nantan
|nantanede
|-
|-
!20
|16
|Tjoi
|sejksten
|Tjoede
|sejkstente
!21
|Tjoen
|Tejoenede
|-
|-
!22
|17
|Tjoitø
|sytten
|Tjoitøede
|syttente
!30
|-
|18
|atten
|attente
|-
|19
|nitten
|nittente
|-
|20
|tjyve
|tjyvente
|-
|21
|tjyveen
|tjyveente
|-
|22
|tjyveto
|tjyvetoente
|-
|30
|treti
|treti
|tretede
|tretiente
|-
|-
!31
|31
|treen (tre-en)
|tretien
|treenede
|tretiente
!40
|-
|40
|fjyrti
|fjyrti
|fjyrtide
|fjyrtiente
|-
|-
!50
|50
|fimmti
|fimmti
|fimmtide
|fimmtiente
!60
|-
|60
|sexti
|sexti
|sextide
|sextiente
|-
|-
!70
|70
|sjøti
|syvti
|sjøtide
|syvtiente
!80
|-
|80
|jåtti
|jåtti
|jåttit
|jåttiente
|-
|-
!90
|90
|nanti
|niti
|nantide
|nitiente
!100
|-
|100
|hundre
|hundre
|hundrede
|hundrete
|}
|}


Note that in some numbers, certain letters are omitted, such as the 'i' in 'tjoen'.
Forming numbers higher than 19 works on the same principles as English, except the hyphen is not used to seperate the numbers:  (Tjyve) and (En) combined make (Tjyveen) - (Twenty-one).  Numbers with hundreds and thousands work the same way
 
Ordinal numbers are created by adding '-ede' onto the end.  In some cases, just'-de' is added. 
 
Counting is relatively simple in Alska.  To make two digit numbers, one simply puts two numbers together.  Numbers after one hundred work in the same way:
 
*<i>tjoi</i> + <i>en</i> = <i>tjoen</i> - twenty-one
*<i>hundre</i> + <i>fimmti</i> - one hundred-fifty


The word for thousand is '<i>tusennd</i>; it's ordinal form is '<i>tusennede</i>'. Million is '<i>milliard</i>'/'<i>milliarde</i>'
Ordinal numbers are formed by suffixing either (-ente) or (-te) to the number in question, except for the numbers 1 to 4, which are irregular in their ordinal versions.


===Interrogatives===
===Interrogatives===


{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Interrogatives'''
! colspan="11"|Interrogatives
|-
!'''English'''
!'''Alska'''
!'''Alska'''
|-
|-
!Who
|who
|hvemm
|vem
|-
|-
!What
|what
|hvad
|vad
|-
|-
!Where
|where
|hver
|vor
|-
|-
!Why
|why
|hvørfer
|vorfor
|-
|-
!How
|how
|hvorden
|vorden
|-
|-
!When
|when
|nør
|vornår
|-
|which
|vilke / vilka / vilket
|}
|}
*vornår is the interrogative version of ''når'', which is used for other time-statements.


===Adverbs===
===Adverbs===


Adverbs are never declined or inflected, can be placed before or after the verb.
Adverbs are not distinguished from adjectives, and are not inflected.  They can be placed before or after a verb, although they are generally placed after.


*<i>Jeg vil lufe i dag</i> - I want to run <b>today</b>
Examples:


Here, today is being used adverbially because it shows when I want to run. The reason 'vil' is not conjugated is because it is a modal verb, which do not receive the '-r' suffix.  'lufe' is still in the infinitive because any verb after a modal verb must stay that way.
*''han kan løpe'' - he can run
*''han kan løpe hurtig'' - he can run quickly (lit. he runs fast)
*''han løper god'' - he runs well (lit. he runs good)
*''han kan god løbe'' - he is up for running / he would like to run (right now)
 
When using the adjective (god) as an adverb, it is important to recognize the difference between placing (god) before or after the verb.  When placed after the verb, it indicates that the subject does the verb ''well''.  However, when placed before the verb, it changes the meaning of the entire sentence.  (god) now indicates that the subject would like to perform the verb, or is receptive to the idea of doing the verb's action.  See the last example above for clarification.
 
(god) may still be used before the verb, but it must be used in a different construction where the main verb becomes a sort of infinitive gerund and (er) becomes the main verb in the sentence.  This form is often used in the vernacular over example 3 above:
 
*''han er god til at løpe'' - he is good at running (lit. he is good at to run)


===Verbs===
===Verbs===
Line 928: Line 869:
|}
|}


'Æ' does not go through a vowel change.
 




Line 1,064: Line 1,005:
The use of <i>Ju</i> eliminates the need for this confusion.
The use of <i>Ju</i> eliminates the need for this confusion.


[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Languages]]


==Examples==
==Examples==
Line 1,070: Line 1,011:
Here is the Lord's prayer translated from English into Alska:
Here is the Lord's prayer translated from English into Alska:


{| class="bluetable"
|-
|+The Lord's Prayer
|-
! English !! Alska
|-
|    Our Father in heaven,          ||                  Vår Féðer i himmell,
|-
|    hallowed be your name.      ||                    helige er din Nán.
|-
|    Your kingdom come,                ||                din kongdøm kommer,
|-
|    your will be done,                    ||          din will skal gøres,
|-
|    on earth as it is in heaven.          ||            på jorden som det er i himmell.
|-
|    Give us this day our daily bread,      ||          giv oss vår daglig brød,
|-
|    and forgive us our debts,              ||          og tillgiv oss våre skulder,
|-
|    as we also have forgiven our debtors.    ||        ligesom vi har tilgiveðe våre skuldmen.
|-
|  And lead us not into temptation,        ||          og led oss ikke i på frissthellse,
|-
|    but deliver us from evil.                ||        men fremlév oss fra onda.
|}


    Our Father in heaven,                            Osser vadr i himmell,
    hallowed be your name.                            helighet er din Nafn.
    Your kingdom come,                                din konngdøm kommer,
    your will be done,                                din will gør,
    on earth as it is in heaven.                      på jorden hvorden somm det er i hemmell.
    Give us this day our daily bread,                giver oss disse dagligen brød,
    and forgive us our debts,                        ok tillgive oss osser skulder,
    as we also have forgiven our debtors.            hvorden vi har tilgivedde osser skuldmanner.
    And lead us not into temptation,                  ok leder oss ikke i på frissthellse,
    but deliver us from evil.                        men tillever oss fra ande.


Notes:
*while (féðer) is the 'proper' word for (father), it is usually replaced by (far) in common speech.
*(nán) is pronounced exactly the sae as Danish (navn), but may be confusing to some because of its drastically changed orthography)
*(will) is the noun version of (vil) - (to want, will), and borrows it's orthography from English to prevent confusion.


A small poem in English, then in Standard Alska and its dialects:


English:  There once was a man from Japan                                                                SA:  Der var en mann fra japan
          Whose limericks had not many a fan                                                                  Hves limerer havdde ingen mange fanatikker
          When asked why he said:                                                                              Nør spårgte hvorfer han sagdde:
          It is because I always try to fit as many syllables into the last line as I possibly can            Det er for jeg altid prøver ett fidde somm mange syllaber i den sisde linje somm jeg mulige kan     


NA:        Der va en mann frå japan                                                                        EA:  Der vor in mann fra japan
===Comparison to Modern Scandinavian Languages===
          hves limerer havde inge mange fanatiker                                                              Hvis lim'rer hade ing'n mang' fanatikker
          Nor sporgte hvorfor han sagde:                                                                      Nor sporgte hvorfor han sade:
          Det er forde jeg alltid prøver i fedde sum mange sylaber i den siste linje sum jeg kan              Din e forde jeg altid prøve å f'd som mang' sillaber i din sisti line som jeg kan


WA:                                                                                                       RG
Here is a table which compares words in Alska to their Scandinavian equivalents as well as German, and shows their English meaning:
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Alska'''
!'''Danish'''
!'''Norwegian'''
!'''Swedish'''
!'''Icelandic'''
!'''German'''
!'''English'''
|-
|man
|mand
|mann
|man
|maður
|Mann
|man
|-
|fot
|fod
|fot
|fot
|fót
|fuß
|foot
|-
|land
|land
|land
|land
|land
|Land
|land, country
|-
|himmell
|himmel
|himmel
|himmel
|himinn
|Himmel
|sky, heaven
|-
|sku
|sko
|sko
|sko
|skór
|Schuh
|shoe
|-
|ljys
|lys
|lys
|ljus
|ljós
|Licht
|light
|-
|live
|liv
|liv
|liv
|líf
|Leben
|life
|-
|tir
|dyr
|dyr
|djur
|dýr
|Tier
|animal
|-
|}


JS
[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Languages]]